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The "recycling hypothesis" posits that the word recognition system is built upon minimal modifications to the neural architecture used in object recognition. In two masked priming lexical decision studies, we examined whether "mirror generalization," a phenomenon in object recognition, occurs in word recognition. In Study 1, we found that mirrored repetition and mirrored transposed letter primes elicited significant and equivalent priming effects for mirrored targets. In Study 2, we found that mirrored and non-mirrored repetition primes both significantly facilitated processing of mirrored targets, but the priming effect was much larger for non-mirrored primes. In both studies, we also found evidence of gender differences as females showed faster response times and a larger mirror priming effect compared to males. Taken together, we conclude that mirror generalization occurs in the early orthographic stage of word recognition, but not in the later stage of lexical access, and there is a gender difference when reading mirror words.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of colonoscopy, fecal immunochemical test(FIT) and risk-adapted screening strategies in population-based colorectal cancer screening. Methods Based on the randomized controlled trial of colorectal cancer screening(TARGET-C) which was carried out in 6 centers of 5 provinces in China from May 2018 to May 2021, the participants who met the inclusion criteria of the study were randomly assigned to one of the following screening intervention groups in a ratio of 1∶2∶2, which were colonoscopy group, FIT group and risk-adapted screening group(participants evaluated to be at high risk were recommended to undertake colonoscopy, those at low risk were recommended to undertake FIT and FIT positive people received colonoscopy). The 3 groups received different schemes of colorectal cancer screening, in which the colonoscopy group only received baseline screening, whereas the FIT group and the risk-adapted screening group received annual follow-up screening on the basis of baseline screening. The main outcome was the detection rate for advanced colorectal neoplasm(including colorectal cancer and advanced adenoma). The participation rate, detection rate for any neoplasm and resource load of colonoscopy among different screening groups were further analyzed. Results A total of 19 373 participants meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled, including 8082 males(41.7%) and 11 291 females(58.3%), with an average age of (60.5±6.5) years. Among them, 3883 were in the colonoscopy group, 7793 in the FIT group, and 7697 in the risk-adapted screening group. After 1 or 3 rounds of screening(2 rounds of follow-up screening completed in FIT group and risk-adapted screening group), the overall participation was the highest for the FIT group(99.3%), followed by the risk-adapted screening group(89.2%) and the coloscopy group(42.3%). According to the intention-to-treat analysis, the detection rates of advanced neoplasm in the colonoscopy group was higher than that in the FIT group(2.76% vs. 2.17%, ORcolonoscopy vs FIT=1.30, 95% CI: 1.01-1.65, P=0.037); there were no statistically significant differences regarding the detection rates of advanced neoplasm between the colonoscopy group and the risk-adapted screening group(2.76% vs. 2.35%, ORcolonoscopy vs risk-adapted screening=1.19, 95% CI: 0.93-1.51, P=0.156), and between the risk-adapted screening group and the FIT group(2.35% vs. 2.17%, ORrisk-adapted screening vs FIT=1.09, 95% CI: 0.88-1.34, P=0.440). The number of colonoscopies needed to be performed to detect one advanced neoplasm was used as an indicator to evaluate the resource load of colonoscopy. The number was the highest for the coloscopy group(15.4), followed by the risk-adapted screening group(10.2) and the FIT group(7.8). Conclusions The risk-adapted screening strategy is feasible and effective in population-based colorectal cancer screening, and could serve as an effective supplement to the traditional colonoscopy and FIT-based colorectal cancer screening strategies.

The relationship between handwriting and instant message (IM) frequency has not been studied in English and the reason may be related to the similar cognitive process of typing IM and handwriting words. The mental processes of producing both handwriting and typing English words are from semantics to phonology and orthography. However, the cognitive process of Chinese "Pinyin" typing used in IM activity is very different from traditional handwriting, which changes the production of handwritten glyph into the phonetic production and orthography recognition. While the IM activity itself is not conducive to literacy skill, the "Pinyin" input experience may be helpful for that. If we could separate the independent effects of IM and "Pinyin" input on handwriting, it would help us to clarify the complexity of the impact of informational and communicational technology (ICT) on literacy skills. This study investigated 449 junior school students aged 12-15 in China and found that IM directly predicts the performance of handwriting characters negatively, meanwhile, it indirectly predicts handwriting performance positively through the mediator of "Pinyin" input experience. "Pinyin" input experience compensates the negative effects of IM on handwriting. The implications of this study are that we should look at the individual effects of different types of online activity on children's literacy, and guide Chinese children to appropriately engage in useful ICT for traditional literacy development.

This paper reports an approach to designing compact high-efficiency millimeter-wave fundamental oscillators operating above the fmax/2 of the active device. The approach takes full consideration of the nonlinearity of the active device and the finite quality factor of the passive devices to provide an accurate and optimal oscillator design in terms of the output power and efficiency. The 213-GHz single-ended and differential fundamental oscillators in 65-nm CMOS technology are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Using a compact capacitive transformer design, the single-ended oscillator achieves 0.79-mW output power per transistor (16μm ) at 1-V supply and a peak dc-to-RF efficiency of 8.02% (VDD=0.80 V) within a core area of 0.0101 mm2, and a measured phase noise of -93.4 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset. The differential oscillator exhibits approximately the same performance. A 213-GHz fundamental voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with a bulk tuning method is also demonstrated in this paper. The measured peak efficiency of the VCO is 6.02% with a tuning range of 2.3% at 0.6-V supply.

Does visuospatial orientation influence repetition and transposed character (TC) priming effects in logographic scripts? According to perceptual learning accounts, the nature of orthographic (form) priming effects should be influenced by text orientation (Dehaene, Cohen, Sigman, & Vinckier, 2005; Grainger & Holcomb, 2009). In contrast, Witzel, Qiao, and Forster's (2011) abstract letter unit account argues that the mechanism responsible for such effects acts at a totally abstract orthographic level (i.e., the visuospatial orientation is irrelevant to the nature of the relevant orthographic code). The present experiments expanded this debate beyond alphabetic scripts and the syllabic Kana script used by Witzel et al. to a logographic script (Chinese). Experiment 1 showed masked repetition and TC priming effects with primes and targets presented in both the conventional left-to-right horizontal orientation and the vertical top-to-bottom orientation, replicating Witzel et al. Experiment 2 showed masked repetition and TC priming effects even when both the primes and targets were presented in the right-to-left orientation, a rare but existent text orientation in Chinese. In Experiment 3, the primes, but not the targets, were presented in the right-to-left orientation. Priming effects were again obtained regardless of the fact that the primes and targets appeared in different orientations. Experiment 4, which involved primes and targets presented in a completely novel bottom-to-top orientation, also produced a TC priming effect. These results support abstract letter/character unit accounts of form priming effects while failing to support perceptual learning accounts.

With the development of ICT, digital writing is becoming much more common in people's life. Differently from keyboarding alphabets directly to input English words, keyboarding Chinese character is always through typing phonetic alphabets and then identify the glyph provided by Pinyin input-method software while in this process which do not need users to produce orthography spelling, thus it is different from traditional written language production model based on handwriting process. Much of the research in this domain has found that using Pinyin input method is beneficial to Chinese characters recognition, but only a small part explored the effects of individual's Pinyin input experience on the Chinese characters production process. We ask whether using Pinyin input-method will strengthen the semantic-phonology linkage or semantic-orthography linkage in Chinese character mental lexicon. Through recording the RT and accuracy of participants completing semantic-syllable and semantic-glyph consistency judgments, the results found the accuracy of semantic-syllable consistency judgments in high Pinyin input experienced group was higher than that in low-experienced group, and RT was reversed. There were no significant differences on semantic-glyph consistency judgments between the two groups. We conclude that using Pinyin input method in Chinese digital writing can strengthen the semantic-phonology linkage while do not weakening the semantic-orthography linkage in mental lexicon at the same time, which means that Pinyin input method is beneficial to lexical processing involving Chinese cognition.

In order to study transient flow characteristics of the centrifugal charging pump during the process from the charging operating condition (Q = 34 m3/h) to the highest efficiency operating condition (Q = 110 m3/h), commercial software CFX was used to study the three-dimensional, unsteady, incompressible viscous flows. In this paper, the transient flow rate during the variable operating conditions was obtained from experimental data and immersed into CFX as the transient control function. The transient pressure and velocity in impellers, guide vanes, and double channels volute of the charging pump are analyzed through the simulation. The results show that the pressures in impellers increase gradually to the maximum and then decrease to the minimum in a rotational circle and looks like a sinusoidal curve. As the flow rate increasing, the fluctuant amplitude of the transient pressure tends to decrease. All transient velocities fluctuation becomes weaker and weaker and reduces to a minimum value in the 12th-stage impeller as time went on. The flow is untidy in the chamber and it causes large vortex at the small flow rate in the beginning of the variable operating conditions. The hydraulic performance of the pump is influenced both by the fluid acceleration and instantaneous evolutions of the vortex structure during the transient process. In addition, the fluctuation near the interface between impellers and guide vanes is bigger than others and the streamlines of flow get smooth under the rectification of each impeller and guide vane, which leads to the amplitude of pressure fluctuation unchanged basically in the last stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of heavy loss of polymer solution viscosity because of hydrogen sulfide incrude sewage was studied. By optimizing hydraulic retention time and air/water ratio of air oxidation method, hydrogen sulfide was removed thoroughly and viscosity of polymer solution (the concentration was 1700 mg/L) was increased from 5 mPa ⋅ s to 30 mPa ⋅ s, and it had high thermal stability, which met the design requirement of polymer-surfactant displacement method. Meanwhile, the viscosity of polymer solution prepared by sewage after desulphurization processing (both mother liquid and dilution prepared by sewage)could reach more than 30 mPa ⋅ s, so a great quantity of fresh water and production cost could be saved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]