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Casing deformation occurs frequently in shale gas wells, resulting in the failure of some fracturing stages to complete normal operations, which seriously affects shale gas production. This paper firstly analyzes the casing deformation mechanism of shale gas wells and determines that the casing shear deformation caused by formation slip is the main factor of casing deformation. In order to solve the problem of casing shear deformation, a finite element numerical model including the formation, cement ring, and the casing is established. The casing shear deformation caused by formation slip is simulated, and the deformation results obtained are consistent with those measured in the actual wellbore. Based on the numerical model, a casing deformation governance method is proposed to optimize the wellbore trajectory and adjust the cement ring properties. It is calculated that reducing the dip angle á of the formation and casing vertical direction and reducing the formation slip is beneficial to reducing casing deformation. The use of low elastic modulus cement and uncementing operations can provide a buffer space for formation slip, effectively reduce casing deformation, and provide an effective treatment method for shear deformation of shale gas wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To validate a free-breathing dynamic contrast-enhanced-MRI (DCE-MRI) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients using gadoxetic acid, and to determine the relationship between DCE-MRI parameters and histological results.Methods: Thirty-four HCC patients were included in this prospective study. Free-breathing DCE-MRI data was acquired preoperatively on a 3.0 Tesla scanner. Perfusion parameters (Ktrans, Kep, Ve and the semi-quantitative parameter of initial area under the gadolinium concentration-time curve, iAUC) were calculated and compared with tumor enhancement at contrast-enhanced CT. The relationship between DCE-MRI parameters and Ki67 indices, histological grades and microvascular density (MVD) was determined by correlation analysis. Differences of perfusion parameters between different histopathological groups were compared. Receiver operation characteristic (ROC) analysis of discriminating high-grades (grade III and IV) from low-grades (grade I and II) HCC was performed for perfusion parameters.Results: Significant relationship was found between DCE-MRI and CT results. The DCE-MRI derived Ktrans were significantly negatively correlated with Ki-67 indices (rho = − 0.408, P = 0.017) and the histological grades (rho = − 0.444, P = 0.009) of HCC, and Kep and Ve were significantly related with tumor MVD (rho = − 0.405, P = 0.017 for Kep; and rho = 0.385, P = 0.024 for Ve). Ktrans, Kep, and iAUC demonstrated moderate diagnostic performance (iAUC = 0.78, 0.77 and 0.80, respectively) for discriminating high-grades from low-grades HCC without significant differences.Conclusions: The DCE-MRI derived parameters demonstrated weak but significant correlations with tumor proliferation status, histological grades or microvascular density, respectively. This free-breathing DCE-MRI is technically feasible and offers a potential avenue toward non-invasive evaluation of HCC malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unbonded flexible risers (UFRs) connect surface production platforms to subsea production systems, and are therefore vital for tasks such as the transportation of oil and gas and the injection of water. The tensile armor layer is the main load layer of UFRs. Once this layer is partially broken, the safety of offshore oil and gas gathering and transportation is seriously threatened. In this study, an 8-layer UFR model is developed to calculate the effects of damaged inner and outer armor wires and boundary conditions on the tensile stiffness, ultimate load capacity, and stress distribution and load ratio of the inner and outer tensile armor layers. Broken inner tensile armor wires are found to have a greater impact on the tensile properties and produce the same torsional buckling failure mode as observed in the field. The influence of the pressure load on the ultimate load capacity of the UFRs is analyzed, and the results demonstrate that the outermost pressure increases the interlayer action between the tensile armor layers and the adjacent layers, thereby reducing the torsional angle of the UFRs under the ultimate tension. Additionally, the innermost pressure is found to have a negligible effect on the ultimate load. • A finite element modeling method for ultimate tensile finite elements of unbonded flexible risers that takes into account efficiency and accuracy is proposed. • The torsional buckling failure mechanism under the ultimate tensile load of the unbonded flexible riser was revealed. • The influence of the fracture number of tensile armor wires, internal and external pressure on the ultimate tensile of unbonded flexible risers were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Nano SiO 2 layer was produced by laser texture-deposition (LTD) technology. • SiO 2 layer can delay the oxidation of Cu surface during boiling. • Superior capillary wicking and durability improve the heat transfer. • The CHF of LTD is 2.8 times that of the original copper surface. To improve the durability of pool boiling, laser texture-deposition technology was introduced to produce massive area of micro/nano structures on copper surface without any chemical treatment. The XPS analysis and the SEM images revealed that the two-tier micro/nano structure was formed on the micron protrusions, where villous cluster nano SiO 2 layer was deposited on copper oxide nanoburrs. Subcooled pool boiling experiments indicated that villous cluster nano SiO 2 structure delayed the oxidation of Cu, and thus enhanced the durability (capillary wicking/superhydrophilicity). Furthermore, the CHF and HTC of the laser texture-deposition surface reached 2805.8 kW/m2 and 111.8 kW/(m2·K). The CHF and HTC are 2.8 times and 2.1 times that of the original copper surface, respectively. Laser texture-deposition technology proves to be a promising green processing technology for the heat transfer of pool boiling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Revealed the inherent mechanism of casing shear deformation. • Proposed measures to add a wellbore annulus buffer layer to reduce casing shear deformation. • Through experiments, it has been confirmed that adding a buffer layer can effectively reduce the shear deformation of the casing. • Optimized the structural parameters of the buffer layer through finite element method. In the process of exploiting shale gas, wells experience casing deformation at rates reaching 40%, leading to the failure of setting tools such as bridge plugs during completion operations. This failure results in cessation of fracturing operations, seriously affecting productivity. To reduce and reveal the mechanism of casing deformation, in this work, casing shear deformation experiments were designed and carried out simulating an 8.5-inch wellbore, which verified that the casing deformation was shear deformation caused by formation slip. Based on the mechanism of casing shear deformation, the measure of adding a wellbore annulus buffer layer to reduce casing shear deformation is proposed, and the finite-element method is used to verify that increasing the compressible space of the buffer layer and reducing the compression stiffness can further reduce the casing deformation. Finally, a casing shear deformation experiment with an added buffer layer was developed. The casing generated a few shear deformations under 40-mm formation slip, which verified the effectiveness of the measures proposed in this paper to reduce the shear deformation of the casing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the process of deep-sea oil and gas exploitation, unbonded flexible risers (UFRs) are corroded by CO 2 and other media over long periods of time, which causes serious damage to the tensile armor layers and threatens the safety of the UFRs in service. To study the effects of torsional response, ultimate loading, and failure mode on UFRs after corrosion, and to reveal the torsional failure mechanism of the UFR while considering corrosion defects, an 8-layer UFR torsional response model is established in this paper. Local bending of the UFR and lateral buckling failure of the inner tensile armor layer occur under counterclockwise ultimate torsion, whereas strength failure of the inner tensile armor layer occurs under clockwise torsion. When the degree of corrosion is 0.4 mm, the counterclockwise torsional stiffness of thickness corrosion, width corrosion, and combined corrosion decreases by 27.6%, 10.8%, and 28.4%, and the ultimate loading of counterclockwise torsion for thickness corrosion, width corrosion, and combined corrosion decreases by 37%, 13.4%, and 39.3%, respectively. Therefore, the influence of thickness corrosion and combined corrosion on the torsional response of UFRs is worthy of further attention. • Established a theoretical and numerical model for unbonded flexible risers, and compared and verified the correctness of the model. • Studied the influence of corrosion of the tensile armor layer on the torsional response of unbonded flexible risers. • Revealed the ultimate torsional failure mechanism of unbonded flexible risers. • Restored the lateral buckling failure mode of unbonded flexible risers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A hydrogen ion supercapacitor cell was constructed with an electrochemical double‐layer carbon material as positive electrode and an electrochemical hydrogen storage composite material as negative electrode. The electrochemical performances of both electrodes and hybrid device were investigated by varying of the mass ratio of positive and negative electrode. It was found to be that both electrodes went through the different hydrogen ion storage processes and the capacity of this hybrid supercapacitor was highly correlated with the negative to the positive electrode ratio. The highest capacity was achieved at ratio of 1:7; further increasing of this ratio may downgrade the performance of the hybrid system. With this optimized ratio, the hybrid device demonstrated good electrochemical performance. Novelty Statement: A new hybrid supercapacitor is developed using an electrochemical hydrogen storage cobalt/carbon composite material as negative electrode and a double‐layer porous carbon material as positive electrode. In this device, the charge carrier is hydrogen ions generated through the electrolysis of the aqueous electrolyte and, like lithium ion supercapacitor, the H ions rock‐chaired between positive and negative electrode during the operation. The structure of this new device is engineered, and the energy storage and conversion mechanisms on both electrodes during the operation are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]