Search

Background. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer with limited therapeutic options. Eupalinolide O (EO) was reported to inhibit tumor growth. This study is aimed at exploring the role of EO on TNBC both in vivo and in vitro. Methods. In in vitro experiments, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and clonogenic assay were conducted to measure the impact of EO on TNBC cell growth at different concentrations and time points. Flow cytometry was conducted to evaluate cell apoptosis. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss, caspase-3 activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were assessed. The expressions of apoptosis-related mRNAs and Akt/p38 MAPK signaling pathway-related proteins were measured. In in vivo experiments, by injecting TNBC cells into the nude mice to induce xenograft tumor, mice were treated with EO for 20 days. Then, in vivo bioluminescence imaging system was utilized to monitor the growth and distribution of TNBC cells. Tumor volume and weight were also recorded. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and ELISA assay were applied to observe tumor tissue morphology and ROS levels. Furthermore, western blotting was conducted to observe the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and Akt/p38 MAPK signaling pathway-associated proteins. Results. EO inhibited the cell viability and proliferation of TNBC cells but not normal epithelial cells. Furthermore, EO induced apoptosis, decreased MMP, and elevated caspase-3 activity and ROS content in TNBC cells. Meanwhile, the expression of apoptosis-related mRNAs and Akt/p38 MAPK pathway-related proteins was regulated by EO treatment. Besides, in vivo experiments demonstrated EO not only suppressed tumor growth, Ki67 expression, ROS generation, and Akt phosphorylation but also upregulated caspase-3 expression and p-38 phosphorylation. Conclusion. EO may induce cell apoptosis in TNBC via regulating ROS generation and Akt/p38 MAPK pathway, indicating EO may be a candidate drug for TNBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient synthesis of indolizines with a thioether group is developed through employing [4+2]-annulation of N-substituted pyrrole-2-carboxaldehydes and prop-2-ynylsulfonium salts, forming a wide variety of target compounds with various substituents and functionalities in moderate to good yields. The success of this transformation makes it an alternative approach to previous protocols, and pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of the investigated compounds are expected with further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]