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Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe cardio-pulmonary vascular disease, involves complex molecular mechanism especially during the pathological process of pulmonary vascular remodeling, brings a significant challenge to clinical treatment and thus resulting in high mortality rates. Classic Traditional Chinese medicine formula, Zhishi Xiebai Guizhi Decoction (ZXGD), holds therapeutic potential for PH. In present study, we sought to explore therapeutic potential of ZXGD against PH in rats. Methods: We employed a combination methods of chemical profiling, echocardiographic, morphologic measurements, molecular biology, rats models and cultured pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) to achieve this. Results: Eighteen compounds were precisely identified in ZXGD using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Our data demonstrated ZXGD could alleviate PH by reducing pulmonary artery pressure and alleviating pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats. Specifically, ZXGD was found to intervene in abnormal expansion of PASMCs, thereby attenuating pulmonary vascular remodeling. ZXGD was also observed to modulate expressions of HIF-1α, ROS, and Nrf2 to alleviate hypoxia and oxidative stress. Additionally, ZXGD significantly regulated disorders in pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus mitigating inflammation. Furthermore, ZXGD decreased levels of decadienyl-l-carnitine and LDL-C, while elevating HDL-C and lipid droplet counts, thereby reducing cholesterol and lipid toxicity and preserving mitochondrial function. Importantly, inhibition of HIF-1α reversed expression of key pathological triggers for pulmonary vascular remodeling. Neohesperidin and naringin in ZXGD extract were identified as the primary contributors to its pharmacological effects against PH. Conclusion: Altogether, our study empirically explored therapeutic potential and pharmacological mechanisms of ZXGD in treating PH, offering a groundwork for the development of novel anti-PH drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intricate relationships between chemical compounds and sensory descriptors in distilled spirits have long intrigued distillers, sensory experts, and consumers alike. The importance and complexity of this relation affect the production, quality, and appreciation of spirits, and the success of a product. Because of that, profoundly investigating the different flavor and aroma combinations that the chemical compounds can give to a desired beverage takes an essential place in the industry. This study aims to study these relationships by employing machine learning techniques to analyze a comprehensive dataset with 3051 chemical compounds and their associated aroma descriptors for seven distilled spirit categories: Baijiu, cachaça, gin, mezcal, rum, tequila, and whisk(e)y. The study uses principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensionality of the dataset and a clustering machine learning model to identify distinct clusters of aroma descriptors associated with each beverage category. Based on these results, an aroma wheel that encapsulates the diverse olfactory landscapes of various distilled spirits was developed. This flavor wheel is a valuable tool for distillers, sensory experts, and consumers, providing a comprehensive reference for understanding and appreciating the complexities of distilled spirits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Chemical profiling of different paper grades was performed along the recycling chain. • Untargeted analysis of semi-volatiles and non-volatiles using GC- and LC-MS. • Chemometrics application to identify specific features by paper grade and site. • Exploration of the possible sources of detected compounds in the paper recycling chain. • Numerous chemical compounds associated with plastics have been detected. Paper packaging made with recycled paperboard is used to pack various consumer goods that can include amongst others, electronics, toys, food, cosmetics, and stationery. Chemical profiling of the various paper recycling grades used in the manufacture of recycled paperboard was undertaken to investigate possible sources of contaminants and their propagation in the paper recycling chain. Pre-consumer, retail and post-consumer paper-based materials were collected at papermills, corrugators, grocery stores, household waste, solid waste disposal sites and recycling facilities. In the GC-MS analysis, phthalates, long-chain aliphatic compounds, and fatty acids were the most commonly detected compounds whilst phthalates and bisphenols featured most prevalently in the LC-MS analysis. The factors that were identified as likely contributors to the detection of the different chemical compounds included the presence of wood derivatives, the use of certain chemical additives during manufacturing, and exposure of paper to contaminants from consumers, other goods and the environment. Waste mingling, recovery, sorting and reprocessing into recycled paper were also shown to influence the chemical profile of paper materials. Sparse partial least squares-discriminate analysis indicated that newspaper and office paper had unique chemical constituents, whilst cartons were shown to have higher variability. By looking at key stages of paper recycling, this study showed that the possible persistence and transformation of chemical compounds in additives must be evaluated when considering the recyclability of paper-based materials. Further, it highlighted that different separation approaches may be required to reduce contaminant exposure opportunities in post-consumer paper materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate white tea products of different types and grades objectively and systematically, ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technology was used to detect and analyze main chemical compounds such as catechins and theanine in white tea standard samples of different types and different grades of the same type, using Chinese white tea standard samples as the test material. The results showed that, with the decrease of grade, the overall "fragrance and flavor" gradually weaken, and the taste changes from clean and umami to clean and sweet, and then to mellow and thick. Compared with different grades of white tea, it was found that there was a significant positive correlation between the grades of white tea and arginine (Arg), aspartic acid (Asp), threonine (Thr) . Among them, Asp decreased with the decrease of grade, so Asp was the key main chemical compounds that determined the taste differences of different grades of Baihao Yinzhen, Baimudan, Gongmei and Shoumei. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of main chemical compounds in samples of different types revealed that the variable importance projection (VIP) values of 12 compounds including alanine (Ala), theanine (L-Thea), histidine (His), lysine (Lys), as well as epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), were greater than or equal to 1.0. Analysis of main chemical compounds in samples of the same type with different grades revealed that characteristic main chemical compounds exhibited were proline (Pro), His, L-Thea and phenylalanine (Phe) . Above results provided theoretical reference for the evaluation and analysis of the flavor quality of white tea products in China, and had reference value for the quality level discrimination of white tea products with different types and different grades of the same type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides in-depth observations into the microanatomical structure of leaves and stem of eight selected Oleaceae species revealing comprehensive tissue organization using microtome sectioning and peeling leaf epidermis techniques. The phytochemicals profile overview of selected olive species extracted from leaf and stem of Oleaceae species contributes to identifying bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic and medicinal applications. An overview of histochemistry of bioactive metabolites revealed in Oleacee species shows the presence of phenolic compounds (oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol), localized in the leaves and stems, contributing to their antioxidant properties. The present study represent foliar anatomical traits; epidermal cells (ECs) polygonal shape and straight anticlinal walls, paracytic stomata and simple unicellular trichomes. The maximum ECs length (30 μm) was noted in Olea europaea and minimum (20 μm) in Jasminum fluminense was measured. Oleaceae species microtome stem sectioning examined revealed cortex type (parenchyma and collenchyma), vascular bundles (VBs) arrangements (radial, scattered and bundled), xylem vessels (scalariform, annular, spiral and reticulate), phloem fiber arrangements (banded and scattered), and uniseriate, biseriat and multiseriate medullary rays. Stem transverse section with maximum length (1300 μm) was observed in Olea europaea and the lowest (1100 μm) in Jasminum grandiflorum L. subsp. floribundum. This taxonomic histological method links the relationship between anatomy and chemistry, lead to identification of bioactive chemical compounds diversity among Oleaceae species. This anatomical methods used to enhance and consider the plant micromorphological structure-function relationships adapted to diverse environmental conditions. [Display omitted] • Comprehensive stem and leaf anatomical profiling of Oleaceae species reveals microanatomical structural adaptations. • Phytochemicals present in Oleaceae species revealed diverse bioactive metabolites. • Histochemical sectioning with phytochemicals visions into the medicinal and ecological significance of Oleaceae species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive monitoring programs of chemical hazards in the animal feed chain are in place, both organized by public and private organizations. The objective of this review was to prioritize chemical hazards for monitoring in the European animal feed supply chain. A step‐wise approach was designed for the prioritization, based on: historical occurrence of the chemicals in animal feed ingredients and animal feeds (in relation to European guidance values or maximum limits in feed); information on transfer of the chemical to edible animal products, and; the extent of human dietary intake of the products and possible adverse human health effects of the chemical. Possible prioritization outcomes were: high (H), medium (M), or low (L) priority for monitoring, or classification not possible (NC) because of limited available data on the transfer of the chemical to edible animal tissues. The selection of chemicals included (with results in parentheses): dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (H); brominated flame retardants (H); per‐ and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (H); the heavy metals arsenic (H) and cadmium (H) as well as lead (M) and mercury (M); aflatoxins (H), ochratoxin A (NC), and other mycotoxins (L); pyrrolizidine alkaloids (H) and other plant toxins (NC); organochlorine pesticides (H) and other pesticides (L); pharmaceutically active substances (M); hormones (NC); polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (L), heat‐induced processing contaminants (NC), and mineral oils (NC). Results of this study can be used to support risk‐based monitoring by food safety authorities and feed‐producing companies in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the phytochemicals, some chemical compounds and antimicrobial activities of Cassia occidentalis Roots, leaf, and seed found in Shelleng Local Government Area Adamawa State, Nigeria. The phytochemicals were extracted and analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), the patent minerals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and Flame Emission Spectroscopy (FES). The patent vitamins and proximate composition were analyzed using the standard methods. The results of the phytochemical constituents revealed the, presences of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenes and phenols with phenols having the highest concentration. The result of the proximate analyses showed that the plant has rich and good nutritional values having high carbohydrate contents, fiber and protein. Total ash content, fats and moisture were present in good amount. The result of the Patent vitamins revealed the presences of vitamin A, C, B6, B12 and K in the plant, with high concentration of vitamins A and C recorded in leave and seed, however, vitamin K was not detected. The result obtained revealed that Cassia occidetalis plant is rich in minerals. The following minerals were present K, P, Ca, Zn, Mn and Mg, with K, P and Ca recorded the highest concentration in the leave, seed and root. Other minerals such as Zn, Na, Fe, Cu, Mg and Mn are present in good amount and contributed to the nutritional values of the plant. The zone of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. The antimicrobial screening indicated that all the extracts exhibited different activity against different microbes. However, the results of this study showed that the extract of Cassia occidentalis plant could be potent in inhibition of the studied microorganisms and also the plant has good secondary metabolites. More research effort should be directed onto this species, in order to further validate many claims on the species. Research to be conducted on Cassia occidentalis to ascertained the level of its toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe cardio-pulmonary vascular disease, involves complex molecular mechanism especially during the pathological process of pulmonary vascular remodeling, brings a significant challenge to clinical treatment and thus resulting in high mortality rates. Classic Traditional Chinese medicine formula, Zhishi Xiebai Guizhi Decoction (ZXGD), holds therapeutic potential for PH. In present study, we sought to explore therapeutic potential of ZXGD against PH in rats. Methods We employed a combination methods of chemical profiling, echocardiographic, morphologic measurements, molecular biology, rats models and cultured pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) to achieve this. Results Eighteen compounds were precisely identified in ZXGD using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Our data demonstrated ZXGD could alleviate PH by reducing pulmonary artery pressure and alleviating pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats. Specifically, ZXGD was found to intervene in abnormal expansion of PASMCs, thereby attenuating pulmonary vascular remodeling. ZXGD was also observed to modulate expressions of HIF-1α, ROS, and Nrf2 to alleviate hypoxia and oxidative stress. Additionally, ZXGD significantly regulated disorders in pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus mitigating inflammation. Furthermore, ZXGD decreased levels of decadienyl-l-carnitine and LDL-C, while elevating HDL-C and lipid droplet counts, thereby reducing cholesterol and lipid toxicity and preserving mitochondrial function. Importantly, inhibition of HIF-1α reversed expression of key pathological triggers for pulmonary vascular remodeling. Neohesperidin and naringin in ZXGD extract were identified as the primary contributors to its pharmacological effects against PH. Conclusion Altogether, our study empirically explored therapeutic potential and pharmacological mechanisms of ZXGD in treating PH, offering a groundwork for the development of novel anti-PH drugs. Graphical Abstract

Silene viscidula Franch is mainly produced in southwest China. The region has a vast area and rich climate, which has an impact on the quality of the plants due to the differences in distribution between the origins. There is a lack of systematic research on its chemical compounds in the existing literature, and fewer studies have been reported for the active compounds of this plant. Therefore, high-resolution liquid mass spectrometry was used in this study. Sixty batches of Silene viscidula Franch samples from twenty origins in three provinces were analyzed for compounds. A database of chemical compounds of Silene viscidula Franch was established through node-to-node information in the GNPS molecular network, as well as literature records. The ion fragmentation information obtained was compared with the literature data and analyzed and identified by importing the mass spectrometry software PeakView 1.2. Then, the MarkerView t-test was applied to analyze and identify the compounds of Silene viscidula Franch from different origins. Afterwards, the antioxidant activity of Silene viscidula Franch from different origins was preliminarily evaluated using DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays. The results showed a total of 78 compounds, including 34 steroids, 14 triterpenoid saponins, 30 flavonoid glycosides, and other classes of compounds, such as alkaloids. The cleavage patterns of steroids, triterpenoid saponins, and flavonoids in positive-ion mode were also summarized. Based on the p-value of the t-test (p < 0.05), 29 differential compounds were screened out. The relative contents of saponins and steroidal compounds in these samples were found to be associated with antioxidant activity. This study provided a preliminary reference for the establishment of a comprehensive evaluation system for the quality of Silene viscidula Franch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teucrium polium L. is used to treat many diseases like abdominal pains, indigestion, colds, and reproductive system diseases in Iranian folk medicine. This study was designed to investigate the yield, chemical profile of essential oil, and antibacterial and antifungal activity of this species. The flowering aerial parts of T. polium were collected from the Margh region of Kashan, Iran. The essential oil of the plant was extracted and separated using the Clevenger apparatus and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil against a variety of standard microbial strains was investigated with the Agar well-diffusion method and determination of the lowest growth inhibitory and lethal concentration (MIC and MBC). The results showed that the yield of T. polium essential oil (TPEO) was 0.5778%. Based on the results of GC–MS, 76 compounds (99.3%) were identified in the TPEO, of which α-pinene (9.67%), β-caryophyllene (8.07%), β-pinene (5.04%), nerolidol (4.94%), and oleic acid (4.57%) were the dominant components. The results of antimicrobial tests showed that the TPEO on Staphylococcus aureus created the largest zone of inhibition (~ 14.29 mm). The dominant inhibitory activity of this essential oil was against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (~ 9.00 mm), which was almost similar to rifampin (~ 11 mm). It seems that the predominance of terpenoid and acidic compounds of the essential oil is one of the possible factors of the anti-bacterial activity of this essential oil. Therefore, the TPEO may be a promising and potential strategy to inhibit some bacterial strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to determine the minerals, chemical compounds and antibacterial activity of stem and seed extracts of Ocimum Kilimandcharicum plant using X-ray diffraction, Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectroscopy and UV–Visible spectroscopic studies. The potential antimicrobial activity is studied using Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results of X-ray diffraction showed that the stems and seeds are a rich source of minerals such as oxides of Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium and Chlorine. The GC–MS analysis indicated that the compounds Camphor, Thujopsene-[12] and Eugenol are present in higher amounts and UV–Visible studies showed the existence of Phytochemicals such as chromophores, carotenoids, xanthophylls, aromatic compounds, amines and chlorophyll. The ethanol extract of stems and seeds showed significant anti microbial activity surpassing the positive control streptomycin. The presence of potential bioactive compounds, minerals and its significant antimicrobial activity justifies the use of stems and seeds of the plant for curing infectious diseases and can be used as a mineral supplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the characterization of Aquilaria essential oils from different species, namely Aquilaria malaccensis, Aquilaria beccariana, Aquilaria crassna, and Aquilaria subintegra, renowned for agarwood production in Malaysia. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) were employed for extracting essential oil data, facilitating compound identification. Subsequently, a preliminary analysis focused on classifying significant chemical compounds in the samples. The study then utilized boxplot pre-processing for visualizing and interpreting data distribution. The statistical analyses were performed using MATLAB software version R2021b, considering two key parameters which are the peak area (%) of significant chemical compounds and the classification of Aquilaria species (A. beccariana, A. malaccensis, A. crassna, and A. subintegra) based on their chemical composition. The results, presented through boxplot analyses, demonstrated a clear representation of the parameters and their distribution in the data. This method not only confirmed the potential of boxplot analysis in statistical evaluation of significant compounds in Aquilaria essential oil but also suggested its applicability for further classification work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes detailed and novel data on the anatomy and histochemistry of leaves, stems, and roots of Camonea umbellata (L.) A.R.Simões & Staples in different environments for the identification of characters with taxonomical value and of ecological importance, with provision of light and scanning electron microscopy images. To analyze the characters, we collected samples of the vegetative organs of three individuals in each of three populations, which were in a grazing area, an urban environment, and a biological reserve. The main diagnostic anatomical markers for the identification of C. umbellata include amphistomatic leaves, tetracytic and brachyparatetracytic stomata, peltate trichomes, long simple trichomes, epidermis with striated cuticle ornamentation, mesophyll with acute borders, presence of druses, secretory channels, angular collenchyma, fibrous pericycle in the stem, intraxylary phloem in the vegetative organs, oil bodies throughout the midrib, petiole, stem and root, and epicuticular waxes of the crust and coiled rodlet types. Since the characters above did not show variation in the environments evaluated, we consider these characters taxonomically useful for the identification of C. umbellata. Research Highlights: The anatomy of the aerial vegetative organs of Camonnea umbellata retains common Convolvulaceae characters.The sinuosity of the epidermal cell walls and the density of trichomes in the epidermis of the petiole were visually variable characters among the analyzed individuals.Amphistomatic leaves, tetracytic and brachyparatetracytic stomata, peltate trichomes, epidermis with striated cuticle ornamentation, dorsiventral mesophyll with border acute, presence of druses, secretory structures, angular collenchyma, fibrous pericycle in the stem, intraxillary phloem, presence of oil bodies in all organs, and epicuticular waxes of the crust type and coiled rods were considered important anatomical markers for the recognition and correct identification of Camonea umbellata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a rare medicinal plant, Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata)as a medicinal use history of more than 2,000 years. In order to offer scientific references for developing and applying G. elata, the research gathered range of related publications through employing different electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar and CNKI. Through conducting a comprehensive search, the research progress on G. elata was explored systematically from such aspects as folk and traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. This genus, involves about 67 species, 9 varieties, nearly 700 classical formulations, and 630 metabolites, among which metabolites contain 360 chemical constituents, 243 volatile constituents, and 27 trace elements. Besides, in the analysis of modern pharmacology, it is found that G. elata has many different functions, such as anti-anxiety and anti-depressant activity, neurodegenerative diseases treatment, anti-convulsive activity, and improvement of memory activities, anti-cancer, and 25 other pharmacological activities. It was previously found that G. elata serves a possibly medicinal and edible plant that has abundant, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities, which can be broadly used in the pharmaceutical and food industry. At present, the clinical and food research on G. elata expanding. However, the utilization of Gastrodia resources remains suboptimal, with many traditional formulas receiving insufficient attention in research and development. Meanwhile, few studies have focused on non-medicinal parts and the characterization of polysaccharide structures. This implies that to provide a theoretical basis for the development and reasonable uses of Gastrodia resources, it is essential to further conduct comprehensive research on the genus, classical formulas, non-medicinal parts and the characterization of polysaccharide structures of Gastrodia.

Abstract Aiming to verify whether the diversity of secretory structures with their respective exudates are or not responsible for the attendance of floral visitors in Miconia species, the floral secretory structures of two Amazonian species of Miconia were described and interpreted from the functional perspectives and observations of floral visitors. Flowers and floral visitors were collected in the field for 16 months. The flowers were subjected to standard anatomical analyzes using light and scanning electron microscopy, and the secretory structures were evaluated using histochemical tests. The insects were photographed, collected and identified by a specialist. Floral secretory structures (stigmatic papillae and trichomes at the apex of the ovary) were found in M. alata and M. ciliata. Trichomes were found at the hypanthium of M. alata, and of the sepals and receptacles in M. ciliata. In both species, different hydrophilic compounds were detected in the exudates. Only phenolic compounds were found in the trichomes of the M. ciliata receptacle. This study provides information that confirms the hypothesis that other secretory structures and exudates are related to floral visitors, and adds new informations about the features of the secretory structures in Miconia.

Abstract Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen has among its main bioactive compounds saponins, with the phytoestroid β-ecdysone as its chemical marker. In this study, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), a green extraction technique used to obtain bioactive compounds from plants, was employed to extract beta-ecdysone from P. glomerata leaves, stems, and roots. The 22 factorial design was used with the variables temperature (333 K and 353 K) and flow rate (1.5 and 2 mL min−1), pressure (300 Bar), time (60 min), and solvent [ethanol and distilled water (70:30 (v/v)] were kept constant for all parts of the plant. The results of experimental responses demonstrated that the factors temperature and flow rate significantly interfere with the yields of leaf (0.499%), root (0.65%) and stem (0.764%) extracts. The latter presented presents the highest yield compared to the other parts of the plant. HPLC results showed the presence of beta-ecdysone in all parts of the plant with concentrations of β-ecdysone 86.82, 76.53 and 195.86 mg L−1 to leaf, root and stem, respectively. FT Raman results exhibited typical peaks of beta-ecdysone, such as 3310 cm−1, 1654 cm−1, and 1073 cm−1 for all plant parts. Another interesting result was the presence of the peak at 1460 cm−1 in the PLE root extract can be associated with selenium. This foundational knowledge confirms that the PLE extraction process was efficient in obtaining the chemical marker of Pfaffia glomerata in all plant parts.

Abstract Currently, several studies have demonstrated the benefits of medicinal plants in managing type 2 diabetes. In this work, we evaluated the beneficial effects of the polyphenolic extract (PESB) from Salvia blancoana subsp. mesatlantica in the management of hypercaloric-feeding and small-dose alloxan-brought type 2 diabetes in rats. We analyzed the chemical constituents of the extract, including flavones and flavonols content, to understand its biological action. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by total antioxidant action, scavenging effect of the free radical DPPH, and reducing power. The obtained results showed that the value of TFC was estimated at 31.90 ± 0.34 mgEQ/g in the PESB extract. The total antioxidant capacity was estimated at 593.51 ± 4.09 mg (EAA)/g, the value of DPPH IC50 was 7.3 ± 0.00 μg/mL, and the value of EC50 of reducing power was estimated at 6.43 ± 0.01 μg/mL. In total, 14 phenolic compounds were identified and the naringin was the most dominant (63.19%) while the vanillin was the less recorded (0.10%). Serum glucose decreased significantly (p

Currently, several studies have demonstrated the benefits of medicinal plants in managing type 2 diabetes. In this work, we evaluated the beneficial effects of the polyphenolic extract (PESB) from Salvia blancoana subsp. mesatlantica in the management of hypercaloric-feeding and small-dose alloxan-brought type 2 diabetes in rats. We analyzed the chemical constituents of the extract, including flavones and flavonols content, to understand its biological action. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by total antioxidant action, scavenging effect of the free radical DPPH, and reducing power. The obtained results showed that the value of TFC was estimated at 31.90 ± 0.34 mgEQ/g in the PESB extract. The total antioxidant capacity was estimated at 593.51 ± 4.09 mg (EAA)/g, the value of DPPH IC50 was 7.3 ± 0.00 μg/mL, and the value of EC50 of reducing power was estimated at 6.43 ± 0.01 μg/mL. In total, 14 phenolic compounds were identified and the naringin was the most dominant (63.19%) while the vanillin was the less recorded (0.10%). Serum glucose decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in rats given PESB (100 mg/kg) after four weeks. Glibenclamide (GLB) and PESB reduced HbA1c and increased plasma insulin in diabetic rats, restoring HOMA-β and HOMA-IR levels to near-normal. Additionally, diabetic rats treated with GLB or PESB showed statistically equivalent results to those of non-diabetic rats regarding hepatic enzymes, renal and lipid markers, as well as cardiovascular indices. The weight loss was significantly lower in diabetic rats receiving a dose of PESB (100 mg/kg), and GLB compared to corresponding untreated diabetic rats (p < 0.01). PESB and GLB showed a prominent protective function in the pancreas, liver, and kidney tissues. This investigation demonstrates the capacity of extracts from leaves of S. blancoana subsp. mesatlantica to manage diabetes mellitus due to their richness in a wide range of bioactive compounds. Therefore, more investigations are required to estimate the safety of the plant use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen has among its main bioactive compounds saponins, with the phytoestroid β-ecdysone as its chemical marker. In this study, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), a green extraction technique used to obtain bioactive compounds from plants, was employed to extract beta-ecdysone from P. glomerata leaves, stems, and roots. The 22 factorial design was used with the variables temperature (333 K and 353 K) and flow rate (1.5 and 2 mL min−1), pressure (300 Bar), time (60 min), and solvent [ethanol and distilled water (70:30 (v/v)] were kept constant for all parts of the plant. The results of experimental responses demonstrated that the factors temperature and flow rate significantly interfere with the yields of leaf (0.499%), root (0.65%) and stem (0.764%) extracts. The latter presented presents the highest yield compared to the other parts of the plant. HPLC results showed the presence of beta-ecdysone in all parts of the plant with concentrations of β-ecdysone 86.82, 76.53 and 195.86 mg L−1 to leaf, root and stem, respectively. FT Raman results exhibited typical peaks of beta-ecdysone, such as 3310 cm−1, 1654 cm−1, and 1073 cm−1 for all plant parts. Another interesting result was the presence of the peak at 1460 cm−1 in the PLE root extract can be associated with selenium. This foundational knowledge confirms that the PLE extraction process was efficient in obtaining the chemical marker of Pfaffia glomerata in all plant parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

QSPR analysis can be used in a variety of applications, such as drug discovery, materials science, and environmental chemistry. For example, QSPR models can be used to predict the toxicity of new chemicals, to design more effective drugs, or to optimize the properties of materials for specific applications. Phenolic compounds act as anti-oxidants, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-bacterial agents present in Moringa oleifera. These Phenolic compounds have significant antioxidant properties as they can scavenge free radicals, slow the aging process, and improve glucose uptake in muscles. They are also used to prevent the accumulation of lipids in the liver and subsequently prevent fatty liver disease, protect kidneys, prevent cancer, prevent whitening skin, chemopreventive for cancer, induce apoptosis in ovarian cancer, protect kidneys, decrease pro-inflammatory enzymes, and increase antioxidants enzymes. Furthermore, phenolic compounds inhibit enzymes linked to diabetes type-2 and they can be used to cure diabetes. Owing to the significance of these phenolic compounds, we carried out QSPR analysis using degree-based indices to know the physical characteristics affiliated with them. The outcomes indicate that these phenolic compounds could be investigated further by pharmacists and chemists when designing drugs using these topological indices values. Since the correlation for the topological indices has been discovered, positively correlated compounds may be considered for the combination of novel drug designs. Also, the computed results are useful to predict the physical properties of the phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the importance of vegetation (display trees) in shaping the habitat preferences, mating behaviours, and survival strategies of Pteroptyx fireflies in Southeast Asia, especially Malaysia. The research highlights the crucial role of diverse plant species, tree characteristics, and specific plant components in influencing firefly behaviour, emphasising the impact of vegetation composition, structure, and function. The findings underscore the essential role of vegetation in providing resources such as food, shelter, and suitable breeding sites, thereby shaping the distribution and abundance of firefly populations in their natural habitats. Moreover, the study elucidates the significant influence of plant-related chemical compounds and emissions on firefly behaviour and ecosystem dynamics, underscoring the intricate interplay between plant life and insect populations. This comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics between fireflies and their vegetation landscape has substantial implications for conservation efforts and the sustainable management of their habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the design and development of an ultrasonic sensor as a fundamental tool for characterizing the properties of fluids and biofluids. The analysis primarily focuses on measuring the electrical parameters of the system, which correlate with the density and viscosity of the solutions, in sample volumes of microliters and with high temporal resolution (up to 1 data point per second). The use of this sensor allows the fast and non-destructive evaluation of the viscosity and density of fluids deposited on its free surface. The measurements are based on obtaining the impedance versus frequency curve and the phase difference curve (between current and voltage) versus frequency. In this way, characteristic parameters of the transducer, such as the resonance frequency, phase, minimum impedance, and the quality factor of the resonant system, can characterize variations in density and viscosity in the fluid under study. The results obtained revealed the sensor's ability to identify two parameters sensitive to viscosity and two parameters sensitive to density. As a proof of concept, the unfolding of the bovine albumin protein was studied, resulting in a curve that reflects its unfolding kinetics in the presence of urea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In myrmecophilous organisms, which live in symbiosis with ants, cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) play a pivotal role in interspecific communication and defense against chemical-oriented predators. Although these interactions form complex information webs, little is known about the influence of biotic environmental factors on the CHC profiles of myrmecophiles. Here, we analyzed the effect of different host plants and tending ants on the larval CHC profile of Synargis calyce (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), a polyphagous species with facultative myrmecophily. Groups of caterpillars were fed individually with three host plant species (without tending ants), and with two tending ant species. Through gas chromatography analysis, we compared the cuticular profiles of treatments and found a high similarity between plants and caterpillars (65–82%), but a low similarity between caterpillars and their tending ants (30 − 25%). Cluster analysis showed that caterpillars, ants, and plants form distinct groups, indicating that S. calyce caterpillars have their own chemical profile. These results are similar to those observed for Lycaenidae caterpillars indicating that there is functional convergence in the chemical strategies used by myrmecophilous caterpillar species with similar ecology. Also, the results suggest that the cuticular compounds of S. calyce are primarily influenced by their host plants rather than their tending ants. Thus, we propose that these caterpillars present a trade-off between camouflage and directly informing their presence to ants, maintaining their unique chemical profile, though slightly affected by biotic environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, disease rates are increasing day after day because of environmental factors, lifestyles and technology. Although there are many drugs for many diseases, people's interest and demand for herbal products are increasing. So, plants that can be used in the treatment of diseases have to be researched scientifically. Neuraminidase belongs to a class of glycosyl hydrolases that release terminal sialic acid from glycoproteins, glycolipids and polysaccharides. Neuraminidases could be found in animals, microorganisms and viruses. They have an impact on pathogenicity. This enzyme which is required for viral replication is a surface glycoprotein in influenza types A and B. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of some plant extracts and chemical compounds on neuraminidase activity. The result of our experiments indicates that the neuraminidase inhibitory activities of plant extracts and chemical compounds increased in a dose-dependent manner. We can conclude that the plant extracts and chemicals/drugs can be used in pharmaceutical industries and drug treatment due to their neuraminidase inhibitory activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. is a globally spread species, known for its characteristic spectacularly colorful leaves of decorative value. Thanks to its rich chemical composition, the plant is used in ethnopharmacology, and it is also regarded as having high medicinal potential. The application of in vitro cultures enables the acquisition of homogeneous certified material of high quality. Additionally, excluding the effect of biotic and abiotic factors on the plants is a way to fully recognize the influence of phytohormones on the plant morphology and the biosynthetic pathways of compound production. The best way to grow C. scutellarioides "Electric Lime" under in vitro conditions is to use the basic MS medium (Murashige and Skoog medium), enriched with naphthyl-1-acetic acid at a concentration of 0.5 mg dm−3. The analysis of volatile compounds demonstrated that the content of volatile compounds in the plants cultivated under in vivo conditions was expressed at a level of 2848.59 µg g−1, whereas in the plants bred in vitro without supplementation with phytohormones, the level was 8191.47 µg g−1. The highest content was noted for copaene, α-pinene, 1-octene-3-ol, α-selinene, sabinen, γ- and δ-cadinene, 3-octanol, and β-pinene. Aroma profiling revealed a lack of boranyl acetate, 2-hexenal, and 2-hexen-1-ol in the plants cultivated under in vivo conditions. Differences were found in the volatile composition between plants bred in vivo and in vitro, with the most significant recorded for the contents of 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanol. The addition of plant growth regulators into the basic medium under in vitro conditions affected the percentage ratio and contents of specific compounds in plant tissues. The most intense biosynthesis of volatile compounds took place in the plants cultivated on the medium enriched with NAA at 10,579.11 µg g−1, whereas the least intense was noted for plants cultivated on the medium supplemented with BA, where it was recorded at the level of 5610.02 µg g−1. So far, there has been no research published which would pertain to the profiling of volatile compounds performed using the SPME (solid-phase microextraction) technique. Moreover, the very few studies conducted on the chemical composition of these compounds do not mention the specific variety of C. scutellarioides under analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research regarding meat analogues is mostly based on formulation and process development. Information concerning their safety, shelf life, and long-term nutritional and health effects is limited. This article reviews the existing literature and analyzes potential hazards introduced or modified throughout the processing chain of plant-based meat analogues via extrusion processing, encompassing nutritional, microbiological, chemical, and allergen aspects. It was found that the nutritional value of plant-based raw materials and proteins extracted thereof increases along the processing chain. However, the nutritional value of plant-based meat analogues is lower than that of e.g., animal-based products. Consequently, higher quantities of these products might be needed to achieve a nutritional profile similar to e.g., meat. This could lead to an increased ingestion of undigestible proteins and dietary fiber. Although dietary fibers are known to have many positive health benefits, they present a hazard since their consumption at high concentrations might lead to gastrointestinal reactions. Even though there is plenty of ongoing research on this topic, it is still not clear how the sole absorption of metabolites derived from plant-based products compared with animal-based products ultimately affects human health. Allergens were identified as a hazard since plant-based proteins can induce an allergic reaction, are known to have cross-reactivities with other allergens and cannot be eliminated during the processing of meat analogues. Microbiological hazards, especially the occurrence of spore- and non-spore-forming bacteria, do not represent a particular case if requirements and regulations are met. Lastly, it was concluded that there are still many unknown variables and open questions regarding potential hazards possibly present in meat analogues, including processing-related compounds such as n-nitrosamines, acrylamide, and heterocyclic aromatic amino acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to identify the genetic, phenotypic and environmental parameters related to chemical compounds associated with beverage quality in a conilon coffee collection, grown in an irrigated system, in the Cerrado. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Cerrados using green grains harvested in two years from 84 genotypes of the cultivar Robusta Tropical. Caffeine content, protein, ether extract, total soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity were evaluated. The data were subjected to analysis of variance. Significant differences were observed at 1% probability among accessions for all evaluated chemical characteristics in both harvest years. The high heritability, genetic coefficients of variation and selective accuracy reveal the potential for achieving genetic gains via the selection of genotypes adapted to the irrigated system in the Cerrado combined with high beverage quality.

Global warming presents challenges to all wine-grape growers and winemakers across the globe. Increasing growing season temperatures means that grapes are harvested with higher sugar concentrations than preferred for high-quality winemaking. The now Australian permitted water-treatment of high-sugar musts can produce wines with lower alcohol levels, however, recent studies show impacts on associated chemical compounds and sensory parameters can affect final wine quality. Commercial applications based on these earlier findings are limited as many focus on one vintage, one or two harvest timings, small wine samples and limited numbers of panellists for sensory analysis. We expand by first investigating the chemical profiles and sensory parameters of wines produced from V. vinifera cv. Shiraz for three harvest times: early 13.5°Baumé (°Bé), middle 14.5 °Bé and late 15.5 °Bé across two vintages (2020/2021). Just-About-Right sensory analysis assesses 159 naïve wine consumer panellists’ feedback. We show late 15.5 °Bé and middle 14.5 °Bé wine has the highest levels for chemical compounds of colour density (a.u.), total tannin (%), total pigment (a.u.), total phenolics (a.u.) and free anthocyanins (mg/L), as confirmed by PCA analysis outcomes. Sensory analysis shows the least preference for vegetal smell (2.50) in 13.5 °Bé wine, with the highest preference for colour intensity (3.06) in early 13.5 °Bé wine and body in late 15.5 °Bé wine. Secondly, 15.5 °Bé and middle 14.5 °Bé pre-fermentation musts are subject to water dilution or ‘bleed and replace’ treatments. These wines have lower final alcohol levels, decreases in most chemical compound levels, but with subtler effects for sensory profiles. For instance, there is a high preference for astringency (3.01), ripe fruit taste (2.96) and hotness (2.95) in late diluted 13.5 °Bé wine. Vegetal smell (2.89) is most preferred in late ‘bleed and replace’ 13.5 °Bé wine. All water treatments have minimal impact on dark fruit smell, ripe fruit smell, odour intensity, odour complexity, red fruit taste and dark fruit taste. Middle diluted 13.5 °Bé wine has the highest overall rating and is the most preferred. This study offers valuable insights revealing that water treatments of pre-fermentation musts can produce wines with preferable lower alcohol levels, and while this winemaking approach may negatively affect several chemical compounds, many favourable sensory properties can still be preserved. This is a crucial consideration for winemakers when addressing wine quality from these winemaking techniques.

Abstract Purpose Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN) is a old line notation for encoding chemical compounds for storage and processing by computers. Whilst the notation itself has long since been surpassed by SMILES and InChI, distribution of WLN during its active years was extensive. In the context of modernising chemical data, we present a comprehensive WLN parser developed using the OpenBabel toolkit, capable of translating WLN strings into various formats supported by the library. Furthermore, we have devised a specialised Finite State Machine l, constructed from the rules of WLN, enabling the recognition and extraction of chemical strings out of large bodies of text. Available open-access WLN data with corresponding SMILES or InChI notation is rare, however ChEMBL, ChemSpider and PubChem all contain WLN records which were used for conversion scoring. Our investigation revealed a notable proportion of inaccuracies within the database entries, and we have taken steps to rectify these errors whenever feasible. Scientific contribution Tools for both the extraction and conversion of WLN from chemical documents have been successfully developed. Both the Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA) and parser handle the majority of WLN rules officially endorsed in the three major WLN manuals, with the parser showing a clear jump in accuracy and chemical coverage over previous submissions. The GitHub repository can be found here: https://github.com/Mblakey/wiswesser .

IntroductionNumerous studies on the chemical composition of Nepeta species essential oils in Iran show that changes in chemical composition are influenced by various factors including geographical location, weather conditions, plant growth stages, and analysis techniques. It is crucial to understand the variables that influence the effective substances of these medicinal plants. Nepetalactone is the first chemotype for the essential oils of plants in this genus. Nepetalactone can be divided into different isomers. For example, 4aα,7α,7aα-Nepetalactone found in Nepeta cephalotes Boiss., Nepeta crassifolia Boiss. & Buhse, Nepeta mirzayanii Rech.f. & Esfand. and Nepeta racemosa Lam.; 4aα,7α,7aβ-Nepetalactone in Nepeta cataria L., Nepeta meyeri Benth. and Nepeta pogonosperma Jamzad & Assadi; and 4aβ,7α,7aβ-Nepetalactone in Nepeta bornmuelleri Hausskn. & Bornm., Nepeta eremophila Hausskn. & Bornm. and Nepeta persica Boiss. are highly useful as biochemical markers for Nepeta essential oil in chemotaxonomic studies. The 1,8-Cineole chemotype or with Linalool makes up the second category. The first chemical is the most prevalent in a number of Nepeta species, including Nepeta binaloudensis Jamzad, Nepeta crispa Willd., Nepeta denudata Benth., Nepeta ispahanica Boiss. and Nepeta menthoides Boiss. & Buhse. The essential oils of Nepeta species in Iran contain 33 effective substances in a significant amount. These oils are comprised of monoterpenes and hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes. To date, research on the phytochemical variety of Nepeta species and how ecological conditions affect their morphological characteristics and secondary metabolites has only looked at Nepeta asterotricha Rech.f., Nepeta binaloudensis, Nepeta eremokosmos Rech.f. and Nepeta pogonosperma. In these studies, it has been frequently mentioned that altitude affects the quantity and quality of beneficial substances found in the species of this genus. There has been no exploration of other factors related to the species' habitat. The purpose of this research project was to conduct a thorough investigation of the effect of environmental parameters on the essential oil composition of medicinal species Nepeta eremokosmos. Material and MethodsIn Semnan province, three different habitats for Nepeta eremokosmos, each with distinct environmental conditions, were selected. A systematic random method was used to establish a series of plots in each habitat. Vegetative traits, such as plant height, canopy diameter, canopy cover, biomass, and leaf area, were meticulously measured in every plot. To prepare a herbarium sample, the flowering aerial parts of Nepeta eremokosmos were collected in June 2022 from three specific regions: Momenabad, Hajjaj, and Javin. Three replicates of the flowering branches of Nepeta eremokosmos were taken from each population. The samples were dried in both the open air and shade after being transferred to the laboratory. The Clevenger apparatus was used to extract the essential oils through hydrodistillation after grinding the dried samples. GC-FID and GC/MS were used to identify essential oil compounds. In each habitat, five soil samples were also collected, and important physicochemical parameters such as pH, EC, OM, N, P, K, lime, gypsum, and soil texture were measured. Afterwards, the data were examined by conducting one-way variance analysis and comparing mean values using SPSS software. Correlation analysis was used to determine the most significant environmental factors that influenced vegetative traits and essential oil compounds. Moreover, principal component analysis was carried out using Minitab software. The conservation status of Nepeta eremokosmos was determined using the IUCN method and based on the criteria of EOO and AOO using GeoCAT software, as well as data related to population size and habitat quality. Results and DiscussionNepeta eremokosmos' vegetative traits varied significantly between the three regions in terms of plant height and leaf area, with a 0.1% difference, the canopy diameter and cover are at 1%, while the biomass is at 5%. The comparison of mean vegetative traits revealed that the highest values of height, canopy diameter, canopy cover, leaf area, and biomass, with 20.8 cm, 34.1cm, 2.3%, 4.1cm2, and 30.1g, respectively related to Momenabad habitat. The variance analysis of essential oil components in three populations of Nepeta eremokosmos revealed that their effective substances were significantly different at levels of 0.1, 1 and 5%. The Momenabad habitat contained 1,8-Cineole, 4a, 7a-Nepetalactone, and p-Cymene, with a respective concentration of 50.8, 7.2, and 6.5%. Hajjaj had the highest concentration of 1,8-Cineole, Myrtenal, and p-Cymene, while Javin had 20, 8.7, and 8.1%. According to the variance analysis of soil chemical parameters of Nepeta eremokosmos, the three habitats had a significant difference of 0.1%. By comparing the mean parameters, it was demonstrated that the soil in Momenabad habitat is more acidic and lighter. The concentrations of OM, N, SP, P, and gypsum were elevated with 0.24%, 4.4%, 65.1%, 5.4 mg/l, and 73.9%, in comparison to other habitats. Javin habitat had an EC, K, and lime level that was 1.5 ds/m higher than those in the other two habitats by 117.4 mg/l and 31.6%. Among the environmental factors, altitude, annual precipitation, annual temperature, maximum temperature of the hottest month, N, P, K, OM, gypsum, and lime showed the most significant correlations with the vegetative traits and essential oil compounds of Nepeta eremokosmos. The conservation status of Nepeta eremokosmos in Iran is Critically Endangered, based on its occupancy of 1.250km2 and the extent of its occurrence in 69,862km2. Plant species' essential oils have biological effects that are influenced by their effective substances, which can be affected by both genetic pathways and environmental factors. The plant's chemical performance can be maximized by selecting the most appropriate chemotype based on specific goals and providing optimal environmental conditions. According to the research findings, Nepeta eremokosmos prefers steppe habitats with higher essential oil content and compounds with higher antioxidant properties. Thus, this habitat is deemed suitable for conserving and cultivating Nepeta eremokosmos.

The intricate relationships between chemical compounds and sensory descriptors in distilled spirits have long intrigued distillers, sensory experts, and consumers alike. The importance and complexity of this relation affect the production, quality, and appreciation of spirits, and the success of a product. Because of that, profoundly investigating the different flavor and aroma combinations that the chemical compounds can give to a desired beverage takes an essential place in the industry. This study aims to study these relationships by employing machine learning techniques to analyze a comprehensive dataset with 3051 chemical compounds and their associated aroma descriptors for seven distilled spirit categories: Baijiu, cachaça, gin, mezcal, rum, tequila, and whisk(e)y. The study uses principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensionality of the dataset and a clustering machine learning model to identify distinct clusters of aroma descriptors associated with each beverage category. Based on these results, an aroma wheel that encapsulates the diverse olfactory landscapes of various distilled spirits was developed. This flavor wheel is a valuable tool for distillers, sensory experts, and consumers, providing a comprehensive reference for understanding and appreciating the complexities of distilled spirits.

Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeffrey (S. grosvenorii), a perennial indigenous liana from the Cucurbitaceae family, has historically played a significant role in southern China's traditional remedies for various ailments. Its dual classification by the Chinese Ministry of Health for both medicinal and food utility underscores its has the potential of versatile applications. Recent research has shed light on the chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and toxicity of S. grosvenorii. Its active ingredients include triterpenoids, flavonoids, amino acids, volatile oils, polysaccharides, minerals, vitamins, and other microconstituents. Apart from being a natural sweetener, S. grosvenorii has been found to have numerous pharmacological effects, including alleviating cough and phlegm, preventing dental caries, exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects, anti-aging and anti-oxidative, hypoglycemic, lipid-lowering, anti-depression, anti-fatigue, anti-schizophrenic, anti-Parkinson, anti-fibrotic, and anti-tumor activities. Despite its versatile potential, there is still a lack of systematic research on S. grosvenorii to date. This paper aims to address this gap by providing an overview of the main active components, pharmacological efficacy, toxicity, current status of development and application, development dilemmas, and strategies for intensive exploitation and utilization of S. grosvenorii. This paper aims to serve as a guide for researchers and practitioners committed to exploiting the biological resources of S. grosvenorii and further exploring its interdisciplinary potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of diversified raw materials and various extractant types is justified because the varied chemical composition of extracts obtained via extraction determines their biological activity. Therefore, the objective of this study was (i) to characterize the chemical profile of two types of bearberry extracts (70% ethanolic and water) and (ii) to investigate the biological activity of the analyzed extracts through an assessment of their possible proapoptotic effects on glioma cell lines. The HPLC-UV analysis of individual compounds was performed for the determination of the phytochemical profile of the bearberry extracts, and their total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined spectrophotometrically. The induction of apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis in anaplastic astrocytoma MOGGCCM and human glioblastoma LN229 cell lines were investigated. The results indicated that the ethanolic (Et) and aqueous (Aq) extracts had different chemical profiles. The TPC in the Et was ca. 60% higher than in the Aq. Similarly, the TFC and methylarbutin (mARB) concentrations were significantly higher in the Et. On the other hand, the concentration of hydroquinone (HQ) was ca. 70% and that of corilagin (COR) was ca. 100% higher in the Aq. In turn, the presence of ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) was confirmed solely in the Et. In contrast to Aq, Et demonstrated high proapoptotic activity. At the concentration of 2 µL/mL, the level of apoptosis varied between 14.7% and 26% in the case of the MOGGCCM cells and between 12.3% and 33.3% in the case of the LN229 cell line. The knowledge and information obtained in this study indicate a need for further research on the anticancer effect of the studied bearberry phytochemicals on the MOGGCCM and LN229 cell lines and for the elucidation of their molecular anticancer mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: The study of medicinal plants in pasture ecosystems, alongside their ecological requirements, forms the foundation for developing valuable natural models for research and practical applications. Ecological factors primarily influence the type and quantity of essential compounds in medicinal plants. Economic utilization of these plants is feasible only when their compound levels are optimal. Therefore, understanding the factors that enhance active substances in medicinal plants is crucial. This study investigates the correlation between climatic, topographical, and edaphic parameters on the morphological traits and essential oil compounds in Hymenocrater oxyodontus Rech.f. Methodology: Three habitats of H. oxyodontus in Semnan province were selected, each with distinct environmental conditions. Within each habitat, 15 plots of 16 m² were established using a systematic random method. Morphological characteristics such as plant height, canopy diameter, canopy cover, biomass, and leaf area were measured. Flowering branches were collected in triplicate, and essential oils were extracted via hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus. Essential oil compounds were identified by GC-FID and GC/MS. Soil samples from each habitat were analyzed for physicochemical parameters including pH, EC, OM, N, P, K, SP, lime, and texture. Variance analysis and data mean comparisons were conducted using SPSS software, with correlation analysis and PCA performed in Minitab software. The conservation status of H. oxyodontus was determined using the IUCN criteria via GeoCAT software. Results: Variance analysis of morphological traits revealed significant differences among the three regions for leaf area (0.1% level), plant height (1% level), canopy diameter, canopy cover, and biomass (5% level). Peygambar Mountain exhibited the highest values for plant height (35.4 cm), canopy diameter (69.2 cm), canopy cover (9.4%), leaf area (2.3 cm²), and biomass (135.1 g). Analysis of essential oil components also showed significant differences among regions at various levels (0.1%, 1%, and 5%). Dominant compounds in Peygambar Mountain included Trans-Cadina-1(6),4- diene (12.1%), Spathulenol (11.2%), Caryophyllene oxide (7.1%), and Nootkatin (7.1%). In Abar Mountain, Spathulenol (10%), α-Vetivone (6.8%), Caryophyllene oxide (6.1%), and Nootkatin (5.8%) were predominant, while 1,8-Cineole (16.4%), Hexadecanoic acid (8.9%), and Spathulenol (7.3%) were main compounds in the Parvar region. Soil physicochemical parameters showed significant differences in EC, OM, P, K, SP, lime, sand, and silt at the 0.1% level, pH and N at the 1% level, and clay at the 5% level. Peygambar region had the highest values for EC (1.3 ds/m), P (16.6 mg/L), OM (2.5%), N (0.14%), and sand (72%). Parvar region exhibited higher values for K (307.6 mg/L), lime (17.1%), SP (31.7%), silt (34%), and clay (12%). Significant correlations were found between altitude, annual precipitation, annual temperature, maximum temperature of the hottest month, OM, N, P, K, SP, lime, and both morphological traits and essential oil compounds. H. oxyodontus was determined to be CR (Critically Endangered) based on an AOO of 4 km² and an EOO of 15,735 km². Conclusion: Environmental factors, particularly altitude, significantly affect the functional characteristics of H. oxyodontus. Vegetation indices were higher in the lower altitude Peygambar Mountain. For economic utilization, low-altitude areas are recommended for cultivation, whereas for therapeutic purposes, high-altitude areas like Parvar with higher concentrations of oxygenated terpenes are preferable. For commercial cultivation, mountain ecotypes' seeds are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]