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The separation of chemical components from wild plants to develop new pesticides is a hot topic in current research. To evaluate the antimicrobial effects of metabolites of Ligusticum chuanxiong (CX), we systematically studied the antimicrobial activity of extracts of CX, and the active compounds were isolated, purified and structurally identified. The results of toxicity measurement showed that the extracts of CX had good biological activities against Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Alternaria alternata and Pythium aphanidermatum, and the value of EC50 were 130.95, 242.36, 332.73 and 307.29 mg/L, respectively. The results of in vivo determination showed that under the concentration of 1000 mg/L, the control effect of CX extract on Blumeria graminis was more than 40%, and the control effect on Botrytis cinerea was 100%. The antifungal active components of CX were identified as Senkyunolide A and Ligustilide by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) value of Senkyunolide A and Ligustilide against Fusarium graminearum were 7.81 and 62.25 mg/L, respectively. As a new botanical fungicide with a brightly exploitative prospect, CX extract has potential research value in the prevention and control of plant diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual screening is an efficient way to obtain new drugs, which has become an important method in the field of pesticide research. Protein neural wiskott-Aldrich syndrome isoform X1 (PcnWAS) is a target protein that exists in the haemocytes of Pomacea canaliculata , and in this study, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to evaluate the binding ability of protein PcnWAS and pedunsaponin A in vitro. Furthermore, it was set as a receptor, and the design of molluscicidal compounds based on protein PcnWAS was carried out. Results showed that, pedunsaponin A had high binding capacity with protein PcnWAS, and the binding constant (Ka) was 2.98 ± 1.74 × 10−4. A new potential molluscicidal compound thionicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide (thionicotinamide-DPN) was obtained by virtual screening. In-vivo bioassay indicated that, the LC 50 value was 57.7102 mg/L (72 h), and the oxygen consumption rate, ammonia excretion rate, oxygen nitrogen ratio and hemocyanin content of P. canaliculata declined after 60 mg/L thionicotinamide-DPN treated. Furthermore, the treatment of thionicotinamide-DPN also decreased gene expression level of protein PcnWAS. The results of ITC test showed that thionicotinamide-DPN can bind with protein PcnWAS efficiently, which means that it has the same target with pedunsaponin A when interacted with P. canaliculata. All the above results lay a foundation for the development of new molluscicides. [Display omitted] • Protein PcnWAS was expressed in vitro for the first time • Isothermal calorimetric titration was carried out to verify that PcnWAS is the target protein of Pomacea canaliculata • A new molluscicidal compound thionicotinamide-DPN was obtained through virtual screening • Thionicotinamide-DPN has strong toxicity to P. canaliculata , which could significantly affect physiological state of it [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of dyeing sludge in the fired brick production is an economic and practical disposal approach. Wet dyeing sludge with high moisture usually produces block mass during mixing process of raw materials, not only reduces the production efficiency but negatively impacted products engineering properties. This study proposed a highly efficient method, wet sludge firstly being pelleted and then introduced in the production of fired bricks, to reduce the negative impacts on mixing process and the products quality. It was proved that the introduction of dyeing sludge pellets remarkably improved physical and mechanical properties of fired bricks. Especially, water absorption declined by 12% and compressive strength increased by 35% comparing with dyeing sludge without pelleting. The engineering properties of fired bricks containing 25 wt% sludge pellets are similar with that containing 15 wt% sludge without pelleting. The decrease in water absorption and porosity is mainly attributed to the reduction in number and volume of pores with diameter below 100 nm. It was considered that pellets with greater density and higher strength might play a role as aggregate to improve compressive strength. However, the introduction of sludge pellets with particle size over 8 mm is adverse to improving properties of products, because a large amount of macropore with diameter over 100 μm is produced, and destroys the homogeneous and compact structure of products. The optimal sludge pellet size is in the range of 2–6 mm based on products performance. The leaching toxicity of heavy metals from products is far lower than regulatory limitation. This study provides an advanced method to promote the disposal efficiency of solid waste and improve the engineering quality of products. • The introduction amount of dyeing sludge is promoted remarkably. • Physical and mechanical properties are improved significantly. • The optimal particle size of sludge pellets is 2–6 mm. • Pore volume below 100 nm in fired brick are reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel and high efficient approach to disposal of dyeing sludge is proposed. • Physical and mechanical properties are improved significantly. • The optimal particle size of sludge pellets is 2–6 mm. • The number and volume of pores below 100 nm are reduced due to pellets. The introduction of dyeing sludge in the production of fired brick is an economic and practical disposal approach. However, wet dyeing sludge is easy to form block mass during the mixing process of raw materials due to the high moisture content, which affected the production efficiency and destroyed the homogeneous structure of the fired brick, posing a negative impact on the engineering performance of the fired brick. In this study, wet sludge firstly is firstly pelleted and then introduced in the production of fired bricks to reduce the negative impacts on mixing process and the products quality. The results showed that the introduction of dyeing sludge pellets significantly improved the physical and mechanical properties of fired bricks. Compared with bricks incorporating dyeing sludge, water absorption is reduced by 24 % and compressive strength is increased by 101.6 %. The physical and mechanical properties of fired bricks incorporating 30 wt% of pelleting sludge are similar with bricks incorporating 20 wt% dyeing sludge without pelleting. The reduction in water absorption and porosity compared to that incorporating sludge without pelleting was mainly due to the reduction in the number and volume of pores of the same size. However, the introduction of more than 30 wt% dyeing sludge pellets is not conducive to improving the performance of the product, because a large number of macropores with size larger than 100 μm will be generated, which destroys the uniform and dense structure of the product. To ensure product quality meet the standard, the maximum dosage of dyeing sludge with pelleting is controlled below 30 wt%. This study provides an advanced method to improve the treatment efficiency of solid waste and the quality of products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The presence of salts influenced negatively properties of fired brick. • Desalination is required for the reuse of fly ash in brick production. • Chemically bonding forms of heavy metals changed after firing. • Leaching of heavy metals below regulation standards. The introduction of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIF) during manufacturing process of fired bricks is a promising disposal method. However, the quality of products is negatively reduced and environmental risk increased significantly with the addition of MSWIF. This study proposed a novel approach to enhance the quality and environmental safety of fired brick by adding electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) as the pore plugger, which could overcome disadvantages brought by the introduction of MSWIF. Results showed that linear shrinkage and bulk density increased with the addition of EAFS, while water absorption and apparent porosity are reduced by more than 50%. The fracture microstructure of fired brick changed from porous to smooth with the addition of EAFS. The thermal conductivity declined by 25% and 30% at 1050 and 950 °C, and compressive strength was enhanced by 50% with the addition of 30 wt% EAFS. The chemically combination reactions between raw materials, such as the formation of albite, are promoted remarkably with the addition of EAFS. The leaching concentrations of heavy metals are far lower than regulatory limitations and environmental safety are enhanced significantly. In all, the addition of EAFS can promote the quality and environmental safety of fired brick, and can be used as an effective way to solve problems caused by introducing heavy metal solid waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract To develop long-afterglow luminescent materials for white LEDs application, a series of Sr 1·97 MgSi 2 O 7-1.5x N x :0.01Eu2+,0.02Dy3+ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.49) phosphors were designed. The single-phase samples were confirmed and the introduction of N was verified by the XRD patterns and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum. The average particle size of the phosphors was determined to be about 4.9 μm. When the N is doped, it has been found the Eu2+ emission intensity decreases gradually, which could be owing to the increasing crystal defects by the nonequivalent substitution between N and O. The excitation spectra reveal that the broad and strong excitation bands from 240 to 450 nm can well match the LED chip. It is interesting that the incorporation of N can improve the afterglow time, which has been interpreted by the thermoluminescence curves. The investigation of the temperature-dependent luminescence indicates a beneficial effect on the thermal stability by doping N in the phosphors. Graphical abstract Image 1 Hightlights • A meaningful idea by combining LEDs and afterglow was proposed in lighting field. • The long afterglow time can be increased by introducing N in the phosphors. • The Sr 1·97 MgSi 2 O 7-1.5x N x :0.01Eu2+,0.02Dy3+ shows potential applications in w-LEDs. • The present results could be constructive to the development of similar phosphors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allylation of N-unsubstituted isatin N,N′-cyclic azomethine imines with Morita-Baylis-Hillman carbonates in the presence of 1–10 mol% DABCO in DCM at room temperature, rapidly gave N-allylated and N, β-diallylated isatin N,N′-cyclic azomethine imine 1,3-dipoles in moderate to high yields. The reaction features mild reaction conditions, easily practical operation, and short reaction times in most cases. Furthermore, the alkylated products were transformed into novel bicyclic spiropyrrolidine oxoindole derivatives through the [3+2] or [3+3]-cycloaddition with maleimides or Knoevenagel adducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of dicyclic spiropyridazine oxoindole derivatives by using [3+3]-cycloaddition of N-unsubstituted isatin N,N′-cyclic azomethine imine 1,3-dipoles was reported. The products bearing two consecutive stereocenters, including spiroquaternary stereocenters in one ring structure, can be effectively obtained in moderate to excellent yields (20–93%) and low to moderate diastereoselectivities (1:9–10:1 dr). The synthesized compounds (>35 examples) were characterized by single-crystal XRD, FTIR, NMR, and mass spectral analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incineration is an alternative approach to disposal of tannery sludge due to the significant volume reduction. But the Cr(III) oxidation caused by Ca hydrates or carbonates in the incineration process could lead to incineration residue exceeding the required standard in the leaching toxicity of Cr(VI) and being listed in hazardous waste. A novel method of suppressing Cr(III) oxidation by introducing sulfates during the incineration of tannery sludge is proposed in this study. Cr(III) oxidation can be effectively inhibited with the introduction of NH 2 SO 3 H, NH 4 HSO 4 and NaHSO 4 at n (S)/ n (Ca) over 1.2. The combination reaction of sulfates and CaO prevents the Cr(III) oxidation. The inhibition of Cr(III) oxidation by sulfates is the most effective at 700–900 °C because almost all Ca is incorporated into CaSO 4 phase. NH 2 SO 3 H and NH 4 HSO 4 perform better in inhibiting Cr(III) oxidation than NaHSO 4. The intermediate product of Cr 2 (SO 4) 3 , which is formed below 500 °C, would decompose into Cr 2 O 3 with the temperature of over 600 °C. However, part of Cr 2 O 3 is still oxidized into CaCrO 4 aroused by CaSO 4 at a temperature of over 900 °C. Kinetic study showed Cr(III) oxidation could be effectively suppressed even if the heating time extends to 2 h at 800 °C. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure showed that the leaching concentrations of Cr(VI) from incineration residues with the introduction of NH 2 SO 3 H and NH 4 HSO 4 at n (S)/ n (Ca) of over 1.2 satisfied the requirement, and resultant residues could not be classified as hazardous waste. Due to inhibiting Cr(III) oxidation with high efficiency at 700–900 °C, the introduction of sulfates can be considered as a potential approach to prevent Cr(VI) formation during the incineration of tannery sludge by fluidized bed incinerator. • Cr(III) oxidation are suppressed by sulfates during heating of tannery sludge. • Inhibiting Cr(III) oxidation is strongly determined by temperature. • NH 2 SO 3 H and NH 4 HSO 4 are more effective in hindering Cr(III) oxidation than NaHSO 4. • Cr(III) oxidation is suppressed with sintering time being extended to 2 h. • Incineration residues cannot be listed as hazardous waste with adding of sulfates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Niclosamide (NI) is the main molluscicide used to control Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) (Architaenioglossa: Ampullariidae). However, NI failed to inhibit snail climbing during the treatment process. In this study, we examined the effect of NI combined with pedunsaponin A at an ineffective concentration. The molluscicidal effect of Pedunsaponin A on NI was evidently synergistic after 48 h, and the synergism ratio (SR) was 1.82 after treatment for 72 h at 0.8 mg·L−1. Examination of the climbing adhesion effect showed that a high concentration of Pedunsaponin A (0.4 mg·L−1 and 0.8 mg·L−1) combined with NI significantly inhibited the climbing of P. canaliculata. We further studied the synergism mechanism; the results of histopathological observation showed that the siphon appeared cavities, the muscle fibers of the ventricular were severely dissolved, and kidney tubule arrangement was distorted after NI adding Pedunsaponin A. In addition, the hemocyte survival rate and the content of hemocyanin decreased significantly. According to the results of our study, the synergism mechanism may hinder oxygen transport of P. canaliculata, influencing the supply of energy; the ability of immune defense and excretion and metabolic detoxification decreased, prolonging the action time of NI in the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The normal metal/ferromagnetic p wave superconductor junction. [•] The interface spin–orbit coupling. [•] The split conductance peaks. [•] The asymmetry of the conductance spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The umpolung Michael addition of isatin N,N′-cyclic azomethine imine 1,3-dipoles with chalcones is reported. The reaction could be finished within a very short time (0.3–2 min), with 3,3-disubstituted oxindole derivatives obtained in moderate to excellent yields with promising dr values. Unusual Michael adducts were obtained in moderate to high yields (26–98%) with low to high diastereoselectivities (0.8 : 1 to 8.5 : 1 dr). All the synthesized compounds (3, 3′, 4, 5, 5′, 7, 7′, 9 and 9′) were well characterized by FTIR, NMR, and mass spectral analyses and further confirmed by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of compounds 3aa and 4n. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid synthesis of novel dicyclic spiropyrrolidine was reported, using [3+2]-cycloaddition of isatin N,N′-cyclic azomethine imine 1,3-dipoles, generated from the condensation of substituted isatins and pyrazolidones, with chalcones in 2–5 min. The dicyclic spiropyrrolidine oxoindole was smoothly acquired in moderate to excellent yields (35–95%) with high diastereoselectivities (>20 : 1 dr). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A series of Yb3+-Er3+, Yb3+-Ho3+, and Yb3+-Tm3+ doped Ca 2 Gd 8 (SiO 4) 6 O 2 (CGS) phosphors were synthesized by solid-state reaction method, and their upconversion (UC) luminescence properties for temperature sensing were studied. Upon 980 nm excitation, the green and red emissions of Er3+ were observed, and the optimal Er3+ concentration was determined to be 3 mol%. For the CGS:10%Yb3+,yHo3+ phosphors, three emission peaks in the green, red and near-infrared region appear. It was found that the relative intensities of Ho3+ different emissions change with Ho3+ concentration, which has been explained by the cross-relaxation process. The strongest Tm3+ emission appeared at 790 nm, attributed to the 3H 4 -3H 6 transition. The optimal Tm3+ concentration was determined to be 0.5 mol%. The temperature sensing behavior was evaluated by employing the thermally-coupled or non-thermally coupled levels of Er3+, Ho3+ and Tm3+. The maximum sensitivities obtained are 3.71 × 10 − 3 and 1.12 K-1 for CGS:10%Yb3+,3%Er3+, 0.111 K-1 for CGS:10%Yb3+,3%Ho3+ and 3.3 × 10 − 4 K−1 for CGS:10%Yb3+,0.5%Tm3+, respectively. The high sensitivities indicate the present phosphors could have potential application in temperature sensing. Highlights • Different strategies for temperature sensing were introduced in the present phosphors. • The present phosphors show smooth particle surface that benefits the UC luminescence. • High sensor sensitivity has been obtained in the CGS:Yb3+-Er3+/Ho3+/Tm3+. • The present phosphors could have potential application in optical temperature sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of novel spiropyrrolidine oxindole derivatives was reported, using Ag-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition of azomethine ylides generated in situ from the condensation of substituted isatins and primary α-amino acid esters with chalcones. Products bearing four consecutive stereocenters, including spiroquaternary stereocenters fused in one ring structure, were smoothly acquired in moderate to high yields (50–95%) with good to excellent diastereoselectivities (11 : 1 → 20 : 1 dr). Furthermore, product 4a underwent reduction, oxidation, hydrolysis and amidization to give the corresponding alcohol, dihydropyrrole, pyrrole, acid and amide, respectively, in good yields. The synthesized compounds (＞100 examples) were well characterized through different spectroscopic techniques, such as single crystal XRD, FTIR, NMR, and mass spectral analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pedunsaponin A, a novel molluscicidal compound isolated from Pueraria peduncularis , exhibits strong toxicity against Pomacea canaliculata . To determine the mechanisms of Pedunsaponin A toxicity, its effects on the organs and hemocytes of P. canaliculata were examined in this study. The results showed that Pedunsaponin A had significant toxic effects on different organs of the snail, including the lungs, gills, mantle, siphon tube, ventricle, pericardial cavity, hepatopancreas, kidneys, and the major symptom of this toxicity was the loss of cilia in the lungs and gills. Additionally, in further studies on the effects of Pedunsaponin A treatment, we found that the hemocyte count was changed and hemocyte morphology was damaged, which was primarily reflected by cytoplasm leakage, nuclei deformation, and significant reductions in the number of ribosomes and granulocyte mitochondria. Based on these results and considering that blood vessels are distributed in the lungs and gills, we hypothesized that Pedunsaponin A would first destroy the cilia, which disrupt physiological activities such as respiration, excretion and feeding, and then enter the hemolymph through blood vessels, disrupt the normal function of the hemocytes and destroy the snail immune system, eventually resulting in the death of the snail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomacea canaliculata is an invasive snail that can adversely affect biodiversity, agricultural crop yields and human health. Schima superba, which belongs to the Theaceae family, exhibits insecticidal and antibacterial activity, but few studies have focused on its potential molluscicidal activity. In this study, we systematically evaluated the molluscicidal activity of S. superba extract against P. canaliculata in a variety of conditions, including multiple exposure intervals (24, 48 and 72 h), temperatures (15, 20 and 25 °C) and shell diameters (1.5 ± 0.2, 2.5 ± 0.2 and 3.5 ± 0.2 cm). The molluscicidal activities of a 10% microemulsion of S. superba extract were tested on rice in plastic pots filled with mud at different exposure intervals (1, 3, 5 and 7 days). In addition, we isolated and purified the active components from S. superba extract and described them. S. superba was highly toxic to P. canaliculata; the LC values for the crude extract at 72 h were 12.25 mg L (15 °C), 11.31 mg L (20 °C), 8.33 mg L (25 °C) with 2.5 ± 0.2 cm shell diameter and 9.43 mg L (1.5 ± 0.2 cm shell diameter), 9.48 mg L (2.5 ± 0.2 cm shell diameter), 10.06 mg L (3.5 ± 0.2 cm shell diameter) at 25 °C. There was a positive correlation between the molluscicidal activity of the extract and treatment temperature after 24 h of treatment, but there was no clear correlation beyond 24 h. In addition, there was no statistically significant correlation between the molluscicidal activity of the extract and shell diameters. Pot trials showed that the crude extract effectively controlled P. canaliculata at 8 and 10 mg L. We isolated and characterized two pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins from S. superba, maetenoside B and sasanquasaponin III, which had high molluscicidal activity. This study provides an important foundation for future research on the potential value of S. superba as a molluscicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new synthetic method for 2-arylindoles has been developed, the process through Suzuki coupling reaction of 3-bromoindoles with hindered boronic acid catalyzed by Pd(OAc) 2 /PCy 3 , and a series of 2-arylindoles have been synthesized in moderate to high yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have found that temperature influences molluscicidal the activity of pedunsaponin A (PA), which may be related to the expression of Hsp70 , a cold-tolerance gene in Pomacea canaliculata. We determined the temperature effect of PA and the relationship between Hsp70 and temperature sensitivity of P. canaliculata poisoned by PA. Toxicity tests resulted in LC 50 values of 17.7239 mg⋅L−1 at 10 °C, which decreased to 2.5774 mg⋅L−1 at 30 °C, implying a positive correlation between toxicity of PA and temperature. After Hsp70 being interfered, the mortality rate of P. canaliculata treated with PA for 72 h was 70%, which was significantly higher than that of snails treated with PA for 72 h without interfering (56.7%). Meanwhile, immune enzyme activities such as SOD, ACP and AKP were significantly increased in the interfered group and expression level of PcAdv in the gill was also significantly increased. These results suggest that deletion of Hsp70 promotes the activation of some immune enzymes of P. canaliculata and elevates the content of target proteins to cope with the dual stresses of low temperatures and molluscicides. These findings indicate that the Hsp70 plays an important role in influencing the temperature sensitivity of P. canaliculata when treated with PA. [Display omitted] • There is positive correlation between toxicity of PA and temperature. • Hsp70 is related to the temperature sensitivity of snails poisoned by PA. • Interference with Hsp70 can affect immune enzyme activity. • Interference with Hsp70 can affect the mRNA content of Pc AdV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, which causes wheat powdery mildew, is an obligate biotrophic pathogen that can easily genetically adapt to its host plant. Understanding the virulence structure of and genetic variations in this pathogen is essential for disease control and for breeding resistance to wheat powdery mildew. This study investigated 17 pathogenic populations in Sichuan, China and classified 109 isolates into two distinct groups based on pathogenicity analysis: high virulence (HV, 92 isolates) and low virulence (LV, 17 isolates). Populations from Yibin (Southern region), Xichang (Western region), and Meishan (Middle region) showed lower virulence frequencies than populations from other regions. Many of the previously known resistance genes did not confer resistance in this study. The resistance gene Pm21 displayed an immune response to pathogenic challenge with all populations in Sichuan, and Pm13, Pm5b, Pm2+6, and PmXBD maintained resistance. AMOVA revealed significantly higher levels of variation within populations and lower levels of variation among populations within regions. High levels of gene flow were detected among populations in the four regions. Closely related populations within each region were distinguished by cluster analyses using ISSR and SRAP alleles. Both ISSR and SRAP allele profiling analyses revealed high levels of genetic diversity among pathogenic populations in Sichuan. Although ISSR and SRAP profiling analysis showed similar resolutions, the SRAP alleles appeared to be more informative. We did not detect any significant association between these alleles and the virulence or pathogenicity of the pathogen. Our results suggest that ISSR and SRAP alleles are more efficient for the characterization of small or closely related populations versus distantly related populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glabridin is a natural plant-derived compound that has been widely used in medicine and cosmetic applications. However, the fungicidal mechanism of glabridin against phytopathogens remains unclear. In this study, we determined the biological activity and physiological effects of glabridin against F. graminearum. Then the differentially expressed proteins of F. graminearum were screened. The EC 50 values of glabridin in inhibiting the mycelial growth and conidial germination of F. graminearum were 110.70 mg/L and 40.47 mg/L respectively. Glabridin-induced cell membrane damage was indicated by morphological observations, DiBAC 4 (3) and PI staining, and measurements of relative conductivity, ergosterol content and respiratory rates. These assays revealed that the integrity of the membrane was destroyed, the content of ergosterol decreased, and the respiratory rate was inhibited. A proteomics analysis showed that 186 proteins were up-regulated and 195 proteins were down-regulated. Mechanically sensitive ion channel proteins related to transmembrane transport and ergosterol biosynthesis ERG4/ERG24 , related to ergosterol synthesis were blocked. It is speculated that glabridin acts on ergosterol synthesis-related proteins to destroy the integrity of the cell membrane, resulting in abnormal transmembrane transport and an increased membrane potential. Finally, the morphology of mycelia was seriously deformed, growth and development were inhibited. As a result death was even induced. [Display omitted] • Glabridin has significant fungicidal activity against F. graminearum. • The integrity of the membrane destroyed and mycelia morphological changed. • Electrical conductivity and depolarization of cell membrane increased. • Glabridin regulates ergosterol biosynthesis ERG4 to disrupt ergosterol biosynthesis. • Glabridin regulates mechanosensitive ion channel protein to increase permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A general procedure for the tandem arylation reaction of arylbromide with heteroaryl compounds was developed by using Pd(PPh3)2Cl2/(±)-BINAP (1,1′-Binaphthalene-2,2′-diylbis (diphenylphosphane)) as catalytic system. Both sulphur- and oxygen-containing heterocycles were also employed as an efficient reagent for arylation, which gave moderate to excellent yields with moderate to good regioselectivities (5:1 to > 20:1 ir (isomer ratio)). Except for dihydrobenzofurans, indolines and indolinones, this type of tandem reaction was also expanded to synthesize isochromanes. The synthesized new compounds were well characterized through different spectroscopic techniques, such as 1H and 13C NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), and mass spectral analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomacea canaliculata hemocytes are the main functional cells in the immune defense system, and hemocyte destruction disrupts the immune response mechanism of P. canaliculata, resulting in abnormal growth, development, reproduction, and even death. Our previous study found that Pedunsaponin A significantly affects P. canaliculata hemocyte structure. This study further investigated the damaging effects of Pedunsaponin A on P. canaliculata hemocytes. The cell mortality rate results showed that the hemocyte mortality was significantly increased after treatment with Pedunsaponin A, and the mortality rate exhibited a significant positive correlation with treatment time and dose. The membrane potential results showed that the cell membranes of P. canaliculata hemocytes exhibited time-dependent membrane depolarization after 40 mg/L Pedunsaponin A treatment. At 36 h, the cell depolarization rate in the Pedunsaponin A treatment group was 41.43%, which was significantly greater than the control group (6.24%). The cytoskeleton results showed that Pedunsaponin A led to disordered and dispersed arrangement of microfilaments and changes in the cytoskeletal structure. The apoptosis and cell cycle results showed that Pedunsaponin A induced apoptosis and influenced the cell cycle to some extent. These results showed that the cell membrane and cytoskeleton of P. canaliculata hemocytes were damaged after treatment with Pedunsaponin A, which led to an increase in cell mortality, dysfunction, cell cycle abnormalities and apoptosis. This study provides a foundation for further identification of the site of Pedunsaponin A activity on hemocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work suggests a theoretical principle about the oscillation signal decomposition, which is based on the requirement of a pure oscillation component, in which the mean zero is extracted from the signal. Using this principle, the validity and robustness of the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method are first proved mathematically. This work also presents a modified version of EMD by the interpolation solution, which is able to improve the frequency decomposition of the signal. The result shows that it can provide a primary theoretical basis for the development of EMD. The simulation signal verifies the effectiveness of the EMD algorithm. At the same time, compared with the existing denoising algorithm, it has achieved good results in the denoising of rolling bearing fault signals. It contributes to the development and improvement of adaptive signal processing theory in the field of fault diagnosis. It provides practical value research results for the rapid development of adaptive technology in the field of fault diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]