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Background: Complications and diagnostic efficiency for liver biopsy are main concerns for clinicians. This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of transjugular liver biopsy (TJLB) compared with percutaneous liver biopsy (PLB) when patients had equal level of liver function and number of passes, using propensity score matching (PSM). Methods: The clinical and pathological data of patients who received TJLB or PLB between January 2012 and October 2022 were collected. Matching factors included age, gender, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, liver function, creatinine, number of passes, hemodialysis, history of anti-coagulation and anti-platelet, and comorbidities. Coagulation indexes were not considered as matching factors due to different indications of the two techniques. Results: 2711 PLBs and 30 TJLBs were evaluated. By PSM, 75 patients (50 PLBs, 25 TJLBs) were matched. The complication rates for TJLB and PLB were 4.0% (1/25) and 10.0% (5/50) (P > 0.05). Two PLBs had hepatic hemorrhage, one of which required only close monitoring (Grade 1) and the other needed hemostasis and rehydration therapy (Grade 2). The other 3 cases presented with mild abdominal pain (Grade 1). And only one TJLB presented with mild pain. The median number of complete portal tracts were 6.0 and 10.0 for TJLBs and PLBs (P < 0.05). Moreover, the median length of sample for TJLBs and PLBs were 10.0 and 16.5 mm (P < 0.05). The diagnostic efficiency of hepatopathy of unknown etiology of TJLB versus PLB groups before and after matching were 96.4% vs. 94.1% and 95.7% vs. 93.2%, respectively (P > 0.05). Conclusion: TJLB is an effective invasive diagnostic procedure that expands indications for liver biopsy with reliable diagnostic quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Liver fibrosis is the strongest histological risk factor for liver‐related complications and mortality in metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Second harmonic generation/two‐photon excitation fluorescence (SHG/TPEF) is a powerful tool for label‐free two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional tissue visualisation that shows promise in liver fibrosis assessment. Aim: To investigate combining multi‐photon microscopy (MPM) and deep learning techniques to develop and validate a new automated quantitative histological classification tool, named AutoFibroNet (Automated Liver Fibrosis Grading Network), for accurately staging liver fibrosis in MAFLD. Methods: AutoFibroNet was developed in a training cohort that consisted of 203 Chinese adults with biopsy‐confirmed MAFLD. Three deep learning models (VGG16, ResNet34, and MobileNet V3) were used to train pre‐processed images and test data sets. Multi‐layer perceptrons were used to fuse data (deep learning features, clinical features, and manual features) to build a joint model. This model was then validated in two further independent cohorts. Results: AutoFibroNet showed good discrimination in the training set. For F0, F1, F2 and F3‐4 fibrosis stages, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC) of AutoFibroNet were 1.00, 0.99, 0.98 and 0.98. The AUROCs of F0, F1, F2 and F3‐4 fibrosis stages for AutoFibroNet in the two validation cohorts were 0.99, 0.83, 0.80 and 0.90 and 1.00, 0.83, 0.80 and 0.94, respectively, showing a good discriminatory ability in different cohorts. Conclusion: AutoFibroNet is an automated quantitative tool that accurately identifies histological stages of liver fibrosis in Chinese individuals with MAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To date no study has compared more specifically the psychotropic medication treatment patterns for patients with schizophrenia living in community between rural and urban areas. This study examined the rural-urban differences of the use of psychotropic drugs among community-dwelling individuals with schizophrenia in China. Method: Data on 993 community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia (n = 479 in rural area and n = 514 urban area) were collected by interviews during 2013–2014, and 2015–2016 according to the diagnosis of DSM-IV or ICD-10. Data on patients' socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, prescriptions of psychotropic drugs were collected using a standardized protocol and data acquisition procedure. Results: Multivariate analyses revealed that in comparison with the rural counterparts, the patients from the urban area were significantly more frequently prescribed antipsychotic polypharmacy, clozapine, and benzodiazepines, but the patients from the rural area had more frequently prescribed anticholinergics. Conclusions: Substantial variations in psychotropic medication treatment patterns for patients with schizophrenia living in community were found between rural and urban areas in China. Common use of antipsychotic polypharmacy, clozapine and benzodiazepines in urban area, and anticholinergics in rural area need to be further addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]