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Kinetic theory has long predicted that temperature inversion may happen in the vapor-phase for evaporation and condensation between two parallel plates, i.e., the vapor temperature at the condensation interface is higher than that at the evaporation interface. However, past studies have neglected transport in the liquid phases, which usually determine the evaporation and condensation rates. This disconnect has limited the acceptance of the kinetic theory in practical heat transfer models. In this paper, we combine interfacial conditions for mass and heat fluxes with continuum descriptions in the bulk regions of the vapor and the liquid phases to obtain a complete picture for the classical problem of evaporation and condensation between two parallel plates. The criterion for temperature inversion is rederived analytically. We also prove that the temperature jump at each interface is in the same direction as externally applied temperature difference, i.e., liquid surface is at a higher temperature than its adjacent vapor on the evaporating interface and at a lower temperature than its adjacent vapor on the condensing interface. We explain the interfacial temperature jump and temperature inversion using the interfacial cooling and heating processes, and we predict that this process can lead to a vapor phase temperature much lower than the lowest wall temperatures and much higher than the highest wall temperature imposed. When the latent heat of evaporation is small, we found that evaporation can happen at the low temperature side while condensation occurs at the high temperature side, opposing the temperature gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polychromatic X-rays generated by a linear accelerator (Linac) often result in noticeable hardening artifacts in images, posing a significant challenge to accurate defect identification. To address this issue, a simple yet effective approach is to introduce filters at the radiation source outlet. However, current methods are often empirical, lacking scientifically sound metrics.This study introduces an innovative filter design method that optimizes filter performance by balancing the impact of ray intensity and energy on image quality.Firstly, different spectra under various materials and thicknesses of filters were obtained using GEometry ANd Tracking (Geant4) simulation. Subsequently, these spectra and their corresponding incident photon counts were used as input sources to generate different reconstructed images. By comprehensively comparing the intensity differences and noise in images of defective and non-defective regions, along with considering hardening indicators, the optimal filter was determined.The optimized filter was applied to a Linac-based X-ray computed tomography (CT) detection system designed for identifying defects in graphite materials within high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR), with defect dimensions of 2 mm. After adding the filter, the hardening effect reduced by 22%, and the Defect Contrast Index (DCI) reached 3.226.The filter designed based on the parameters of Average Difference (AD) and Defect Contrast Index (DCI) can effectively improve the quality of defect images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot‐top pulsed magneto‐oscillation (HPMO) is developed as a novel approach to achieve grain refinement and solute homogenization in heavy steel ingots. Through a combination of numerical simulations and melt flow measurements, this study investigates the evolution of electromagnetic fields and forced flow within alloy melts under the influence of HPMO, with a focus on varying electromagnetic parameters such as electric current intensity, frequency, and pulse length. The results of the simulations reveal the formation of double‐circulating flows in opposite directions within the melt. Experimental measurements of the flow field distribution closely align with the simulation outcomes. Furthermore, it is observed that the induced magnetic field inside the melt changes direction once, and the electromagnetic force changes direction three times within a single pulse length period under the influence of HPMO. Notably, the radial electromagnetic force, directed toward the interior of the melt, surpasses the normal electromagnetic force away from the melt. This phenomenon leads to a stable flow of the melt, contributing to grain refinement. The findings presented in this study offer valuable insights into the use of HPMO as a promising technique for improving the quality of heavy steel ingots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the relative importance of key life domains of early adolescents and to explore the heterogeneities across age cohorts and countries at different levels of economic development. The repeated cross-sectional survey data for 10 countries (England, Israel, Romania, Norway, Malta, Nepal, Estonia, Ethiopia, South Korea, and Germany) from the second (2013-2014) and third (2016-2019) waves of the International Survey of Children's Well-Being study were used. Early adolescents from the 10- and 12-year age groups were included. A total of 14 key life domains were investigated on their influence to the global life satisfaction. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used and an importance-performance map analysis was conducted. A total of 23 732 respondents in wave 2 (49% from 10-year-old group) and 22 265 respondents in wave 3 (50% from 10-year-old group) were studied. On average, possessions and safety are the top 2 most important domains within the second wave for 10-year-olds. However, when split based on country-income groups, health comes out on top for low-to-middle-income countries followed by possessions, with safety domain ranking much lower at seventh. For the 12-year-old group, possessions and safety rank highest on average irrespective of the country's level of income. Although areas of priority varied across countries, future came out as one of the most important areas adolescents considered needing improvement across age groups and over time. Findings from this study revealed substantial heterogeneity across nations and provide important information for prioritizing policy implementation to improve subjective well-being among early adolescents. • It is important to understand what life aspects matter more for young adolescents' overall life satisfaction across countries at different levels of economic development. • Although material well-being and safety ranked the highest in terms of importance for their overall life satisfaction, there are significant heterogeneities across countries with adolescents in low-to-middle-income countries ranking health as most important. • Policies aiming to enhance the well-being of young adolescents cannot be a one-size-fits-all policy both across and within countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subsynchronous oscillation caused by the resonance between power electronic devices and series compensation devices or weak power grids introduced by large-scale renewable energy generation greatly reduces the transmission capacity of the system and may endanger the safe operation of the power system. It even leads to system oscillation instability. In this paper, based on the advantages of a simple solution, a small amount of calculation and anti-noise of ERA, a method of subsynchronous oscillation parameter identification based on the eigensystem realization algorithm (ERA) is proposed. The Hankel matrix in the improved ERA is obtained by splicing the real part matrix and the imaginary part matrix of the synchrophasor, thus solving the problem of angular frequency conjugate constraints of two fundamental components and two oscillatory components which are not considered in the existing ERA. The solution to this problem is helpful to improve the accurate parameter identification results of ERA under the data window of 200 ms and weaken the limitation caused by the assumption that the synchrophasor model is fixed. The practicability of the improved method based on PMU is verified by the synthesis of ERA and the actual measurement data. Compared with the existing ERA, the improved ERA can accurately identify the parameters of each component under the ultra-short data window and realize the dynamic monitoring of power system subsynchronous oscillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schur rings over the infinite dihedral group Z ⋊ Z 2 are studied according to properties of Schur rings over infinite groups and the classification of Schur rings over infinite cyclic groups. Schur rings over Z ⋊ Z 2 are classified under the assumption that Z is an A -subgroup. Those Schur rings are proved to be traditional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose the superconducting van der Waals material 4Hb-TaS2 to realize the Z 2 topological order and interpret the recent discovery of the spontaneous vortex generation in 4Hb-TaS2 as the vison-vortex nucleation. For the alternating stacking of metallic/superconducting and Mott insulating layers in 4Hb-TaS2, we expect the local moments in the Mott insulating 1T-TaS2 layer to form the Z 2 topological order. The spontaneous vortex generation in 4Hb-TaS2 is interpreted from the transition or nucleation between the superconducting vortex and the Z 2 vison in different phase regimes. Differing from the single vison-vortex nucleation in the original Senthil–Fisher's cuprate proposal, we consider such nucleation process between the superconducting vortex lattice and the vison crystal. We further propose experiments to distinguish this proposal with the Z 2 topological order from the chiral spin liquid scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known that unknown modeling errors cannot be avoided in practice. Such unmeasured uncertainties are usually denoted as unknown nonlinear functions that exist in every channel of the system equation. This paper aims to develop an output feedback adaptive control scheme by constructing state estimation filters to address such unknown modeling errors. In the controller design, these uncertainties caused by modeling errors will be accumulated to the last step for compensation. Unknown parameters existing in the upper bound functions of unknown nonlinear functions and system parameters are estimated synchronously based on tuning function approaches. It is shown that the designed output feedback controller can ensure the stability and tracking performance of the closed‐loop system, and the transient performance in terms of a truncated norm is also established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a loss of neurons in the cortex and subcortical regions. Previously, we showed that the progressive degeneration of subcortical monoaminergic (MAergic) neurons seen in human AD is recapitulated in the APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS) transgenic mouse model. Because degeneration of cholinergic (Ach) neurons is also a prominent feature of AD, we examined the integrity of the Ach system in the APP/PS model. The overall density of Ach fibers is reduced in APP/PS1 mice at 12 and 18 months of age but not at 4 months of age. Analysis of basal forebrain Ach neurons shows no loss of Ach neurons in the APP/PS model. Thus, since MAergic systems show overt cell loss at 18 months of age, the Ach system is less vulnerable to neurodegeneration in the APP/PS1 model. We also examined whether the proximity to Aβ deposition affected the degeneration of Ach and 5-HT afferents. We found that the areas closer to the edges of compact Aβ deposits exhibit a more severe loss of afferents than the areas that are more distal to Aβ deposits. Collectively, the results indicate that the APP/PS model recapitulates the degeneration of multiple subcortical neurotransmitter systems, including the Ach system. In addition, the results indicate that Aβ deposits cause global as well as local toxicity to subcortical afferents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern China, industrialization has formed a critical foundation for the transition to modernization. However, the spatiotemporal evolution patterns and driving mechanisms of urban industrial development in Nanjing from 1840 to 1949 remain unclear. Based on textual historical sources, this study examined the spatiotemporal patterns of urban industrial development in Nanjing from 1840 to 1949 by using spatial analysis methods, GeoDetector, regression models and industrial structure indices. The results reveal the following: (1) The overall spatial distribution pattern of the industry in modern Nanjing exhibited a "one main, one secondary" dual-center "ladle-shaped" arrangement. Over time, industry has expanded from the urban center toward the east and north. (2) The modernization level of different industries was uneven, exhibiting a "center-periphery" spatial pattern. (3) At the micro level, transportation and population density were the primary influencing factors for industrial location, whereas at the macro level, government intervention mainly affected the industrialization pattern. (4) The industrial development pattern in modern Nanjing, in alignment with the "pole-axis" spatial system, serves as a microcosm of China's urban modernization transition. This study represents the application of GIS methods in the humanities and provides valuable insights for urban planning and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusion Gut microbial disturbance has been widely confirmed in mood disorders. However, little is known about whether gut microbial characteristics can distinguish major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar depression (BP‐D), and bipolar mania (BP‐M).This was a prospective case–control study. The composition of gut microbiota was profiled using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing of fecal samples and compared between healthy controls (HC; n = 46), MDD (n = 51), BP‐D (n = 44), and patients with BP‐M (n = 45).Gut microbial compositions were remarkably changed in the patients with MDD, BP‐D, and BP‐M. Compared to HC, distinct gut microbiome signatures were found in MDD, BP‐D, and BP‐M, and some gut microbial changes were overlapping between the three mood disorders. Furthermore, we identified a signature of 7 operational taxonomic units (OUT; Prevotellaceae‐related OUT22, Prevotellaceae‐related OUT31, Prevotellaceae‐related OTU770, Ruminococcaceae‐related OUT70, Bacteroidaceae‐related OTU1536, Propionibacteriaceae‐related OTU97, Acidaminococcaceae‐related OTU34) that can distinguish patients with MDD from those with BP‐D, BP‐M, or HC, with area under the curve (AUC) values ranging from 0.910 to 0.996.Our results provide the clinical rationale for the discriminative diagnosis of MDD, BP‐D, and BP‐M by characteristic gut microbial features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Purpose Methods Results Conclusions Most existing models for CT kernel conversion take images reconstructed with a single predetermined source kernel as input and convert them to images that are reconstructed with a target kernel. However, these models can achieve even better performance if they leverage complementary information obtained from images reconstructed with multiple different kernels. In many clinical practice scenarios, only images with one kernel can be acquired.We propose a privileged knowledge learning framework that learns privileged knowledge of other source kernels available only in the training data (called privileged information) to guide the conversion from a specific single source kernel to the target kernel, via a joint prediction (JP) task.We construct an ensemble of kernel‐specific (KS) tasks where a KS network (KSNet) takes images reconstructed with a specific source kernel as input and converts them to images reconstructed with the target kernel. Then, a JP task is designed to provide extra regularization, which helps each KSNet learn more informative feature representations for kernel conversion, such as detail and structure representations. Meanwhile, we use a cross‐shaped window‐based attention mechanism in the JP task to highlight the most relevant features to strengthen privileged knowledge learning, thereby alleviating the problems of redundant noise unrelated to images reconstructed with target kernel and inconsistent features that arise from images reconstructed with different kernels. All KSNets can be trained collaboratively by using a JP task to improve the performance of each individual KSNet.We extensively evaluate our method on a clinical dataset with scanners from three manufacturers, that is, Siemens, GE and Philips. The experimental results demonstrate that our privileged knowledge learning framework is effective in improving CT kernel conversion.Through both quantitative and qualitative research, our privileged knowledge learning framework improves the kernel conversion results, thereby contributing to the improvement of diagnostic accuracy and the advancement of comparative research in quantitative measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient solar thermal conversion is crucial for renewable clean energy technologies such as solar thermal power generation, solar thermophotovoltaic and seawater desalination. To maximize solar energy conversion efficiency, a solar selective absorber with tailored absorption properties designed for solar applications is indispensable. In this study, we propose a broadband selective absorber based on amorphous carbon (a-C) metamaterials that achieves high absorption in the ultraviolet (UV), visible (Vis) and near-infrared (NIR) spectral ranges. Additionally, through metal doping, the optical properties of carbon matrix materials can be modulated. We introduce Ti@a-C thin film into the nanostructure to enhance light absorption across most of the solar spectrum, particularly in the NIR wavelength band, which is essential for improving energy utilization. The impressive solar absorptivity and photothermal conversion efficiency reach 97.8% and 95.6%, respectively. Notably, these superior performances are well-maintained even at large incident angles with different polarized states. These findings open new avenues for the application of a-C matrix materials, especially in fields related to solar energy harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many massive sulfide deposits have been discovered in the Upper Paleozoic rift-related volcaniclastic sequence in South China, among which the Yushui copper deposit is the most important due to its high grade. The deposit has been variably attributed as SEDEX (sedimentary exhalative) or MVT (Mississippi valley type). The Yushui copper deposit in Guangdong (South China) contains stratiform bornite-chalcopyrite orebodies (102.1 kt Cu @ 3.5%, 186.6 kt Pb @ 4.29%, 117.6 kt Zn @ 2.91%, and 339 t Ag @ 112 g/t) developed along the contact between Upper Carboniferous dolostone and Lower Carboniferous pebbly quartz sandstone, which indicates a shallow marine deposition environment. The Yushui deposit comprises an upper massive sulfide orebody and a lower stockwork orebody with intense alteration. In this study, we newly identified Carboniferous tuffs and syn-volcanic faults in the footwall, and exhalites in the hanging-wall. Hematite from the Cu ores yielded a U-Pb age of 320 ± 15 Ma (MSWD = 2.1, n = 57), and hydrothermal dolomite yielded a Sm-Nd isochron age of 308.1 ± 4.6 Ma (n = 7; MSWD = 0.94), which constrains the timing of mineralization at Yushui. These ages are coeval with the Carboniferous host rocks. Combining the evidence from the geological features (syn-volcanic faults, volcanic rocks, exhalites) and hematite trace element compositions, we suggest that the Yushui is a shallow marine VMS (volcanogenic massive sulfide) deposit. The Sr-Nd isotope composition of hydrothermal dolomite (εNd ~−12) indicates that the ore-forming materials were originated from the crustal basement. The Yushui copper deposit was likely formed during the Late Carboniferous continental back-arc extension in eastern South China. The regional extension may have caused enhanced heat flow, which promoted fluid convection in the basement rocks. In addition, we suggest that volcanic rocks and disseminated chalcopyrite-pyrite mineralization in the Lower Carboniferous quartz sandstone and exhalites are good indicators for regional VMS prospecting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 178 (CCDC178) has been revealed to exert metastasis-promoting properties in hepatocellular carcinoma, whereas its function in gastric cancer (GC) has not been fully understood. Aims: We evaluated its role in GC and the molecular mechanism. Methods: The differentially expressed genes in datasets related to GC metastasis were intersected with survival-related genes in GC, followed by prognostic significance prediction. Loss- and gain-of-function assays were conducted to examine the involvement of CCDC178, Homeobox protein BarH-like 1 (BARX1), and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in GC cell malignant phenotype and the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). The corresponding functions were verified in the in vivo animal experiment. Results: High CCDC178 expression predicted a poor prognosis for GC patients, and CCDC178 correlated significantly with macrophage infiltration in GC tissues. CCDC178 activated the ERK pathway in GC. Silencing of CCDC178 reduced the colony formation, migratory and invasive potential of GC cells, and the M2-like polarization of TAM, which was reversed by TBHQ (an ERK activator). BARX1 bound to the promoter region of CCDC178, thus inducing its transcriptional level. Silencing of BARX1 suppressed the M2-type polarization of TAM in vitro and in vivo, and CCDC178 mitigated the repressing role of BARX1 knockdown. Conclusions: BARX1 activates the transcription of CCDC178 to induce the ERK pathway, thereby supporting macrophage recruitment and M2-like polarization in GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Density is an important indicator for evaluating diesel fuel quality that directly affects the injection timing and injection rule of the engine, and also has a significant impact on the spray broken particle size, the spray penetration distance, the spray cone angle, and so forth, which in turn affects the combustion process and pollutant emission of the compression-ignition engine. Therefore, it is important to accurately predict the diesel fuel mixture density in industrial and compression-ignition engines. However, the mathematical models for predicting the density of diesel fuel mixture with changed temperature are relatively lacking and less accurate, especially for ternary diesel fuel mixtures with different physicochemical properties. This paper proposes a mathematical model including binary and ternary diesel mixtures under changed fuel volume fraction and temperature, and published data were used for verification. The data verification results show that: for the density prediction of binary diesel fuel mixtures at constant temperature, the average relative deviation (ARD) is 0.0245%, the RMS error (RMSE) is 0.000344, and the correlation coefficient (R) is 0.9993. For the density prediction of binary diesel fuel mixtures at changed temperature, the ARD is 0.0609%, the RMSE is 0.000695, and R is 0.9980. For the density prediction of ternary diesel fuel mixtures at constant temperature, the ARD is lower than 0.0571%, the RMSE is lower than 0.000610, and R is higher than 0.9861. For the density prediction of ternary diesel fuel mixtures at changed temperature, the ARD is 0.0484%, the RMSE is 0.000513, and R is 0.9996. The diesel mixed fuel density prediction model proposed in this paper has good accuracy and calculation convenience, and provides important reference value for measuring or designing the density of diesel mixed fuel in the field of compression-ignition engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cryoglobulinemia is a pathological condition characterized by the presence of cryoglobulins in the blood, with cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis being the most frequent form of renal involvement. Fanconi syndrome presents as a generalized dysfunction of the proximal tubule, characterized by the presence of polyuria, phosphaturia, glycosuria, proteinuria, proximal renal tubular acidosis, and osteomalacia. We aimed to present five cases co-occurring with Fanconi syndrome and cryoglobulinemia. Methods: We retrospectively summarized the cases of five patients with Fanconi syndrome and cryoglobulinemia at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2012 to June 2022. The clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis were systematically analyzed. Results: All five patients exhibited typical features of Fanconi syndrome, and cryoglobulinemia was concurrently detected in all cases. These patients also exhibit positive anti-nuclear antibody spectrum and hyperglobulinemia, and IgM constitutes the predominant monoclonal component in cryoglobulins. In addition to supplemental treatment, timely immunosuppressive therapy may potentially benefit the long-term renal prognosis of patients with this condition. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the rare co-occurrence of Fanconi syndrome and cryoglobulinemia in clinical practice. Despite the lack of causal evidence, the coexistence of Fanconi syndrome and tubulointerstitial injury is also noteworthy in patients with cryoglobulinemia, underscoring the importance of thorough evaluation and tailored management in patients presenting with overlapping renal manifestations. Key Points • Patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia can clinically present with tubulointerstitial injury, specifically manifesting as Fanconi syndrome. • In addition to typical symptoms of Fanconi syndrome, these patients also exhibit positive anti-nuclear antibody spectrum and hyperglobulinemia, while IgM constitutes the monoclonal component in cryoglobulins. • Timely immunosuppressive therapy may improve long-term renal prognosis in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to understand the spatiotemporal changes in patterns of tropical crop cultivation in Eastern Thailand, encompassing the periods before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Our approach involved assessing the efficacy of high-resolution (10 m) Sentinel-2 dense image time series for mapping smallholder farmlands. We integrated harmonic regression and random forest to map a diverse array of tropical crop types between summer 2017 and summer 2023, including durian, rice, rubber, eucalyptus, oil palm, pineapple, sugarcane, cassava, mangosteen, coconut, and other crops. The results revealed an overall mapping accuracy of 85.6%, with several crop types exceeding 90%. High-resolution imagery demonstrated particular effectiveness in situations involving intercropping, a popular practice of simultaneously growing two or more plant species in the same patch of land. However, we observed overestimation in the majority of the studied cash crops, primarily those located in young plantations with open tree canopies and grass-covered ground surfaces. The adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic were observed in specific labor-intensive crops, including rubber and durian, but were limited to the short term. No discernible impact was noted across the entirety of the study timeframe. In comparison, financial gain and climate change appeared to be more pivotal in influencing farmers' decisions regarding crop cultivation. Traditionally dominant crops such as rice and oil palm have witnessed a discernible decline in cultivation, reflecting a decade-long trend of price drops preceding the pandemic. Conversely, Thai durian has seen a significant upswing even over the pandemic, which ironically served as a catalyst prompting Thai farmers to adopt e-commerce to meet the surging demand, particularly from China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

So far, it is still extremely challenging to develop an efficient catalyst for deep oxidation of methanol at low temperature. Herein, we report the construction of the highly dispersed CuAg alloy on the surface of Ce0.90In0.10Oδ nanorods support for catalyzing methanol deep oxidation. The composition, structure and properties of catalysts were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐vis) spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the CuxAg100‐x/Ce0.90In0.10Oδ alloy catalysts exhibit superior catalytic activity and stability compared to pure Ag/Ce0.90In0.10Oδ, with the highest activity observed for Cu40Ag60/Ce0.90In0.10Oδ, accompanied by the light‐off temperature (T50) and full conversion temperature (T90) of 115 and 145 °C, respectively. This is attributed to the synergistic effect of CuAg alloy, which results in electron transfer, generating more Ag0, and enhanced interaction between CuAg alloy and the support, leading to increased Ce3+ content and higher oxygen vacancy concentration. This work successfully applies CuAg alloy catalysts in thermo‐catalytic reaction, offering promising prospects for CuAg alloy catalysts in the methanol deep oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In clinical practice, noncontinuous two‐segment spinal cord cervical spondylosis is a particular form of cervical degenerative disease. Traditional anterior open surgery frequently comes with severe trauma, risks, and debatable treatment options. This study aimed to describe for the first time a novel minimally invasive technique, namely, anterior full‐endoscopic single‐port double transcorporeal spinal cord decompression for the treatment of patients with noncontinuous two‐segment cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Method: From February 2020 to May 2021, five patients with noncontinuous two‐segment cervical spondylotic myelopathy were treated with anterior full‐endoscopic single‐port double transcorporeal spinal cord decompression. Two bone channels were established by the trephine through the vertebral body oblique upward and downward to the herniated disc osteophyte complex, and the full‐endoscopic system could decompress the spinal cord through the channels. All cases were followed up for over 2 years. The modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) score and visual analogue scale (VAS) score before and after operation and during follow‐up were used to evaluate the clinical effectiveness. Radiological examinations, including CT and MRI, were utilized to evaluate the efficacy of spinal cord decompression and bone channel repair. Results: All operations were successfully completed and the average operation time was 185 min, with no operation‐related complications. Compared with the preoperative evaluation, the mJOA score and VAS score were improved at each time point after operation and follow‐up. Postoperative CT and MRI scans showed that the intervertebral disc‐osteophyte complex was removed through the vertebral bone passage, and the spinal cord was fully decompressed. After 24 months of follow‐up, CT and MRI scans showed that the bone channel was almost repaired and healed. Conclusion: Anterior full‐endoscopic single‐port double transcorporeal spinal cord decompression is an effective minimally invasive technique for noncontinuous two‐segment cervical spondylosis. It provides precise and satisfactory spinal cord decompression under endoscopic visualization with minimum trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have found that in ceramic fuel cells using Ni 0·8 Co 0·15 Al 0·05 LiO 2 (NCAL) as the electrode, lithium compounds such as LiOH generated by reduction of NCAL anode by H 2 diffuse into oxide electrolyte membranes such as Gd 0.1 Ce 0·9 O 2 (GDC), and the "GDC-lithium compounds" composite electrolyte formed online is an excellent proton conductor. In this paper, the low-temperature electrolysis performance of proton conductor type solid oxide electrolysis cell (P-SOEC) with GDC as electrolyte and NCAL as electrode for direct electrochemical conversion of H 2 O into H 2 was investigated. It is found that at operation temperature of 550 °C, the current density of the SOEC prepared in this paper can reach 2.263 A cm−2 at 1.6 V. The composite electrolyte in the electrolysis cell reaches an ionic conductivity of 0.572 S cm−1 in the SOEC mode. The excellent hydrogen production performance proves that this new type of electrolysis cell with lithium compounds as electrodes is a promising and potential proton conductive low-temperature SOEC. • SOEC with NCAL electrodes was fabricated. • Proton conductivity of the composite electrolyte reaches 0.572 S cm−1 at 550 °C. • The electrolytic current density of the SOEC reaches 2.263 A·cm−2 at 1.6 V. • Provided a new type of SOEC and related electrolytic cell material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently it has been shown that Bern-Carrasco-Johansson (BCJ) numerators of colour-kinematic duality for tree-level scattering amplitudes in Yang-Mills theory (coupled with scalars) can be determined using a quasi-shuffle Hopf algebra. In this paper we consider the same theory, but with higher-derivative corrections of the forms α′F3 and α′2F4, where F is the field strength. In the heavy mass limit of the scalars, we show that the BCJ numerators of these higher-derivative theories are governed by the same Hopf algebra. In particular, the kinematic algebraic structure is unaltered and the derivative corrections only arise when mapping the abstract algebraic generators to physical BCJ numerators. The underlying kinematic Hopf algebra enables us to obtain a compact expression for the BCJ numerators of any number of gluons and two heavy scalars for amplitudes with higher-derivative operators. The pure gluon BCJ numerators can also be obtained from our results by a simple factorisation limit where the massive particles decouple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ground state search of the Ising model can be used to solve many combinatorial optimization problems. Under the current computer architecture, an Ising ground state search algorithm suitable for hardware computing is necessary for solving practical problems. Inspired by the potential energy conversion of the springs, we propose the Spring-Ising Algorithm, a point convolutional neural network algorithm for ground state search based on the spring vibration model. Spring-Ising Algorithm regards the spin as a moving mass point connected to a spring and establishes the equation of motion for all spins. Spring-Ising Algorithm can be mapped on AI chips through the basic structure of the neural network for fast and efficient parallel computing. The algorithm has shown promising results in solving the Ising model and has been tested in the recognized test benchmark K2000. The optimal results of this algorithm after 10,000 steps of iteration are 2.9% of all results. The algorithm introduces the concept of dynamic equilibrium to achieve a more detailed local search by dynamically adjusting the weight of the Ising model in the spring oscillation model. Spring-Ising Algorithm offers the possibility to calculate the Ising model on a chip which focuses on accelerating neural network calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Darkening has been an issue of concern for foundation products. The secretion of sebum plays a significant role in the process of foundation darkening, but the underlying mechanisms and solutions have been rarely reported. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between sebum secretion and liquid foundation darkening and to provide possible solutions for reducing sebum‐induced darkening in liquid foundation. Methods: Artificial sebum in different concentrations was added to a basic liquid foundation to simulate different stages of sebum secretion. The colour of the mixture was then measured by a spectrophotometer on the standard opacity chart. Potential technical solutions for anti‐darkening were applied to a basic liquid foundation, and its ability to anti‐darkening was further verified in vivo. Results: (1) The influences of sebum addition on liquid foundation darkening had a significant positive correlation with the increase in transmissivities (R2 = 0.852, p < 0.01). (2) A certain range of sebum addition can reduce the darkening of volatile foundations. (3) The liquid foundations using pigments with high dispersibility in sebum were less influenced by sebum. (4) The replacement of pigments with oil‐fixing ability could effectively reduce the darkening of liquid foundations induced by sebum (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The effect of sebum on the darkening of liquid foundation was accompanied by a greater transmissivity as its pigment concentration decreased. Balanced volatility, the addition of powders with higher sebum dispersibility and the replacement of oil‐fixing powders could reduce the darkening of the liquid foundation caused by sebum secretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, manual event assignment for Chinese mayor's hotline is still a problem of low efficiency. In this paper, we propose a computer‐aided event assignment method based on hierarchical features and enhanced association. First, hierarchical features of hotline events are extracted to obtain event encoding vectors. Second, the fine‐tuned RoBERTa2RoBERTa model is used to encode the "sanding" responsibility texts of Chinese local departments. Third, an association enhanced attention (AEA) mechanism is proposed to capture the correlation information of the "event‐sanding" splicing vectors for the sake of obtaining matching results of "event‐sanding," and the matching results are input into the classifier. Finally, the assignment department for is obtained by a department selection module. Experimental results show that our method can achieve better performance compared with several baseline methods on HEAD (a dataset we construct independently). The ablation experiments also demonstrate the validity of each key module in our method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • In vivo , Fn OMVs promoted lung metastasis in tumour-bearing mice, while chloroquine (CHQ; an autophagy inhibitor) reduced the number of pulmonary metastases resulting from intratumoral Fn OMV injection. • Fn OMVs promoted cancer cell invasion and migration in vivo , leading to changes in the expression of EMT related proteins. • RNA-seq showed that Fn OMVs activate intracellular autophagy pathways. Blocking autophagic flux with CHQ not only reduced Fn OMV-induced cancer cell migration in vitro and in vivo but also reversed the expression changes in EMT-related proteins. Metastasis is an important cause of high mortality and lethality of oral cancer. Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) can promote tumour metastasis. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are secreted by Fn. However, the effects of Fn-derived extracellular vesicles on oral cancer metastasis and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We aimed to determine whether and how Fn OMVs mediate oral cancer metastasis. OMVs were isolated from brain heart infusion (BHI) broth supernatant of Fn by ultracentrifugation. Tumour-bearing mice were treated with Fn OMVs to evaluate the effect of OMVs on cancer metastasis. Transwell assays were performed to determine how Fn OMVs affect cancer cell migration and invasion. The differentially expressed genes in Fn OMV-treated/untreated cancer cells were identified by RNA-seq. Transmission electron microscopy, laser confocal microscopy, and lentiviral transduction were used to detect changes in autophagic flux in cancer cells stimulated with Fn OMVs. Western blotting assay was performed to determine changes in EMT-related marker protein levels in cancer cells. Fn OMVs' effects on migration after blocking autophagic flux by autophagy inhibitors were determined by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Fn OMVs were structurally similar to vesicles. In the in vivo experiment, Fn OMVs promoted lung metastasis in tumour-bearing mice, while chloroquine (CHQ, an autophagy inhibitor) treatment reduced the number of pulmonary metastases resulting from the intratumoral Fn OMV injection. Fn OMVs promoted the migration and invasion of cancer cells in vivo , leading to altered expression levels of EMT-related proteins (E-cadherin downregulation; Vimentin/N-cadherin upregulation). RNA-seq showed that Fn OMVs activate intracellular autophagy pathways. Blocking autophagic flux with CHQ reduced in vitro and in vivo migration of cancer cells induced by Fn OMVs as well as reversed changes in EMT-related protein expression. Fn OMVs not only induced cancer metastasis but also activated autophagic flux. Blocking autophagic flux weakened Fn OMV-stimulated cancer metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Martial arts involve highly complex motions with intricate poses and maneuvers. Current video analysis methods face challenges in robustly scaling across diverse data while accurately modeling the nuances of techniques and forms. This research develops a deep learning framework integrating convolutional neural networks (CNN) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) on Apache Spark to model martial arts poses and motions. The CNN extracts hierarchical visual features, highlighting athletes and movements in multimedia data. The GRU layers leverage temporal dynamics by processing pose sequences and actions via gating mechanisms. The GRU maintains an internal state, updating it based on current inputs and previous states. Its gates selectively retain context enabling the GRU to summarize variable-length time series into fixed pose encodings. The framework concatenates CNN visual features and GRU sequential states to provide interpretable pose representations. This granular encoding captures subtle posture details for fine-grained technique analysis. Comparative experiments validate the approach through accurate classification on UCF101 and precise pose estimation on the MADS dataset. The Spark integration enables scalable distributed training on these datasets. Specifically, the approach achieves 94% validation accuracy on martial arts action recognition. It also demonstrates robust performance with low MSE of 2.48 and MAE of 1.89 for pose estimation. The validated framework powers applications such as augmented coaching, optimized training regimes, progress tracking, and skill assessment to enhance martial arts mastery. Overall, the research pioneers an interpretable deep learning solution tailored for fine-grained martial arts training through scalable spatio-temporal modeling of complex motions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) is a widely used disability-specific outcome measure. This study develops mapping algorithms to estimate Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL)-4D utilities based on the WHODAS 2.0 responses to facilitate economic evaluation. Methods: The study sample comprises people with disability or long-term conditions (n = 3376) from the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Traditional regression techniques (i.e., Ordinary Least Square regression, Robust MM regression, Generalised Linear Model and Betamix Regression) and machine learning techniques (i.e., Lasso regression, Boosted regression, Supported vector regression) were used. Five-fold internal cross-validation was performed. Model performance was assessed using a series of goodness-of-fit measures. Results: The robust MM estimator produced the preferred mapping algorithm for the overall sample with the smallest mean absolute error in cross-validation (MAE = 0.1325). Different methods performed differently for different disability subgroups, with the subgroup with profound or severe restrictions having the highest MAE across all methods and models. Conclusion: The developed mapping algorithm enables cost-utility analyses of interventions for people with disability where the WHODAS 2.0 has been collected. Mapping algorithms developed from different methods should be considered in sensitivity analyses in economic evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Carbonyl compounds have attracted considerable attention due to their extensive applications in drug discovery. Furthermore, they are important synthetic intermediates for the construction of carbon‐carbon and carbon‐heteroatom bonds. Transition‐metal‐catalyzed carbonylation via the insertion of CO is one of the most efficient and straightforward strategies to access carbonyl compounds. However, most of the transition‐metal‐catalyzed carbonylative reactions require expensive and toxic noble‐metal catalysts. Therefore, there is a growing demand for the exploration of nickel‐catalyzed carbonylative reactions via the insertion of CO due to the earth abundance and low cost of nickel. Compared with the well‐established palladium‐catalyzed carbonylative reactions, nickel‐catalyzed analogous transformations have been relatively underdeveloped. This is primarily because CO strongly binds to nickel, often resulting in catalyst poisoning. In recent years, some research groups have focused on using CO surrogates or NN2 pincer nickel catalyst to circumvent the formation of Ni(CO)4. Nickel‐catalyzed carbonylation has been applied in the construction of carbonyl‐containing compounds, such as ketones, carboxylic acids, thioesters, acyl chloride and carboxamides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low ionic conductivity of proton conductor electrolytes at low temperatures was one of the key issues that restrict the reduction of operating temperature in ceramic fuel cells. The traditional Y-doped BaCeO 3 proton conductor (BCY) has an ionic conductivity of only a few tens of mS·cm−1 at 500 °C, which cannot meet the needs of high-performance low-temperature ceramic fuel cells. In this paper, we found that the ionic conductivity of the composite electrolyte made by adding 20 % Li 2 O to BCY at 550 °C was 0.526 S cm−1, which was 40 times that of the dense BCY electrolyte sintered at 1550 °C. The maximum power density of a ceramic fuel cell using a BCY- Li 2 O composite material with a thickness of 1 mm as the electrolyte and porous Ag as the symmetrical electrode was 129 mW cm−2 in H 2 at 550 °C. The characterization results of XRD, EPR, and FTIR showed that there may be a region with a large number of oxygen vacancies and lithium vacancies created at the interface of the BCY and Li 2 O–LiOH composite electrolyte formed in the BCY-Li 2 O composite electrolyte during the testing conditions for fuel cell performance due to the migration of Li+. The formation of this region should be the main reason for the extremely high conductivity of the BCY-Li 2 O–LiOH composite electrolytes formed in the cell at low temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For any finite group 퐺 and a positive integer 푚, we define and study a Schur ring over the direct power G m , which gives an algebraic interpretation of the partition of G m obtained by the 푚-dimensional Weisfeiler–Leman algorithm. It is proved that this ring determines the group 퐺 up to isomorphism if m ≥ 3 , and approaches the Schur ring associated with the group Aut ⁡ (G) acting on G m naturally if 푚 increases. It turns out that the problem of finding this limit ring is polynomial-time equivalent to the group isomorphism problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two reports by Dhuri et al. and Oyaghire et al. , respectively, show that, through installing chiral centers at the backbone of the artificial nucleic acid, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), enhanced miRNA targeting and genome modification can be achieved, with important implications in fighting cancers and β-thalassemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the remarkable efficacy of PD-1-associated immune checkpoint inhibitors in treating cutaneous melanoma (CM), the inconsistency in the expression of PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1, and resulting variability in the effectiveness of immunotherapy, present significant challenges for clinical application. Therefore, further research is necessary to identify tumor-related biomarkers that can predict the prognosis of immunotherapy. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) have been recognized as a crucial factor in predicting the response of immune checkpoint inhibitors in solid tumors, including CM. However, the study of TLSs in CM is not yet comprehensive. Gene expression profiles have been shown to correlate with CM risk stratification and patient outcomes. In this study, we identified TLS-related genes that can be used for prognostic purposes and developed a corresponding risk model. The impact of TLS-related genes on clinicopathological characteristics, immune infiltration and drug susceptibility was also explored. Our biological function enrichment analysis provided preliminary evidence of related signaling pathways. Our findings provide a new perspective on risk stratification and individualized precision therapy for CM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depression is a heritable brain disorder. Laminin genes were recently identified to affect the brain's overall thickness through neurogenesis, differentiation, and migration in depression. This study aims to explore the effects of the LAMA2's single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), a subunit gene of laminin, on the detected brain regions of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).Methods: The study included 89 patients with MDD and 60 healthy controls with T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging and blood samples for genotyping. The interactions between LAMA2 gene SNPs and diagnosis as well as duration of illness (DOI) were explored on brain measures controlled for age, gender, and site.Results: The right transverse temporal gyrus and right parahippocampal gyrus showed reduced thickness in MDD. Almost all seven LAMA2 SNPs showed significant interactions with diagnosis on both gyrus (corrected p < 0.05 or trending). In MDD, rs6569604, rs2229848, rs2229849, rs2229850, and rs2784895 interacted with DOI on the right transverse temporal gyrus (corrected p < 0.05), but not the right parahippocampal gyrus.Conclusion: The thickness of the right transverse temporal gyrus in patients with MDD may be affected by LAMA2 gene and DOI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low-altitude quasi-periodic (LQP) E-region echoes observed with the upgraded Hainan COherent scatter Phased Array Radar (HCOPAR) located in Hainan Island of China (19.5°N, 109.1°E) are presented. With the interferometry technique, interferometry equations were developed to investigate the structures of the irregularities. The results show that the plasma structures of the LQP echoes with a negative slope mainly drifted southwestward almost horizontally, but they also drifted southeastward in some striations. According to the movement of the plasma structures, we found strong wind shear in the region in which the LQP echoes were produced. Meanwhile, the periodicity of the LQP echoes may have been related to the strength of the wind shear. It is proposed that the plasma structures were most likely produced by the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the emergence of non-Fermi liquid on heterostructure interfaces where there exists an infinite number of critical boson modes accounting for the magnetic fluctuations in two spatial dimensions. The interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction naturally arises in magnetic interactions due to the absence of inversion symmetry, resulting in a degenerate contour for the low-energy bosonic modes in the momentum space which simultaneously becomes critical near the magnetic phase transition. The itinerant electrons are scattered by the critical boson contour via the Yukawa coupling. When the boson contour is much smaller than the Fermi surface, it is shown that, there exists a regime with a dynamic critical exponent z = 3 while the boson contour still controls the low-energy magnetic fluctuations. Using a self-consistent renormalization calculation for this regime, we uncover a prominent non-Fermi liquid behavior in the resistivity with a characteristic temperature scaling power. These findings open up new avenues for understanding boson-fermion interactions and the novel fermionic quantum criticality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Floral morphology varies considerably between dicots and monocots. The ABCDE model explaining how floral organ development is controlled was formulated using core eudicots and applied to grass crops. Barley (Hordeum. vulgare) has unique floral morphogenesis. Wild barley (H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum), which is the immediate ancestor of cultivated barley (H. vulgare ssp. vulgare), contains a rich reservoir of genetic diversity. However, the wild barley genes involved in floral organ development are still relatively uncharacterized. In this study, we generated an organ‐specific transcriptome atlas for wild barley floral organs. Genome‐wide transcription profiles indicated that 22 838 protein‐coding genes were expressed in at least one organ. These genes were grouped into seven clusters according to the similarities in their expression patterns. Moreover, 5619 genes exhibited organ‐enriched expression, 677 of which were members of 47 transcription factor families. Gene ontology analyses suggested that the functions of the genes with organ‐enriched expression influence the biological processes in floral organs. The co‐expression regulatory network showed that the expression of 690 genes targeted by MADS‐box proteins was highly positively correlated with the expression of ABCDE model genes during floral morphogenesis. Furthermore, the expression of 138 genes was specific to the wild barley OUH602 genome and not the Morex genome; most of these genes were highly expressed in the glume, awn, lemma, and palea. This study revealed the global gene expression patterns underlying floral morphogenesis in wild barley. On the basis of the study findings, a molecular mechanism controlling floral morphology in barley was proposed. Significance Statement: Organ‐specific transcriptome for wild barley floral organs reveals genes exhibited organ‐enriched expression. Analysis of the co‐expression regulatory network showed genes targeted by MADS‐box proteins were highly positively correlated with the expression of ABCDE model genes during floral morphogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the perturbation of motion capability and the deviation of end effector from its desired trajectory caused by joint effectiveness partial loss failure, a fault-tolerant control strategy considering motion capability optimization is proposed to ensure that the faulty space manipulator can carry on-orbit operation tasks. Firstly, the joint effectiveness partial loss failure model is established, and the kinematic and dynamic model of the faulty manipulator is established based on the failure model. The kinematic and dynamic coupling relationship of the faulty manipulator is also analyzed. Then based on sliding mode control, the fault-tolerant control strategy that ensures the end effector trajectory tracking and base orientation deflection attenuation is designed. Meanwhile, the motion capability optimization model is designed based on the redundancy characteristic of the manipulator and combined with the fault-tolerant control system. This combined system can realize end effector trajectory tracking, base orientation deflection attenuation, and motion capability optimization at the same time. Finally, simulation experiment is carried out to verify the proposed fault-tolerant control strategy for the faulty manipulator. The result shows that the proposed fault-tolerant control strategy can realize end effector trajectory tracking, base orientation deflection attenuation, and motion capability optimization with high control accuracy, high convergence rate, and significant motion capability optimization effect. For both joint velocity partial loss and joint torque partial loss failure, the duration of convergence is less than 0.5 s, the steady-state error is less than 1 × 10 - 4 m for end effector position and less than 1 × 10 - 5 degree for base orientation deflection, and the motion capability indexes have been raised by over 40%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Indicators of socioeconomic position (SEP) and health behaviours (HB) are widely used predictors of health variations. Their relative importance is hard to establish, because HB takes a mediating role in the link between SEP and health. We aim to provide new knowledge on how SEP and HB are related to health and wellbeing. Methods: The analysis considered 14,713 Norwegians aged 40–63. Separate regressions were performed using two outcomes for health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5 L; EQ-VAS), and one for subjective wellbeing (Satisfaction with Life Scale). As predictors, we used educational attainment and a composite measure of HB – both categorized into four levels. We adjusted for differences in childhood financial circumstances, sex and age. We estimated the percentage share of each predictor in total explained variation, and the relative contributions of HB in the education-health association. Results: The reference case model, excluding HB, suggests consistent stepwise education gradients in health-related quality of life. The gap between the lowest and highest education was 0.042 on the EQ-5D-5 L, and 0.062 on the EQ-VAS. When including HB, the education effects were much attenuated, making HB take the lion share of the explained health variance. HB contributes 29% of the education-health gradient when health is measured by EQ-5D-5 L, and 40% when measured by EQ-VAS. For subjective wellbeing, we observed a strong HB-gradient, but no education gradient. Conclusion: In the institutional context of a rich egalitarian country, variations in health and wellbeing are to a larger extent explained by health behaviours than educational attainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic scattering has been a prominent technique in the display industry for several years. However, conventional approaches have required the use of tailored conductive layers to enable modular control in display panels. This has resulted in an increase in process complexity and device cost. To overcome these limitations, the present work proposes a novel method for fabricating a patterned dynamic scattering film using masked photopolymerization of liquid crystalline epoxy in negative liquid crystals. Specifically, the film is sandwiched between two fully covered electrodes, and an electric field is applied causing dynamic scattering only in the area that had been exposed to ultraviolet light during the preparation process. The remaining area remained transparent. The underlying mechanism is attributed to the formation of polymer solely in the UV‐exposed region via masked photopolymerization. This polymer is capable of absorbing ions, resulting in the formation of a concentration gradient of ions between the UV‐exposed and unexposed areas. The low concentration of ions in the unexposed area prevents the induction of dynamic scattering under an electric field, leading to the patterned dynamic scattering phenomenon. Building on this mechanism, the researchers are able to achieve several multilevel patterned dynamic scattering films sandwiched between two fully covered electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In remote sensing, change detection has always been a fundamental yet challenging research topic, with profound theoretical significance and extensive application value. Over the past decades, the emergence and development of deep learning has provided new technical supports for supervised change detection and advanced its accuracy to unprecedented levels. Nevertheless, owing to the strong reliance and weak transferability of pre-labeled references, supervised learning modes still require some degrees of human assistance, which is not applicable to all the change detection tasks. In addition, agnostic to any specific inherent property, changes may display inconstant and irregular characteristics when occurring between different land cover categories, making them incompatible with traditional end-to-end learning formats. In this research, we investigate the utilization of unsupervised deep learning mode, and develop a novel approach, namely content-invariant translation (CIT), for unsupervised change detection in bi-temporal remotely sensed images. In this method, a new framework integrating the adversarial learning algorithm and hybrid attention mechanism is designed to learn a one-sided cross-domain translation from the pre-event domain to the post-event one. During this process, a self-attention module focuses on small-scale image patches and ensures the content consistency of each pair of pre-event and translated patches, and meanwhile, a cross-domain module focuses on large-scale images and guarantees the style similarity of two groups of translated and post-event patches. After translation, the style discrepancies in bi-temporal images are suppressed while the real content changes are highlighted. Extensive experiments conducted on three typical datasets that with diverse types of changes verify the effectiveness and competitiveness of our newly proposed CIT by a large margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the successive discovery of large-scale Proterozoic gas reservoirs worldwide, ultra-deep Proterozoic strata have gradually become a new field of interest with great potential for gas reservoir exploration. The Ordos Basin in China has rich Proterozoic stratigraphic deposits and high gas reservoir exploration potential, but it has not been sufficiently explored. The lack of geological data has become a key shortcoming limiting its in-depth study. This study aimed to clarify the division and evidence of Meso-Neoproterozoic strata in the southern part the Ordos Basin, and clarify the stratum distribution and tectonic evolution process, which need to be prioritized before exploration. To this end, the multi-data joint research method of lithology-drilling-field outcrop-seismic data was used. The results showed that Sinian tillite, Jixianian dolomite, and Changchengian quartz sandstone developed in the Meso-Neoproterozoic strata from top to bottom. Seismic reflections from the bottoms of the Sinian and Jixianian showed weak-amplitude and medium-strong amplitude, respectively. The Changchengian strata can be divided into depression and rift layers. The rift layer presents a high-angle medium-strong amplitude reflection, and the depression layer presents a continuous medium-weak amplitude reflection. In the study area, during the early basin rift of the Changchengian, the NE-trending fault trough was filled with deposits, and the late rifting activities stopped, forming widespread depression deposits, with an angular unconformity contact between them. During the Jixian Period, the southwest continued to be depressed, and during the Sinian, the main body of the basin was uplifted, and the southwest margin was partially depressed. The strata were widely absent in the study area, and showed an "L"-shaped distribution only in the southwest margin of the study area. The depositional range is the largest in the Changchengian, followed by the Jixian, and the smallest in the Sinian. The thickness of the strata gradually thinned to the northeast. The Proterozoic strata in the Qyang paleo-uplift are covered by multiple sets of high-quality Paleozoic source rocks, and the generated oil and gas accumulate along the strata to the paleo-uplift, corresponding to an accumulation model of "multiple sources converge, and paleo-uplifts form reservoirs". This study compensates for the lack of basic research on the Meso-Neoproterozoic strata division in the Ordos Basin, and more accurately determines the distribution pattern of the strata in the basin, which are highly relevant for the Ordos Basin and other Meso-Neoproterozoic gas reservoirs. The exploration has important reference significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flowering locus C (FLC) is a central transcriptional repressor that controls flowering time. However, how FLC is imported into the nucleus is unknown. Here, we report that Arabidopsis nucleoporins 62 (NUP62), NUP58, and NUP54 composed NUP62‐subcomplex modulates FLC nuclear import during floral transition in an importin α‐independent manner, via direct interaction. NUP62 recruits FLC to the cytoplasmic filaments and imports it into the nucleus through the NUP62‐subcomplex composed central channel. Importin β supersensitive to ABA and drought 2 (SAD2), a carrier protein, is critical for FLC nuclear import and flower transition, which facilitates FLC import into the nucleus mainly through the NUP62‐subcomplex. Proteomics, RNA‐seq, and cell biological analyses indicate that the NUP62‐subcomplex mainly mediates the nuclear import of cargos with unconventional nuclear localization sequences (NLSs), such as FLC. Our findings illustrate the mechanisms of the NUP62‐subcomplex and SAD2 on FLC nuclear import process and floral transition, and provide insights into the role of NUP62‐subcomplex and SAD2 in protein nucleocytoplasmic transport in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of objective diagnostic methods for mental disorders challenges the reliability of diagnosis. The study aimed to develop an easily accessible and useable objective method for diagnosing major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BPD), and panic disorder (PD) using serum multi-protein. Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), VGF (non-acronymic), bicaudal C homolog 1 (BICC1), C-reactive protein (CRP), and cortisol, which are generally recognized to be involved in different pathogenesis of various mental disorders, were measured in patients with MDD (n = 50), SZ (n = 50), BPD (n = 55), and PD along with 50 healthy controls (HC). Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was employed to construct a multi-classification model to classify these mental disorders. Both leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) and fivefold cross-validation were applied to validate the accuracy and stability of the LDA model. All five serum proteins were included in the LDA model, and it was found to display a high overall accuracy of 96.9% when classifying MDD, SZ, BPD, PD, and HC groups. Multi-classification accuracy of the LDA model for LOOCV and fivefold cross-validation (within-study replication) reached 96.9 and 96.5%, respectively, demonstrating the feasibility of the blood-based multi-protein LDA model for classifying common mental disorders in a mixed cohort. The results suggest that combining multiple proteins associated with different pathogeneses of mental disorders using LDA may be a novel and relatively objective method for classifying mental disorders. Clinicians should consider combining multiple serum proteins to diagnose mental disorders objectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of laser-arc hybrid welding (so-called, hybrid welding) to the fabrication of steel bridge members has recently been investigated. One-pass full-penetration butt joints of steels for bridge high-performance structure (SBHS400 and SBHS500) with a thickness of 15 mm were performed by hybrid welding. The sound butt joints by hybrid welding were confirmed by a series of tests. The Charpy impact test was performed on the test pieces extracted from the hybrid welded butt joints with specified test temperatures. A phenomenon known as fracture path deviation (FPD) occurred in most test pieces, due to a large variation in material properties of the heat-affected zone (HAZ), resulting in the difficulty of estimating the toughness of HAZ in hybrid welded joints. Therefore, the Charpy impact test was conducted on the test pieces subjected to the welding thermal cycle tests of hybrid welding, which can exclude the heterogeneity of material properties and obtain the Charpy absorbed energy of the HAZ with high accuracy. The test results indicated that FPD was not observed in all thermal cycle simulated test pieces because the uniform metallographic structures in the vicinity of the notch were formed by the simulated thermal cycle tests, and all thermal cycle simulated test pieces satisfied 47 J at the specified test temperatures, a value that prevents brittle fracture for SBHS. Besides, for investigating the effect of the high Charpy absorbed energy guaranteed by SBHS on the toughness of hybrid welded joints, the Charpy absorbed energy of the thermal cycle simulated test pieces of SBHS and those of conventional steel (SM400B) were compared. The results showed that some of the thermal cycle simulated test pieces of SM400B failed to satisfy 27 J, suggesting that SBHS may ensure a Charpy absorbed energy of 47 J or more in the HAZ of hybrid welded joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Additive friction stir deposition (AFSD) is attractive for its ability to create freeform and fully dense structures without melting and solidification. Hence, additive friction stir deposition is an alternative to fusion-based additive manufacturing technology. In this study, the influence of the AFSD parameter (i.e., rotational speed and feed rate) on the mechanical properties and microstructure of 6061 aluminum alloy is investigated. The as-deposited 6061 aluminum alloy exhibits a relatively homogeneous microstructure with extensive equiaxed grains. Compared to the feedstock material, the ultimate tensile strength of the as-deposited 6061 aluminum alloy decreased to 65% from 320 to 210 MPa. The results of electron backscatter diffraction indicate that continuous dynamic recrystallization occurs during the AFSD process. Furthermore, it is evidence that the grain size and ultimate tensile strength are positively correlated with feed rate and rotational speed, whereas the elongation at break decreases with the increase in feed rate and rotational speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the changing climate, the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events are increasing. Climate change is projected to increase both mean and extreme precipitation. Socio-economic damages can be immense and require a difficult recovery, especially for developing countries such as Bhutan. Furthermore, changing precipitation patterns affect land productivity and water availability. The Experts Team on Climate Change Detection Indices (ETCCDI) is used to find the changes associated with extreme precipitation in Bhutan. The study of extreme precipitation is important for Bhutan, whose economy is dependent on agriculture and hydropower. Even for a small country, there were varying patterns of precipitation in different districts. Deothang district received less frequent and more intense rainfall, while Haa, Bumthang, Trashiyangtse, and Chukha received weak but persistent rainfall. Mann–Kendall trends revealed a drier climate for two districts, Dagana and Trashiyangtse, and a wetter climate for the Mongar district. Modeling of the extreme rainfall with extreme value theory (EVT) revealed that the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution by their T = 50-year return value, indicating an increasing value of annual maximums for all stations. This study is the first of its kind for Bhutan, and the findings can be used for decision support and the planning of appropriate adaptation strategies for hydro-meteorological disasters, hydropower, and agriculture sectors in Bhutan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compounds containing sulfonyl‐derived functional groups have received intensive attention owing to their widespread applications in life science, pharmaceuticals and materials science. To access this type of compounds, the multi‐component sulfonylation reactions relying on sulfur dioxide (SO2) insertion strategy have emerged as novel and attractive approaches in the past decade. The utilization of SO2 surrogates for SO2 insertion in the multicomponent reactions (MCRs) have improved reaction flexibility and step economy. Moreover, some advances have been achieved in the challenging but practical asymmetric MCRs for the construction of high value‐added chiral sulfones. This review aims to summarize the progress made in the MCRs involving SO2 surrogates from 2019 to 2022, and point out the potentials and challenges in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]