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1. Verifying mixing in dilution tunnels How to ensure cookstove emissions samples are unbiased

Author

Wilson, D, Rapp, VH, Caubel, JJ, Chen, SS, and Gadgil, AJ

Abstract

A well-mixed diluted sample is essential for unbiased measurement of cookstove emissions. Most cookstove testing labs employ a dilution tunnel, also referred to as a “duct,” to mix clean dilution air with cookstove emissions before sampling. It is important that the emissions be well-mixed and unbiased at the sampling port so that instruments can take representative samples of the emission plume. Some groups have employed mixing baffles to ensure the gaseous and aerosol emissions from cookstoves are well-mixed before reaching the sampling location [2, 4]. The goal of these baffles is to to dilute and mix the emissions stream with the room air entering the fume hood by creating a local zone of high turbulence. However, potential drawbacks of mixing baffles include increased flow resistance (larger blowers needed for the same exhaust flow), nuisance cleaning of baffles as soot collects, and, importantly, the potential for loss of PM2.5 particles on the baffles themselves,thus biasing results.A cookstove emission monitoring system with baffles will collect particles faster than the duct’s walls alone. This is mostly driven by the available surface area for deposition by processes of Brownian diffusion (through the boundary layer) and turbophoresis (i.e. impaction). The greater the surface area available for diffusive and advection-driven depositionto occur, the greater the particle loss will be at the sampling port. As a layer of larger particle “fuzz” builds on the mixing baffles, even greater PM2.5 loss could occur. The micro structure of the deposited aerosol will lead to increased rates of particle loss by interception and a tendency for smaller particles to deposit due to impaction on small features of themicro structure. If the flow stream could be well-mixed without the need for baffles, these drawbacks could be avoided and the cookstove emissions sampling system would be more robust.

Published
2024

2. Verifying mixing in dilution tunnels How to ensure cookstove emissions samples are unbiased

Author

Wilson, D, Rapp, VH, Caubel, JJ, Chen, SS, and Gadgil, AJ

Abstract

A well-mixed diluted sample is essential for unbiased measurement of cookstove emissions. Most cookstove testing labs employ a dilution tunnel, also referred to as a “duct,” to mix clean dilution air with cookstove emissions before sampling. It is important that the emissions be well-mixed and unbiased at the sampling port so that instruments can take representative samples of the emission plume. Some groups have employed mixing baffles to ensure the gaseous and aerosol emissions from cookstoves are well-mixed before reaching the sampling location [2, 4]. The goal of these baffles is to to dilute and mix the emissions stream with the room air entering the fume hood by creating a local zone of high turbulence. However, potential drawbacks of mixing baffles include increased flow resistance (larger blowers needed for the same exhaust flow), nuisance cleaning of baffles as soot collects, and, importantly, the potential for loss of PM2.5 particles on the baffles themselves,thus biasing results.A cookstove emission monitoring system with baffles will collect particles faster than the duct’s walls alone. This is mostly driven by the available surface area for deposition by processes of Brownian diffusion (through the boundary layer) and turbophoresis (i.e. impaction). The greater the surface area available for diffusive and advection-driven depositionto occur, the greater the particle loss will be at the sampling port. As a layer of larger particle “fuzz” builds on the mixing baffles, even greater PM2.5 loss could occur. The micro structure of the deposited aerosol will lead to increased rates of particle loss by interception and a tendency for smaller particles to deposit due to impaction on small features of themicro structure. If the flow stream could be well-mixed without the need for baffles, these drawbacks could be avoided and the cookstove emissions sampling system would be more robust.

Published
2021

3. Practical design considerations for secondary air injection in wood-burning cookstoves: An experimental study

Author

Caubel, JJ, Rapp, VH, Chen, SS, and Gadgil, AJ

Subjects
Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollution, Climate-Related Exposures and Conditions, Health Effects of Household Energy Combustion
Abstract

Billions of households worldwide cook using biomass fires and suffer from the toxic smoke emitted into their homes. Laboratory studies of wood-burning cookstoves demonstrate that secondary air injection can greatly reduce the emission of harmful air pollution, but these experimental advancements are not easily translated into practical cookstove designs that can be widely adopted. In this study, we use a modular cookstove platform to experimentally quantify the practical secondary air injection design requirements (e.g., flow rate, pressure, and temperature) to reduce mass emissions of particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), and black carbon (BC) by at least 90% relative to a traditional cooking fire. Over the course of 111 experimental trials, we illuminate the physical mechanisms that drive emission reductions, and outline fundamental design principles to optimize cookstove performance. Using the experimental data, we demonstrate that low-cost (

Published
2020

4. The Impact of Morning Surgery or Afternoon Surgery on Postoperative Sleep Quality and Melatonin Levels of Elderly Patients: A Prospective, Randomized Study

Author

Yang R, Xu XX, Liu H, Dai W, Zhang ZQ, Wang TT, Chen SS, Gu EW, Liu XS, and Mei B

Subjects
sleep quality, melatonin, timing of surgery, Psychiatry, RC435-571, Neurophysiology and neuropsychology, QP351-495
Abstract

Rui Yang,* Xiao-Xia Xu,* Hu Liu, Wei Dai, Zheng-Qin Zhang, Ting-Ting Wang, Shi-Shou Chen, Er-Wei Gu, Xue-Sheng Liu, Bin Mei Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xue-Sheng Liu; Bin Mei, Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 551-62922344, Fax +86 551 62923704, Email liuxuesheng@ahmu.edu.cn; binmei@ahmu.edu.cnObjective: Postoperative sleep disturbance after surgery is not conducive to the recovery of patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the timing of surgery (morning vs afternoon) on the postoperative sleep quality of elderly patients and to analyze the relationship between the timing of surgery and the change in the melatonin level.Methods: Sixty patients who received hip surgery were randomly assigned to the Morning Group (Group M) or the Afternoon Group (Group A). The sleep quality was assessed by the Richards–Campbell Sleep Questionnaire. Before and after surgery, the nocturnal urine was collected over a 12-h period, and the 6-sulfatoxymelatonin concentration was measured. Also, the incidence of postoperative delirium (POD) was observed.Results: On the first and second nights after surgery, the sleep quality scores of the patients in Group A were greater than those in Group M, and there was no difference in the sleep quality scores between the two groups on the third night after surgery (P=0.000, P=0.002, P> 0.05, respectively). In addition, the urine 6-sulphatoxymelatonin concentration was found to be greater in Group A than in Group M on the first night of surgery (P=0.00). Both the postoperative sleep quality scores and urine 6-sulphatoxymelatonin concentration were significantly less than those before surgery (P=0.00, P=0.00).Conclusion: The postoperative sleep quality scores and melatonin levels of elderly patients who received hip surgery under general anesthesia were significantly less than those of the patients before surgery. Furthermore, the short-term sleep quality of the patients who received surgery in the afternoon was better than that of the patients who received surgery in the morning. This difference may be related to the short-term change of the melatonin level after surgery.Keywords: sleep quality, melatonin, timing of surgery

Published
2022

5. High quantum yield of the Egyptian blue family of infrared phosphors (MCuSi4O10, M = Ca, Sr, Ba)

Author

Berdahl, P, Boocock, SK, Chan, GCY, Chen, SS, Levinson, RM, and Zalich, MA

Subjects
Applied Physics, Mathematical Sciences, Physical Sciences, Engineering
Abstract

The alkaline earth copper tetra-silicates, blue pigments, are interesting infrared phosphors. The Ca, Sr, and Ba variants fluoresce in the near-infrared (NIR) at 909, 914, and 948 nm, respectively, with spectral widths on the order of 120 nm. The highest quantum yield Φ reported thus far is ca. 10%. We use temperature measurements in sunlight to determine this parameter. The yield depends on the pigment loading (mass per unit area) ω with values approaching 100% as ω → 0 for the Ca and Sr variants. Although maximum quantum yield occurs near ω = 0, maximum fluorescence occurs near ω = 70 g m-2, at which Φ = 0.7. The better samples show fluorescence decay times in the range of 130 to 160 μs. The absorbing impurity CuO is often present. Good phosphor performance requires long fluorescence decay times and very low levels of parasitic absorption. The strong fluorescence enhances prospects for energy applications such as cooling of sunlit surfaces (to reduce air conditioning requirements) and luminescent solar concentrators.

Published
2018

6. Fluorescent cooling of objects exposed to sunlight - The ruby example

Author

Berdahl, P, Chen, SS, Destaillats, H, Kirchstetter, TW, Levinson, RM, and Zalich, MA

Subjects
Fluorescent cooling, Al2O3:Cr, Ruby, Quantum efficiency, Energy, Physical Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Engineering
Abstract

Particularly in hot climates, various pigments are used to formulate desired non-white colors that stay cooler in the sun than alternatives. These cool pigments provide a high near-infrared (NIR) reflectance in the solar infrared range of 700-2500 nm, and also a color specified by a reflectance spectrum in the 400-700 nm visible range. Still cooler materials can be formulated by also utilizing the phenomenon of fluorescence (photoluminescence). Ruby, Al2O3:Cr, is a prime example, with efficient emission in the deep red (∼694 nm) and near infrared (700-800 nm). A layer of synthetic ruby crystals on a white surface having an attractive red color can remain cooler in the sun than conventional red materials. Ruby particles can also be used as a red/pink pigment. Increasing the Cr:Al ratio produces a stronger (darker) pigment but doping above ∼3 wt% Cr2O3 causes concentration quenching of the fluorescence. The system quantum efficiency for lightly doped ruby-pigmented coatings over white is high, 0.83 ± 0.10.

Published
2016

7. Evaluating the prevalence of diabetes mellitus subtypes in childhood cancer survivors: a systematic review protocol

Author

Chen SS, Nadarajah A, Banfield L, Fleming A, Thabane L, Portwine C, and Samaan MC

Subjects
Systematic review protocol, childhood cancer, cancer survivorship, diabetes mellitus, Pediatrics, RJ1-570
Abstract

Sondra Song Jie Chen,1,2 Ajantha Nadarajah,1,2 Laura Banfield,3 Adam Fleming,1,4 Lehana Thabane,5–8 Carol Portwine,1,4 M Constantine Samaan1–2,51Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; 2Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; 3Health Sciences Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; 4Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, McMaster Children’s Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; 5Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; 6Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; 7Centre for Evaluation of Medicines, St Joseph’s Health Care, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; 8Biostatistics Unit, St Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, CanadaObjectives: The number of children who survive cancer is reaching new record levels, thanks to improved management strategies. However, this population is predisposed to chronic health conditions including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, yet the full scale of these diagnoses in this population is unclear. This protocol describes the conduct of a systematic review to report on the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) subtypes in childhood cancer survivors.Methods: Searches will be conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. We will also search gray literature in Theses A&I, ProQuest Dissertations, and Web of Science as well as clinicaltrials.gov. Screening search results and data abstraction will be done independently by two reviewers. We will conduct a meta-analysis if two studies have similar designs, populations, methods, and outcome measures reported.Results: The findings of this systematic review will provide insights into the scale of diabetes in childhood cancer survivors to allow the prioritization of subpopulations that need specific interventions to screen, prevent, and treat DM. This will likely lead to improved outcomes in childhood cancer survivors.Keywords: systematic review protocol, childhood cancer, cancer survivorship, diabetes mellitus, type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus

Published
2019

8. Verifying mixing in dilution tunnels How to ensure cookstove emissions samples are unbiased

Author

Wilson, D, Wilson, D, Rapp, VH, Caubel, JJ, Chen, SS, Gadgil, AJ, Wilson, D, Wilson, D, Rapp, VH, Caubel, JJ, Chen, SS, and Gadgil, AJ

Abstract

A well-mixed diluted sample is essential for unbiased measurement of cookstove emissions. Most cookstove testing labs employ a dilution tunnel, also referred to as a “duct,” to mix clean dilution air with cookstove emissions before sampling. It is important that the emissions be well-mixed and unbiased at the sampling port so that instruments can take representative samples of the emission plume. Some groups have employed mixing baffles to ensure the gaseous and aerosol emissions from cookstoves are well-mixed before reaching the sampling location [2, 4]. The goal of these baffles is to to dilute and mix the emissions stream with the room air entering the fume hood by creating a local zone of high turbulence. However, potential drawbacks of mixing baffles include increased flow resistance (larger blowers needed for the same exhaust flow), nuisance cleaning of baffles as soot collects, and, importantly, the potential for loss of PM2.5 particles on the baffles themselves, thus biasing results. A cookstove emission monitoring system with baffles will collect particles faster than the duct’s walls alone. This is mostly driven by the available surface area for deposition by processes of Brownian diffusion (through the boundary layer) and turbophoresis (i.e. impaction). The greater the surface area available for diffusive and advection-driven deposition to occur, the greater the particle loss will be at the sampling port. As a layer of larger particle “fuzz” builds on the mixing baffles, even greater PM2.5 loss could occur. The micro structure of the deposited aerosol will lead to increased rates of particle loss by interception and a tendency for smaller particles to deposit due to impaction on small features of the micro structure. If the flow stream could be well-mixed without the need for baffles, these drawbacks could be avoided and the cookstove emissions sampling system would be more robust.

Published
2023

9. Application of forward osmosis membrane technology in nutrient recovery and water reuse

Author

Nguyen, HT, Nguyen, NC, Chen, SS, Ngo, HH, Bui, XT, Nguyen, PT, Nguyen, HT, Nguyen, NC, Chen, SS, Ngo, HH, Bui, XT, and Nguyen, PT

Abstract

In recent years, global fertilizer demand has been rising quickly and resource supply may be depleted by the end of the 21st century. Hence, a number of physicochemical and biological processes have been implemented to recover nutrients from wastewater and sludge; nevertheless, these processes consume more chemicals and energy, leading to the emission of greenhouse gases. Meanwhile, forward osmosis (FO)-based technology has been largely discovered to simultaneously recover water and enrich nutrients from wastewater with low membrane fouling and low energy consumption. In hybrid FO-based systems, the FO membrane is used to concentrate nutrients from wastewater while chemical precipitation is encouraged for recovering nutrients in the form of struvite or other membrane technologies used to separate a diluted draw solution. However, this technology still has some limitations, such as concentration polarization, membrane fouling in long-term FO operation, high reverse salt flux from the draw solution, which need to be handled before making it more practical. This book chapter focuses on the mechanism of the FO process, the key factors affecting the FO performance, the recent advanced hybrid FO-based system for nutrient recovery and water reuse, and future research directions.

Published
2023

10. Effectiveness of stress management in patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate

Author

Chiu LP, Tung HH, Lin KC, Lai YW, Chiu YC, Chen SS, and Chiu AW

Subjects
anxiety, pain, stress management, transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Li-Pin Chiu,1,2 Heng-Hsin Tung,3 Kuan-Chia Lin,3 Yu-Wei Lai,1,4 Yi-Chun Chiu,1,4 Saint Shiou-Sheng Chen,1,4 Allen W Chiu1,4 1Division of Urology, Taipei City Hospital, 2University of Taipei, General Education Center, 3School of Nursing, Department of Care Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Science, 4Department of Urology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China Background: To assess the utilization of stress management in relieving anxiety and pain among patients who undergo transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy of the prostate. Methods: Eighty-two patients admitted to a community hospital for a TRUS biopsy of the prostate participated in this case-controlled study. They were divided into an experimental group that was provided with stress management and a control group that received only routine nursing care. Stress management included music therapy and one-on-one simulation education. Before and after the TRUS biopsy, the patients’ state-anxiety inventory score, pain visual analogue scale (VAS), respiratory rate, heart rate, and blood pressure were obtained. Results: There were no differences in baseline and disease characteristics between the two groups. The VAS in both groups increased after the TRUS biopsy, but the difference in pre- and postbiopsy VAS scores was significantly lower in the experimental group (P=0.03). Patients in both groups experienced mild anxiety before and after the biopsy, but those in the experimental group displayed a significantly greater decrease in postbiopsy state-anxiety inventory score compared to the control group (P=0.02).Conclusion: Stress management can alleviate anxiety and pain in patients who received a TRUS biopsy of the prostate under local anesthesia. Keywords: anxiety, pain, stress management, transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate

Published
2016

11. n-Butanol extract from Folium isatidis inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages and protects mice against lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxic shock

Author

Jiang LL, Lu YL, Jin JH, Dong LL, Xu FL, Chen SS, Wang ZY, Liang G, and Shan XO

Subjects
Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950
Abstract

Lili Jiang,1 Yili Lu,1 Jiahui Jin,1 Lili Dong,1 Fengli Xu,1 Shuangshuang Chen,1 Zhanyue Wang,2 Guang Liang,2 Xiaoou Shan11Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, 2Chemical Biology Research Center at The School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of ChinaAbstract: Sepsis, which is caused by severe infection, is an important cause of mortality, but effective clinical treatment against sepsis is extremely limited. As the main component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays a major role in inflammatory responses. Studies have shown beneficial pharmacological effects for Folium isatidis. The present study further illuminated the effects of n-butanol extract from Folium isatidis in LPS-induced septic shock and identified the main active chemical components. Our study showed that pretreatment with n-butanol extract from Folium isatidis not only significantly inhibited LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 production but also markedly and dose dependently enhanced the recruitment of MyD88, the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and the degradation of IκB-α. Additionally, the extract exhibited dramatic protective effects against lung injury and death in mice with septic shock. Eight main active compounds were identified, including organic acids, glycoside, indolinones, and flavonoids. These findings provide a perspective on the respiratory protection offered by n-butanol extract from Folium isatidis in LPS-induced sepsis and outline a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of sepsis.Keywords: Folium isatidis, sepsis, inflammatory cytokine

Published
2015

12. Nationwide survey to evaluate medical utilization by patients with inguinal hernia and the risk of developing varicocele in Taiwan

Author

Liu WL, Chen YA, Lai YW, Hsueh TY, Chen SS, and Chiu AW

Subjects
Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Wen-Liang Liu1,* Yu-An Chen,2 Yu-Wei Lai,3,4,* Thomas Y Hsueh,3,4 Shiou-Sheng Chen,3,4 Allen W Chiu41Taipei Databank for Public Health Analysis, Institute of Clinical Research and Teaching, Taipei City Hospital, 2Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, 3Division of Urology, Taipei City Hospital Renai Branch, 4Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Shu-Tien Urological Institute, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan*These authors are joint first authorsBackground: The purpose of this study was to analyze age, geographical and seasonal variations in medical service utilization by patients with inguinal hernia in Taiwan, and the influence of herniorrhaphy on development of ipsilateral varicocele in male patients.Methods: Between 2001 and 2008, comprehensive data on the characteristics of medical service utilization by patients with inguinal hernia was evaluated via a retrospective nationwide population-based study. Data were obtained from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. Parameters for comparison included newly diagnosed inguinal hernia cases, number of herniorrhaphies, and incidence rates every year, number of outpatient visits for inguinal hernia, and herniorrhaphy by age, season, and area of Taiwan.Results: There was an average of 1,466 newly diagnosed inguinal hernia cases and 871.9 herniorrhaphies performed per year per million population during the study period. The male ratio for both newly diagnosed inguinal hernia cases and number of herniorrhaphies increased significantly by age. The number of newly diagnosed inguinal hernia cases and outpatient visits for inguinal hernia was highest during summer, followed by spring, autumn, and winter, and in the north of Taiwan, followed by the center, south, and east. Additionally, the incidence of developing ipsilateral varicocele after herniorrhaphy was low in male patients.Conclusion: The number of newly diagnosed inguinal hernia cases and outpatient visits for inguinal hernia is highest during summer and lowest in eastern Taiwan. In addition, the incidence of developing ipsilateral varicocele after herniorrhaphy is higher in patients aged 10–19 years.Keywords: age, herniorrhaphy, inguinal hernia, season, varicocele

Published
2014

14. Copy Number Variants Are Ovarian Cancer Risk Alleles at Known and Novel Risk Loci

Author

DeVries, AA, Dennis, J, Tyrer, JP, Peng, P-C, Coetzee, SG, Reyes, AL, Plummer, JT, Davis, BD, Chen, SS, Dezem, FS, Aben, KKH, Anton-Culver, H, Antonenkova, NN, Beckmann, MW, Beeghly-Fadiel, A, Berchuck, A, Bogdanova, N, Bogdanova-Markov, N, Brenton, JD, Butzow, R, Campbell, I, Chang-Claude, J, Chenevix-Trench, G, Cook, LS, DeFazio, A, Doherty, JA, Dork, T, Eccles, DM, Eliassen, AH, Fasching, PA, Fortner, RT, Giles, GG, Goode, EL, Goodman, MT, Gronwald, J, Hakansson, N, Hildebrandt, MAT, Huff, C, Huntsman, DG, Jensen, A, Kar, S, Karlan, BY, Khusnutdinova, EK, Kiemeney, LA, Kjaer, SK, Kupryjanczyk, J, Labrie, M, Lambrechts, D, Le, ND, Lubinski, J, May, T, Menon, U, Milne, RL, Modugno, F, Monteiro, AN, Moysich, KB, Odunsi, K, Olsson, H, Pearce, CL, Pejovic, T, Ramus, SJ, Riboli, E, Riggan, MJ, Romieu, I, Sandler, DP, Schildkraut, JM, Setiawan, VW, Sieh, W, Song, H, Sutphen, R, Terry, KL, Thompson, PJ, Titus, L, Tworoger, SS, Van Nieuwenhuysen, E, Edwards, DV, Webb, PM, Wentzensen, N, Whittemore, AS, Wolk, A, Wu, AH, Ziogas, A, Freedman, ML, Lawrenson, K, Pharoah, PDP, Easton, DF, Gayther, SA, Jones, MR, DeVries, AA, Dennis, J, Tyrer, JP, Peng, P-C, Coetzee, SG, Reyes, AL, Plummer, JT, Davis, BD, Chen, SS, Dezem, FS, Aben, KKH, Anton-Culver, H, Antonenkova, NN, Beckmann, MW, Beeghly-Fadiel, A, Berchuck, A, Bogdanova, N, Bogdanova-Markov, N, Brenton, JD, Butzow, R, Campbell, I, Chang-Claude, J, Chenevix-Trench, G, Cook, LS, DeFazio, A, Doherty, JA, Dork, T, Eccles, DM, Eliassen, AH, Fasching, PA, Fortner, RT, Giles, GG, Goode, EL, Goodman, MT, Gronwald, J, Hakansson, N, Hildebrandt, MAT, Huff, C, Huntsman, DG, Jensen, A, Kar, S, Karlan, BY, Khusnutdinova, EK, Kiemeney, LA, Kjaer, SK, Kupryjanczyk, J, Labrie, M, Lambrechts, D, Le, ND, Lubinski, J, May, T, Menon, U, Milne, RL, Modugno, F, Monteiro, AN, Moysich, KB, Odunsi, K, Olsson, H, Pearce, CL, Pejovic, T, Ramus, SJ, Riboli, E, Riggan, MJ, Romieu, I, Sandler, DP, Schildkraut, JM, Setiawan, VW, Sieh, W, Song, H, Sutphen, R, Terry, KL, Thompson, PJ, Titus, L, Tworoger, SS, Van Nieuwenhuysen, E, Edwards, DV, Webb, PM, Wentzensen, N, Whittemore, AS, Wolk, A, Wu, AH, Ziogas, A, Freedman, ML, Lawrenson, K, Pharoah, PDP, Easton, DF, Gayther, SA, and Jones, MR

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Known risk alleles for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) account for approximately 40% of the heritability for EOC. Copy number variants (CNVs) have not been investigated as EOC risk alleles in a large population cohort. METHODS: Single nucleotide polymorphism array data from 13 071 EOC cases and 17 306 controls of White European ancestry were used to identify CNVs associated with EOC risk using a rare admixture maximum likelihood test for gene burden and a by-probe ratio test. We performed enrichment analysis of CNVs at known EOC risk loci and functional biofeatures in ovarian cancer-related cell types. RESULTS: We identified statistically significant risk associations with CNVs at known EOC risk genes; BRCA1 (PEOC = 1.60E-21; OREOC = 8.24), RAD51C (Phigh-grade serous ovarian cancer [HGSOC] = 5.5E-4; odds ratio [OR]HGSOC = 5.74 del), and BRCA2 (PHGSOC = 7.0E-4; ORHGSOC = 3.31 deletion). Four suggestive associations (P < .001) were identified for rare CNVs. Risk-associated CNVs were enriched (P < .05) at known EOC risk loci identified by genome-wide association study. Noncoding CNVs were enriched in active promoters and insulators in EOC-related cell types. CONCLUSIONS: CNVs in BRCA1 have been previously reported in smaller studies, but their observed frequency in this large population-based cohort, along with the CNVs observed at BRCA2 and RAD51C gene loci in EOC cases, suggests that these CNVs are potentially pathogenic and may contribute to the spectrum of disease-causing mutations in these genes. CNVs are likely to occur in a wider set of susceptibility regions, with potential implications for clinical genetic testing and disease prevention.

Published
2022

15. The Association of N-Glycan and Alpha Fetal Protein in Hepatitis B Associated Hepatic Disease

Author

Wan L, Guo L, De G, Wu Z, Yuan C, Chen Ss, He B, Hu C, Hu Y, Xu K, Zhang M, Zheng F, Liu T, Wen Z, and Huang Z

Subjects
Fetal protein, Glycan, biology, business.industry, Alpha (ethology), Disease, Hepatitis B, medicine.disease, Molecular biology, digestive system diseases, Text mining, medicine, biology.protein, business
Abstract

Objective: Chronic hepatic disease caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a serious threat to health in worldwide. There is evidence that the change of N-glycan is involved in the mechanism of hepatic fibrosis, liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with hepatitis B. The level of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is elevated in many patients with hepatitis B infection. AFP is not only a fetal carrier protein and tumor marker, but also participates in the regulation of a variety of important cellular functions, such as cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and immune regulation. However, the mechanism between AFP and N-glycan is not clear. The study investigated the association of N-glycan and AFP in Hepatitis B associated hepatic disease.Patients and Methods: Sixty patients with Hepatitis B associated hepatic diseases and twenty healthy individuals were selected in this study. Serum AFP, N-glycan, hematological parameters, and clinical data were assessed in this cohort. The Spearman rank method was used to evaluate the associations among them. The study was designed as a retrospective cross-sectional study. Results：Serum levels of N-glycan and AFP were significantly higher in Patients with hepatic disease compared with the controls; levels of both were elevated with development of the disease. In patients with hepatic disease, N-glycan was positively correlated with AFP, Age, AST, GGT, PT, CA125, while negatively correlated with ALB, CHE, RBC (P < 0.05 for all). AFP was positively correlated with HBV DNA, TBIL, DBIL, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT (P < 0.05 for all), while negatively correlated with ALB and CHE in hepatic disease patients (P < 0.05 for both). In addition, there was a trend of increasing N-glycan with elevated AFP level in the combined hepatic disease group. In LC, the level of N-glycan in the decompensatory was significant higher than in the control (P = 0.007), and AFP level in the compensatory increased than the controls (P = 0.003). In HCC, levels of both N-glycan and AFP in the compensatory and decompensatory groups elevated than those in the control (P < 0.001 and P = 0.004 for N-glycan and P < 0.001 for both in AFP, respectively).Conclusion: Our data suggest that high AFP levels in Hepatitis B related hepatic disease are closely related to the development of liver disease through interaction with N-glycan.

Published
2020
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16. Forward osmosis–membrane distillation hybrid system for desalination using mixed trivalent draw solution

Author

Nguyen, NC, Duong, HC, Nguyen, HT, Chen, SS, Le, HQ, Ngo, HH, Guo, W, Duong, CC, Le, NC, and Bui, XT

Subjects
Chemical Engineering, 03 Chemical Sciences, 09 Engineering
Abstract

© 2020 Elsevier B.V. Finding suitable draw solutions is still a major problem when developing FO technologies. This study represents the first time a mixed trivalent draw solution containing of EDTA–2Na and Na3PO4 was systemically studied for FO performance. The objective here was to achieve simultaneously low reverse salt flux and high water flux. The FO results showed that the mixed trivalent draw solution-based 0.3 M EDTA–2Na and 0.55 M Na3PO4 underwent higher water flux (Jw = 9.17 L/m2⋅h) than that of pure 0.85 M EDTA-2Na (Jw = 7.02 L/m2⋅h) due to its lower viscosity. Additionally, the specific reverse salt flux caused by mixing 0.3 M EDTA–2Na with 0.55 M Na3PO4 draw solution was only 0.053 g/L using DI water as the feed solution. Donnan equilibrium force and formed complexation of [EDTANa]3-, [HPO4Na]- with the FO membrane are believed to constitute the main mechanism for minimizing salt leakage from the mixed draw solution. Moreover, the FO desalination process utilizing the mixed trivalent draw solution achieved water fluxes of 6.12 L/m2⋅h with brackish water (TDS = 5000 mg/L) and 3.10 L/m2⋅h with seawater (TDS = 35,000 mg/L) as the feed solution. Lastly, diluted mixed trivalent draw solution following the FO process was effectively separated using the MD process with salt rejection >99.99% at a mild feed temperature of 55 °C.

Published
2020

19. Effect of ciprofloxacin dosages on the performance of sponge membrane bioreactor treating hospital wastewater

Author

Nguyen, TT, Bui, XT, Dang, BT, Ngo, HH, Jahng, D, Fujioka, T, Chen, SS, Dinh, QT, Nguyen, CN, and Nguyen, PTV

Subjects
Bioreactors, Ciprofloxacin, Waste Water, Biomass, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Hospitals, Biotechnology
Abstract

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd This study aimed to evaluate treatment performance and membrane fouling of a lab-scale Sponge-MBR under the added ciprofloxacin (CIP) dosages (20; 50; 100 and 200 µg L−1) treating hospital wastewater. The results showed that Sponge-MBR exhibited effective removal of COD (94–98%) during the operation period despite increment of CIP concentrations from 20 to 200 µg L−1. The applied CIP dosage of 200 µg L−1 caused an inhibition of microorganisms in sponges, i.e. significant reduction of the attached biomass and a decrease in the size of suspended flocs. Moreover, this led to deteriorating the denitrification rate to 3–12% compared to 35% at the other lower CIP dosages. Importantly, Sponge-MBR reinforced the stability of CIP removal at various added CIP dosages (permeate of below 13 µg L−1). Additionally, the fouling rate at CIP dosage of 200 µg L−1 was 30.6 times lower compared to the control condition (no added CIP dosage).

Published
2019

20. Understanding the mechanisms of trace organic contaminant removal by high retention membrane bioreactors: a critical review

Author

Asif, MB, Ansari, AJ, Chen, SS, Nghiem, LD, Price, WE, and Hai, FI

Subjects
Osmosis, Salinity, Bioreactors, Biodegradation, Environmental, Sewage, Water, Membranes, Artificial, Water Pollutants, Organic Chemicals, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Environmental Sciences, Water Purification, Distillation
Abstract

© 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. High retention membrane bioreactors (HR-MBR) combine a high retention membrane separation process such as membrane distillation, forward osmosis, or nanofiltration with a conventional activated sludge (CAS) process. Depending on the physicochemical properties of the trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) as well as the selected high retention membrane process, HR-MBR can achieve effective removal (80–99%) of a broad spectrum of TrOCs. An in-depth assessment of the available literature on HR-MBR performance suggests that compared to CAS and conventional MBRs (using micro- or ultra-filtration membrane), aqueous phase removal of TrOCs in HR-MBR is significantly better. Conceptually, longer retention time may significantly improve TrOC biodegradation, but there are insufficient data in the literature to evaluate the extent of TrOC biodegradation improvement by HR-MBR. The accumulation of hardly biodegradable TrOCs within the bioreactor of an HR-MBR system may complicate further treatment and beneficial reuse of sludge. In addition to TrOCs, accumulation of salts gradually increases the salinity in bioreactor and can adversely affect microbial activities. Strategies to mitigate these limitations are discussed. A qualitative framework is proposed to predict the contribution of the different key mechanisms of TrOC removal (i.e., membrane retention, biodegradation, and sorption) in HR-MBR.

Published
2018

21. Applicability of an integrated moving sponge biocarrier-osmotic membrane bioreactor MD system for saline wastewater treatment using highly salt-tolerant microorganisms

Author

Nguyen, NC, Chen, SS, Nguyen, HT, Chen, YH, Ngo, HH, Guo, W, Ray, SS, Chang, HM, and Le, QH

Subjects
Chemical Engineering
Abstract

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Osmotic membrane bioreactors (OsMBRs) are a recent breakthrough technology designed to treat wastewater. Nevertheless, their application in high-salinity wastewater treatment is not widespread because of the effects of saline conditions on microbial community activity. In response, this study developed an integrated sponge biocarrier-OsMBR system using highly salt-tolerant microorganisms for treating saline wastewater. Results showed that the sponge biocarrier-OsMBR obtained an average water flux of 2 L/m2 h during a 92-day operation when 1 M MgCl2 was used as the draw solution. The efficiency in removing dissolved organic compounds from the proposed system was more than 99%, and nutrient rejection was close to 100%, indicating excellent performance in simultaneous nitrification and denitrification processes in the biofilm layer on the carriers. Moreover, salt-tolerant microorganisms in the sponge biocarrier-OsMBR system worked efficiently in salt concentrations of 2.4%. A polytetrafluoroethylene MD membrane (pores = 0.45 μm) served to regenerate the diluted draw solution in the closed-loop system and produce high-quality water. The moving sponge biocarrier-OsMBR/MD hybrid system demonstrated its potential to treat salinity wastewater treatment, with 100% nutrient removal and 99.9% conductivity rejection.

Published
2018

22. Understanding the mechanisms of trace organic contaminant removal by high retention membrane bioreactors: a critical review

Author

Asif, MB, Ansari, AJ, Chen, SS, Nghiem, LD, Price, WE, Hai, FI, Asif, MB, Ansari, AJ, Chen, SS, Nghiem, LD, Price, WE, and Hai, FI

Abstract

© 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. High retention membrane bioreactors (HR-MBR) combine a high retention membrane separation process such as membrane distillation, forward osmosis, or nanofiltration with a conventional activated sludge (CAS) process. Depending on the physicochemical properties of the trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) as well as the selected high retention membrane process, HR-MBR can achieve effective removal (80–99%) of a broad spectrum of TrOCs. An in-depth assessment of the available literature on HR-MBR performance suggests that compared to CAS and conventional MBRs (using micro- or ultra-filtration membrane), aqueous phase removal of TrOCs in HR-MBR is significantly better. Conceptually, longer retention time may significantly improve TrOC biodegradation, but there are insufficient data in the literature to evaluate the extent of TrOC biodegradation improvement by HR-MBR. The accumulation of hardly biodegradable TrOCs within the bioreactor of an HR-MBR system may complicate further treatment and beneficial reuse of sludge. In addition to TrOCs, accumulation of salts gradually increases the salinity in bioreactor and can adversely affect microbial activities. Strategies to mitigate these limitations are discussed. A qualitative framework is proposed to predict the contribution of the different key mechanisms of TrOC removal (i.e., membrane retention, biodegradation, and sorption) in HR-MBR.

Published
2019

23. Exploring high charge of phosphate as new draw solute in a forward osmosis-membrane distillation hybrid system for concentrating high-nutrient sludge

Author

Nguyen, NC, Nguyen, HT, Ho, ST, Chen, SS, Ngo, HH, Guo, W, Ray, SS, and Hsu, HT

Subjects
Environmental Sciences
Abstract

© 2016 Elsevier B.V. For the first time, a high charge of phosphate was used as the draw solute in a forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) hybrid system for concentrating high-nutrient sludge. A high water flux (12.5 L/m2 h) and a low reverse salt flux (0.84 g/m2) were simultaneously achieved at pH 9 by using 0.1 M Na3PO4 as the draw solute and deionized water as the feed solution in the FO process. The specific reverse salt flux of 0.1 M Na3PO4 (Js/Jw = 0.07 g/L) was considerably less than that of 0.1 M NaCl (Js/Jw = 0.37 g/L) because the complexion between Na+ and HPO42- at pH 9 led to the reduction of free Na+ ions, which subsequently reduced the reverse salt diffusion substantially. Moreover, for a feed solution with an initial sludge concentration of 3500 mg/L, the sludge concentration could be concentrated to 19,800 and 22,000 mg/L in the pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) and FO membrane orientations, respectively, after 15 h of operation. Four types of MD membranes were selected for draw solution recovery; of these, a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane with a pore size of 0.45 μm was the most effective in achieving a high water flux (10.28 L/m2 h) and high salt rejection (approximately 100%) in a diluted Na3PO4 draw solution.

Published
2016

24. A novel osmosis membrane bioreactor-membrane distillation hybrid system for wastewater treatment and reuse

Author

Nguyen, NC, Nguyen, HT, Chen, SS, Ngo, HH, Guo, W, Chan, WH, Ray, SS, Li, CW, and Hsu, HT

Subjects
Osmosis, Salinity, Bioreactors, Biofilms, Membranes, Artificial, Waste Water, Sodium Chloride, Edetic Acid, Biotechnology, Water Purification, Distillation
Abstract

© 2016 . A novel approach was designed to simultaneously enhance nutrient removal and reduce membrane fouling for wastewater treatment using an attached growth biofilm (AGB) integrated with an osmosis membrane bioreactor (OsMBR) system for the first time. In this study, a highly charged organic compound (HEDTA3-) was employed as a novel draw solution in the AGB-OsMBR system to obtain a low reverse salt flux, maintain a healthy environment for the microorganisms. The AGB-OsMBR system achieved a stable water flux of 3.62 L/m2 h, high nutrient removal of 99% and less fouling during a 60-day operation. Furthermore, the high salinity of diluted draw solution could be effectively recovered by membrane distillation (MD) process with salt rejection of 99.7%. The diluted draw solution was re-concentrated to its initial status (56.1 mS/cm) at recovery of 9.8% after 6 h. The work demonstrated that novel multi-barrier systems could produce high quality potable water from impaired streams.

Published
2016

25. Effects of hydraulic retention time and bioflocculant addition on membrane fouling in a sponge-submerged membrane bioreactor

Author

Deng, L, Guo, W, Ngo, HH, Du, B, Wei, Q, Tran, NH, Nguyen, NC, Chen, SS, and Li, J

Subjects
Time Factors, Sewage, Viscosity, Biofouling, Flocculation, Membranes, Artificial, Porifera, Biopolymers, Bioreactors, Solubility, Polysaccharides, Pressure, Animals, Biomass, Volatilization, Biotechnology
Abstract

© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. The characteristics of activated sludge and membrane fouling were evaluated in a sponge-submerged membrane bioreactor (SSMBR) at different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) (6.67, 5.33 and 4.00 h). At shorter HRT, more obvious membrane fouling was caused by exacerbated cake layer formation and aggravated pore blocking. Activated sludge possessed more extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) due to excessive growth of biomass and lower protein to polysaccharide ratio in soluble microbial products (SMP). The cake layer resistance was aggravated by increased sludge viscosity together with the accumulated EPS and biopolymer clusters (BPC) on membrane surface. However, SMP showed marginal effect on membrane fouling when SSMBRs were operated at all HRTs. The SSMBR with Gemfloc® addition at the optimum HRT of 6.67 h demonstrated superior sludge characteristics such as larger floc size, less SMP in mixed liquor with higher protein/polysaccharide ratio, less SMP and BPC in cake layer, thereby further preventing membrane fouling.

Published
2016

26. Innovative sponge-based moving bed-osmotic membrane bioreactor hybrid system using a new class of draw solution for municipal wastewater treatment

Author

Nguyen, NC, Chen, SS, Nguyen, HT, Ray, SS, Ngo, HH, Guo, W, and Lin, PH

Subjects
Surface-Active Agents, Environmental Engineering, Magnesium Chloride, Membranes, Artificial, Waste Water, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Polyethylene Glycols
Abstract

© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. For the first time, an innovative concept of combining sponge-based moving bed (SMB) and an osmotic membrane bioreactor (OsMBR), known as the SMB-OsMBR hybrid system, were investigated using Triton X-114 surfactant coupled with MgCl2 salt as the draw solution. Compared to traditional activated sludge OsMBR, the SMB-OsMBR system was able to remove more nutrients due to the thick-biofilm layer on sponge carriers. Subsequently less membrane fouling was observed during the wastewater treatment process. A water flux of 11.38 L/(m2 h) and a negligible reverse salt flux were documented when deionized water served as the feed solution and a mixture of 1.5 M MgCl2 and 1.5 mM Triton X-114 was used as the draw solution. The SMB-OsMBR hybrid system indicated that a stable water flux of 10.5 L/(m2 h) and low salt accumulation were achieved in a 90-day operation. Moreover, the nutrient removal efficiency of the proposed system was close to 100%, confirming the effectiveness of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in the biofilm layer on sponge carriers. The overall performance of the SMB-OsMBR hybrid system using MgCl2 coupled with Triton X-114 as the draw solution demonstrates its potential application in wastewater treatment.

Published
2016

27. High frequency of ETFDH c.250G>A mutation in Taiwanese patients with late-onset lipid storage myopathy

Author

Liu Yf, Y.‐Y. Chang, Min-Yu Lan, Chen Ss, Jia-Shou Liu, Chin-Chang Huang, Mu-Hui Fu, and Cheng-Huei Peng

Subjects
Adult, Iron-Sulfur Proteins, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Electron-Transferring Flavoproteins, Taiwan, Lipidoses, SLC22A5, Muscular Diseases, Lipid droplet, Internal medicine, Genetics, medicine, Humans, Multiple Acyl Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency, Multiple Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency, Myopathy, Genetics (clinical), Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors, biology, business.industry, Ichthyosis, medicine.disease, Neutral lipid storage disease, Endocrinology, Mutation, biology.protein, Female, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency, medicine.symptom, business, Primary Carnitine Deficiency
Abstract

Lipid storage myopathies (LSMs) are characterized pathologically by the accumulation of lipid droplets in muscle fibers due to impaired cellular lipid metabolism. The purpose of this study was to determine etiologies and genetic mutations associated with LSMs in ethnic Han Taiwanese. The usefulness of the blood acylcarnitine (AC) profile for diagnosing LSMs in adult patients was also investigated. Nine patients were diagnosed with late-onset LSMs following a review of muscle biopsies and medical records and were recruited retrospectively. Genetic studies were performed to detect mutations in the SLC22A5 for primary carnitine deficiency, PNPLA2 for neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy, ABHD5 for neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis, ETFDH for multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency (MADD), and CPT2 for carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency. Blood AC levels were measured by tandem mass spectrometry. The mutation c.250G>A in ETFDH was detected in seven (78%) patients, six of whom were homozygous for the variant. Patients with ETFDH mutations had elevated blood levels of ACs ranging from C8 to C16 species, a pattern consistent with MADD. ETFDH c.250G>A mutation is common in Taiwanese patients with late-onset LSMs. The blood AC profile is a sensitive biochemical marker for diagnosing MADD arising from ETFDH mutations in adults.

Published
2010
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28. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition). Autophagy

Author

Klionsky, Dj, Abdelmohsen, K, Abe, A, Abedin, Mj, Abeliovich, H, Acevedo Arozena, A, Adachi, H, Adams, Cm, Adams, Pd, Adeli, K, Adhihetty, Pj, Adler, Sg, Agam, G, Agarwal, R, Aghi, Mk, Agnello, M, Agostinis, P, Aguilar, Pv, Aguirre-Ghiso, J, Airoldi, Em, Ait-Si-Ali, S, Akematsu, T, Akporiaye, Et, Al-Rubeai, M, Albaiceta, Gm, Albanese, C, Albani, D, Albert, Ml, Aldudo, J, Algül, H, Alirezaei, M, Alloza, I, Almasan, A, Almonte-Beceril, M, Alnemri, Es, Alonso, C, Altan-Bonnet, N, Altieri, Dc, Alvarez, S, Alvarez-Erviti, L, Alves, S, Amadoro, G, Amano, A, Amantini, C, Ambrosio, S, Amelio, I, Amer, Ao, Amessou, M, Amon, A, An, Z, Anania, Fa, Andersen, Su, Andley, Up, Andreadi, Ck, Andrieu-Abadie, N, Anel, A, Ann, Dk, Anoopkumar-Dukie, S, Antonioli, M, Aoki, H, Apostolova, N, Aquila, S, Aquilano, K, Araki, K, Arama, E, Aranda, A, Araya, J, Arcaro, A, Arias, E, Arimoto, H, Ariosa, Ar, Armstrong, Jl, Arnould, T, Arsov, I, Asanuma, K, Askanas, V, Asselin, E, Atarashi, R, Atherton, Ss, Atkin, Jd, Attardi, Ld, Auberger, P, Auburger, G, Aurelian, L, Autelli, R, Avagliano, L, Avantaggiati, Ml, Avrahami, L, Awale, S, Azad, N, Bachetti, Tiziana, Backer, Jm, Bae, Dh, Bae, Js, Bae, On, Bae, Sh, Baehrecke, Eh, Baek, Sh, Baghdiguian, S, Bagniewska-Zadworna, A, Bai, H, Bai, J, Bai, Xy, Bailly, Y, Balaji, Kn, Balduini, W, Ballabio, A, Balzan, R, Banerjee, R, Bánhegyi, G, Bao, H, Barbeau, B, Barrachina, Md, Barreiro, E, Bartel, B, Bartolomé, A, Bassham, Dc, Bassi, Mt, Bast RC Jr, Basu, A, Batista, Mt, Batoko, H, Battino, M, Bauckman, K, Baumgarner, Bl, Bayer, Ku, Beale, R, Beaulieu, Jf, Beck GR Jr, Becker, C, Beckham, Jd, Bédard, Pa, Bednarski, Pj, Begley, Tj, Behl, C, Behrends, C, Behrens, Gm, Behrns, Ke, Bejarano, E, Belaid, A, Belleudi, F, Bénard, G, Berchem, G, Bergamaschi, D, Bergami, M, Berkhout, B, Berliocchi, L, Bernard, A, Bernard, M, Bernassola, F, Bertolotti, A, Bess, As, Besteiro, S, Bettuzzi, S, Bhalla, S, Bhattacharyya, S, Bhutia, Sk, Biagosch, C, Bianchi, Mw, Biard-Piechaczyk, M, Billes, V, Bincoletto, C, Bingol, B, Bird, Sw, Bitoun, M, Bjedov, I, Blackstone, C, Blanc, L, Blanco, Ga, Blomhoff, Hk, Boada-Romero, E, Böckler, S, Boes, M, Boesze-Battaglia, K, Boise, Lh, Bolino, A, Boman, A, Bonaldo, P, Bordi, M, Bosch, J, Botana, Lm, Botti, J, Bou, G, Bouché, M, Bouchecareilh, M, Boucher, Mj, Boulton, Me, Bouret, Sg, Boya, P, Boyer-Guittaut, M, Bozhkov, Pv, Brady, N, Braga, Vm, Brancolini, C, Braus, Gh, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Brennan, La, Bresnick, Eh, Brest, P, Bridges, D, Bringer, Ma, Brini, M, Brito, Gc, Brodin, B, Brookes, Ps, Brown, Ej, Brown, K, Broxmeyer, He, Bruhat, A, Brum, Pc, Brumell, Jh, Brunetti-Pierri, N, Bryson-Richardson, Rj, Buch, S, Buchan, Am, Budak, H, Bulavin, Dv, Bultman, Sj, Bultynck, G, Bumbasirevic, V, Burelle, Y, Burke, Re, Burmeister, M, Bütikofer, P, Caberlotto, L, Cadwell, K, Cahova, M, Cai, D, Cai, J, Cai, Q, Calatayud, S, Camougrand, N, Campanella, M, Campbell, Gr, Campbell, M, Campello, S, Candau, R, Caniggia, I, 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T, Cutillas, Pr, Czaja, Mj, Czyzyk-Krzeska, Mf, Dagda, Rk, Dahmen, U, Dai, C, Dai, W, Dai, Y, Dalby, Kn, Dalla Valle, L, Dalmasso, G, D'Amelio, M, Damme, M, Darfeuille-Michaud, A, Dargemont, C, Darley-Usmar, Vm, Dasarathy, S, Dasgupta, B, Dash, S, Dass, Cr, Davey, Hm, Davids, Lm, Dávila, D, Davis, Rj, Dawson, Tm, Dawson, Vl, Daza, P, de Belleroche, J, de Figueiredo, P, de Figueiredo RC, de la Fuente, J, De Martino, L, De Matteis, A, De Meyer GR, De Milito, A, De Santi, M, de Souza, W, De Tata, V, De Zio, D, Debnath, J, Dechant, R, Decuypere, Jp, Deegan, S, Dehay, B, Del Bello, B, Del Re DP, Delage-Mourroux, R, Delbridge, Lm, Deldicque, L, Delorme-Axford, E, Deng, Y, Dengjel, J, Denizot, M, Dent, P, Der, Cj, Deretic, V, Derrien, B, Deutsch, E, Devarenne, Tp, Devenish, Rj, Di Bartolomeo, S, Di Daniele, N, Di Domenico, F, Di Nardo, A, Di Paola, S, Di Pietro, A, Di Renzo, L, Diantonio, A, Díaz-Araya, G, Díaz-Laviada, I, Diaz-Meco, Mt, Diaz-Nido, J, Dickey, Ca, Dickson, Rc, Diederich, M, 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Sundaramoorthy, V, Sung, J, Suzuki, H, Suzuki, K, Suzuki, N, Suzuki, T, Suzuki, Yj, Swanson, Ms, Swanton, C, Swärd, K, Swarup, G, Sweeney, St, Sylvester, Pw, Szatmari, Z, Szegezdi, E, Szlosarek, Pw, Taegtmeyer, H, Tafani, M, Taillebourg, E, Tait, Sw, Takacs-Vellai, K, Takahashi, Y, Takáts, S, Takemura, G, Takigawa, N, Talbot, Nj, Tamagno, E, Tamburini, J, Tan, Cp, Tan, L, Tan, Ml, Tan, M, Tan, Yj, Tanaka, K, Tanaka, M, Tang, D, Tang, G, Tanida, I, Tanji, K, Tannous, Ba, Tapia, Ja, Tasset-Cuevas, I, Tatar, M, Tavassoly, I, Tavernarakis, N, Taylor, A, Taylor, Gs, Taylor, Ga, Taylor, Jp, Taylor, Mj, Tchetina, Ev, Tee, Ar, Teixeira-Clerc, F, Telang, S, Tencomnao, T, Teng, Bb, Teng, Rj, Terro, F, Tettamanti, G, Theiss, Al, Theron, Ae, Thomas, Kj, Thomé, Mp, Thomes, Pg, Thorburn, A, Thorner, J, Thum, T, Thumm, M, Thurston, Tl, Tian, L, Till, A, Ting, Jp, Titorenko, Vi, Toker, L, Toldo, S, Tooze, Sa, Topisirovic, I, Torgersen, Ml, Torosantucci, L, Torriglia, A, Torrisi, Mr, Tournier, C, Towns, R, Trajkovic, V, Travassos, Lh, Triola, G, Tripathi, Dn, Trisciuoglio, D, Troncoso, R, Trougakos, Ip, Truttmann, Ac, Tsai, Kj, Tschan, Mp, Tseng, Yh, Tsukuba, T, Tsung, A, Tsvetkov, As, Tu, S, Tuan, Hy, Tucci, M, Tumbarello, Da, Turk, B, Turk, V, Turner, Rf, Tveita, Aa, Tyagi, Sc, Ubukata, M, Uchiyama, Y, Udelnow, A, Ueno, T, Umekawa, M, Umemiya-Shirafuji, R, Underwood, Br, Ungermann, C, Ureshino, Rp, Ushioda, R, Uversky, Vn, Uzcátegui, Nl, Vaccari, T, Vaccaro, Mi, Váchová, L, Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, H, Valdor, R, Valente, Em, Vallette, F, Valverde, Am, Van den Berghe, G, Van Den Bosch, L, van den Brink GR, van der Goot FG, van der Klei IJ, van der Laan LJ, van Doorn WG, van Egmond, M, van Golen KL, Van Kaer, L, van Lookeren Campagne, M, Vandenabeele, P, Vandenberghe, W, Vanhorebeek, I, Varela-Nieto, I, Vasconcelos, Mh, Vasko, R, Vavvas, Dg, Vega-Naredo, I, Velasco, G, Velentzas, Ad, Velentzas, Pd, Vellai, T, Vellenga, E, Vendelbo, Mh, Venkatachalam, K, Ventura, N, Ventura, S, Veras, Ps, Verdier, M, Vertessy, Bg, Viale, A, Vidal, M, Vieira, Hl, Vierstra, Rd, Vigneswaran, N, Vij, N, Vila, M, Villar, M, Villar, Vh, Villarroya, J, Vindis, C, Viola, G, Viscomi, Mt, Vitale, G, Vogl, Dt, Voitsekhovskaja, Ov, von Haefen, C, von Schwarzenberg, K, Voth, De, Vouret-Craviari, V, Vuori, K, Vyas, Jm, Waeber, C, Walker, Cl, Walker, Mj, Walter, J, Wan, L, Wan, X, Wang, B, Wang, C, Wang, Cy, Wang, D, Wang, F, Wang, G, Wang, Hj, Wang, H, Wang, Hg, Wang, Hd, Wang, J, Wang, M, Wang, Mq, Wang, Py, Wang, P, Wang, Rc, Wang, S, Wang, Tf, Wang, X, Wang, Xj, Wang, Xw, Wang, Y, Wang, Yj, Wang, Yt, Wang, Zn, Wappner, P, Ward, C, Ward, Dm, Warnes, G, Watada, H, Watanabe, Y, Watase, K, Weaver, Te, Weekes, Cd, Wei, J, Weide, T, Weihl, Cc, Weindl, G, Weis, Sn, Wen, L, Wen, X, Wen, Y, Westermann, B, Weyand, Cm, White, Ar, White, E, Whitton, Jl, Whitworth, Aj, Wiels, J, Wild, F, Wildenberg, Me, Wileman, T, Wilkinson, Ds, Wilkinson, S, Willbold, D, Williams, C, Williams, K, Williamson, Pr, Winklhofer, Kf, Witkin, Ss, Wohlgemuth, Se, Wollert, T, Wolvetang, Ej, Wong, E, Wong, Gw, Wong, Rw, Wong, Vk, Woodcock, Ea, Wright, Kl, Wu, C, Wu, D, Wu, Gs, Wu, J, Wu, M, Wu, S, Wu, Wk, Wu, Y, Wu, Z, Xavier, Cp, Xavier, Rj, Xia, Gx, Xia, T, Xia, W, Xia, Y, Xiao, H, Xiao, J, Xiao, S, Xiao, W, Xie, Cm, Xie, Z, Xilouri, M, Xiong, Y, Xu, C, Xu, F, Xu, H, Xu, J, Xu, L, Xu, X, Xu, Y, Xu, Zx, Xu, Z, Xue, Y, Yamada, T, Yamamoto, A, Yamanaka, K, Yamashina, S, Yamashiro, S, Yan, B, Yan, X, Yan, Z, Yanagi, Y, Yang, Ds, Yang, Jm, Yang, L, Yang, M, Yang, Pm, Yang, P, Yang, Q, Yang, W, Yang, Wy, Yang, X, Yang, Y, Yang, Z, Yao, Mc, Yao, Pj, Yao, X, Yao, Z, Yasui, Ls, Ye, M, Yedvobnick, B, Yeganeh, B, Yeh, Es, Yeyati, Pl, Yi, F, Yi, L, Yin, Xm, Yip, Ck, Yoo, Ym, Yoo, Yh, Yoon, Sy, Yoshida, K, Yoshimori, T, Young, Kh, Yu, H, Yu, Jj, Yu, Jt, Yu, J, Yu, L, Yu, Wh, Yu, Xf, Yu, Z, Yuan, J, Yuan, Zm, Yue, By, Yue, J, Yue, Z, Zacks, Dn, Zacksenhaus, E, Zaffaroni, N, Zaglia, T, Zakeri, Z, Zecchini, V, Zeng, J, Zeng, M, Zeng, Q, Zervos, As, Zhang, Dd, Zhang, F, Zhang, G, Zhang, Gc, Zhang, H, Zhang, J, Zhang, Jp, Zhang, L, Zhang, My, Zhang, X, Zhang, Xd, Zhang, Y, Zhao, M, Zhao, Wl, Zhao, X, Zhao, Yg, Zhao, Y, Zhao, Yx, Zhao, Z, Zhao, Zj, Zheng, D, Zheng, Xl, Zheng, X, Zhivotovsky, B, Zhong, Q, Zhou, Gz, Zhou, G, Zhou, H, Zhou, Sf, Zhou, Xj, Zhu, H, Zhu, Wg, Zhu, W, Zhu, Xf, Zhu, Y, Zhuang, Sm, Zhuang, X, Ziparo, E, Zois, Ce, Zoladek, T, Zong, Wx, Zorzano, A, and Zughaier, Sm

Published
2016

29. A new class of draw solutions for minimizing reverse salt flux to improve forward osmosis desalination

Author

Nguyen, HT, Nguyen, NC, Chen, SS, Ngo, HH, Guo, W, and Li, CW

Subjects
Osmosis, Salinity, Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions, Environmental Sciences, Edetic Acid, Water Purification
Abstract

© 2015 Elsevier B.V. The applications of forward osmosis (FO) have been hindered because of the lack of an optimal draw solution. The reverse salt flux from the draw solution not only reduces the water flux but also increases the cost of draw solute replenishment. Therefore, in this study, Tergitol NP7 and NP9 with a long straight carbon chain and low critical micelle concentration (CMC) were coupled with highly charged ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as an innovative draw solution to minimize reverse salt diffusion in FO for the first time. The results showed that the lowest reverse salt flux of 0.067 GMH was observed when 0.1. M EDTA-2Na coupled with 15. mM NP7 was used as a draw solution and deionized water was used as a feed solution in FO mode (active layer facing with the feed solution). This is due to the hydrophobic interaction between the tails of NP7 and the FO membrane, thus creating layers on the membrane surface and constricting the FO membrane pores. Moreover, 1. M EDTA-2Na coupled with 15. mM NP7 is promising as an optimal draw solution for brackish water and sea water desalination. Average water fluxes of 7.68, 6.78, and 5.95 LMH were achieved when brackish water was used as a feed solution (5, 10, and 20. g/L NaCl), and an average water flux of 3.81 LMH was achieved when sea water was used as a feed solution (35. g/L NaCl). The diluted draw solution was recovered using a nanofiltration (NF-TS80) membrane with a high efficiency of 95% because of the high charge and large size of the draw solution.

Published
2015

30. Exploring an innovative surfactant and phosphate-based draw solution for forward osmosis desalination

Author

Nguyen, HT, Chen, SS, Nguyen, NC, Ngo, HH, Guo, W, and Li, CW

Subjects
Chemical Engineering
Abstract

© 2015 Elsevier B.V. The reverse salt flux phenomenon of forward osmosis affects the quality of the feed water, reduces water flux, and increases the cost for replenishing lost draw solute. In this study, a novel draw solution comprising a mixture of Triton X100 and Na3PO4 for minimizing the reverse salt flux during forward osmosis (FO) was explored. The results indicated that the reverse salt flux caused by coupling 0.5mM Triton X100 to 0.55M Na3PO4 draw solution was only 0.13g/m2h, and the specific reverse salt flux was 0.03g/L using DI water as the feed solution, which are the lowest recorded values among all forward osmosis studies. Hydrophobic attractive interactions between tail groups of Triton X100 with the FO membrane are believed to be the main mechanism for minimizing salt leakage. Results from desalination experiments demonstrated that using 0.55M Na3PO4 coupled with 0.5mM Triton X100 as the draw solution and brackish water and seawater as the feed solution with total dissolved solids of 4090 and 36,800ppm achieved water fluxes of 4.89L/m2h and 1.15L/m2h, respectively. Furthermore, using a two-stage ultrafiltration-nanofiltration system for the draw solution recovery enabled 98% recovery of solutes.

Published
2015

31. Applicability of a novel osmotic membrane bioreactor using a specific draw solution in wastewater treatment

Author

Nguyen, NC, Chen, SS, Nguyen, HT, Ngo, HH, Guo, W, Hao, CW, and Lin, PH

Subjects
Osmosis, Bioreactors, Membranes, Artificial, Waste Water, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Environmental Sciences
Abstract

© 2015 Elsevier B.V. This study aims to develop a new osmotic membrane bioreactor by combining a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) with forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (FOMBR) to treat wastewater. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt coupled with polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl ether was used as an innovative draw solution in this membrane hybrid system (MBBR-OsMBR) for minimizing the reverse salt flux and maintaining a healthy environment for the microorganism community. The results showed that the hybrid system achieved a stable water flux of 6.94L/m2h and low salt accumulation in the bioreactor for 68days of operation. At a filling rate of 40% (by volume of the bioreactor) of the polyethylene balls used as carriers, NH4+-N and PO43--P were almost removed (>99%) while producing relatively low NO3--N and NO2--N in the effluent (e.g.

Published
2015

32. Exploration of EDTA sodium salt as novel draw solution in forward osmosis process for dewatering of high nutrient sludge

Author

Hau, NT, Chen, SS, Nguyen, NC, Huang, KZ, Ngo, HH, and Guo, W

Subjects
Chemical Engineering
Abstract

In this study, a hybrid forward osmosis-nanofiltration (FO/NF) process was designed for dewatering high nutrient containing sludge and recovering draw solution with minimum energy as well as low fouling. A novel draw solution - EDTA sodium salt - was also systematically studied for dewatering process. Results show that using EDTA sodium salt produced higher water flux and lower reverse salt flux when compared to conventional inorganic salt (NaCl) at pH 8. The final sludge concentration reached 32,000. mg/L after 16. h of operation. Moreover, nutrient compounds in sludge were successfully removed by the FO membrane with a removal efficiency of approximately 97% of NH4+-N, 90% of NO3--N, 97% of NO2--N and 99% of PO43--P, which was attributed to the multi-barrier layers of sludge forming on membrane surface and the steric effect of the FO membrane. The NF recovery of EDTA sodium salt indicated that all NF membranes performed well and TS-80 was the best among the tested membranes. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.

Published
2014

33. A breakthrough biosorbent in removing heavy metals: Equilibrium, kinetic, thermodynamic and mechanism analyses in a lab-scale study

Author

Abdolali, A, Ngo, HH, Guo, W, Lu, S, Chen, SS, Nguyen, NC, Zhang, X, Wang, J, Wu, Y, Abdolali, A, Ngo, HH, Guo, W, Lu, S, Chen, SS, Nguyen, NC, Zhang, X, Wang, J, and Wu, Y

Abstract

© 2015 Elsevier B.V. A breakthrough biosorbent namely multi-metal binding biosorbent (MMBB) made from a combination of tea wastes, maple leaves and mandarin peels, was prepared to evaluate their biosorptive potential for removal of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) from multi-metal aqueous solutions. FTIR and SEM were conducted, before and after biosorption, to explore the intensity and position of the available functional groups and changes in adsorbent surface morphology. Carboxylic, hydroxyl and amine groups were found to be the principal functional groups for the sorption of metals. MMBB exhibited best performance at pH. 5.5 with maximum sorption capacities of 31.73, 41.06, 76.25 and 26.63. mg/g for Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II), respectively. Pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order models represented the kinetic experimental data in different initial metal concentrations very well. Among two-parameter adsorption isotherm models, the Langmuir equation gave a better fit of the equilibrium data. For Cu(II) and Zn(II), the Khan isotherm describes better biosorption conditions while for Cd(II) and Pb(II), the Sips model was found to provide the best correlation of the biosorption equilibrium data. The calculated thermodynamic parameters indicated feasible, spontaneous and exothermic biosorption process. Overall, this novel MMBB can effectively be utilized as an adsorbent to remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions.

Published
2016

34. Typical lignocellulosic wastes and by-products for biosorption process in water and wastewater treatment: A critical review

Author

Abdolali, A, Guo, WS, Ngo, HH, Chen, SS, Nguyen, NC, and Tung, KL

Subjects
Biodegradation, Environmental, Waste Water, Adsorption, Lignin, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Biotechnology, Water Purification
Abstract

Biosorption on lignocellulosic wastes and by-products has been identified as a proper alternative to the existing technologies applied for toxic metal ion and dye removal from wastewater streams. This paper deals with utilization of typical low cost wastes and by-products produced in different food agricultural and agro-industries as biosorbent and reviews the current state of studies on a wide variety of cheap biosorbents in natural and modified forms. The efficiency of each biosorbent has been also discussed with respect to the operating conditions (e.g. temperature, hydraulic residence time, initial metal concentration, biosorbent particle size and its dosage), chemical modification on sorption capacity and preparation methods, as well as thermodynamics and kinetics. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Published
2014

35. A comparative study on different metal loaded soybean milk by-product 'okara' for biosorption of phosphorus from aqueous solution

Author

Nguyen, TAH, Ngo, HH, Guo, WS, Nguyen, TV, Zhang, J, Liang, S, Chen, SS, and Nguyen, NC

Subjects
Iron, Temperature, Soy Foods, Phosphorus, Soy Milk, Solutions, Kinetics, Biodegradation, Environmental, Metals, Polysaccharides, Zirconium, Adsorption, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Biotechnology, Plant Proteins
Abstract

Cationization of agricultural by-products using metal salts is widely used to activate their phosphorous capture ability. This study developed three kinds of new metal loaded soybean milk by-product 'okara' for phosphorus biosorption. A comparative study among these biosorbents was carried out with respect to their performances in terms of affinity, stability and reusability. Zirconium loaded okara (ZLO) was found to have the highest affinity towards PO43- anions (47.88mg/g), followed by iron/zirconium loaded okara - IZLO (40.96mg/g) and iron loaded okara - ILO (16.39mg/g). ZLO was successfully desorbed with 0.2M NaOH and activated with 0.1 HCl prior to the next cycle. After five consecutive cycles, the efficiency of both adsorption and desorption of ZLO remained about 85% whilst no Zr(IV) leakage was observed. Conversely, IZLO and ILO suffered from vital short comings such as high metal release and/or sharp reduction in PO43- sequestering capability after multi operation cycles. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

Published
2014

36. Region-specific indicators for assessing the sustainability of biomass utilisation in East Asia

Author

Kudoh, Y, Sagisaka, M, Chen, SS, Elauria, JC, Gheewala, SH, Hasanudin, U, Romero, J, Sharma, VK, Shi, X, Kudoh, Y, Sagisaka, M, Chen, SS, Elauria, JC, Gheewala, SH, Hasanudin, U, Romero, J, Sharma, VK, and Shi, X

Abstract

© 2015 by the authors, licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This paper presents the findings of an expert working group of researchers from East Asian countries. The group was tasked with developing a theoretically sound and practically implementable methodology for assessing the sustainability of biomass utilisation in East Asian countries based on the needs and potential of biomass resources in this region. Building on six years of research conducted between 2007 and 2013, the working group formulated a set of main and secondary indicators for biomass utilisation under three pillars of sustainability. For the environmental pillar, the main indicator was life cycle greenhouse gas emissions and secondary indicators were water consumption and soil quality. For the economic pillar, the main indicator was total value added and secondary indicators were net profit, productivity, and net energy balance. For the social pillar, the main indicators were employment generation and access to modern energy, and the secondary indicator was the human development index. The application of the working group methodology and indicators in sustainability assessments of biomass utilisation will enable decision makers in East Asian countries to compare the sustainability of biomass utilisation options and to make decisions on whether or not to launch or sustain biomass utilisation initiatives.

Published
2015

37. Flavonoids in Food and Their Health Benefits

Author

Lihu Yao, Riantong Singanusong, Nivedita Datta, Chen Ss, John Shi, Francisco A. Tomás-Barberán, Yueming Jiang, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (Australia), and Australian Government

Subjects
Daily intake, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Biological Availability, Health benefits, medicine.disease_cause, Antioxidants, Immunodeficiency virus, Humans, Medicine, heterocyclic compounds, Food science, Health benefit, Flavonoids, business.industry, Dietary intake, fungi, food and beverages, Structure, Coronary heart disease, Biotechnology, carbohydrates (lipids), Chronic disease, Dietary source, Chemistry (miscellaneous), Fruits and vegetables, Chronic Disease, Flavonoid, Level, Intake, Food, Organic, business, Nutritive Value, Food Science
Abstract

10 pages, 2 tables, 2 figures.-- Printed version published July 2004., There has been increasing interest in the research of flavonoids from dietary sources, due to growing evidence of the versatile health benefits of flavonoids through epidemiological studies. As occurrence of flavonoids is directly associated with human daily dietary intake of antioxidants, it is important to evaluate flavonoid sources in food. Fruits and vegetables are the main dietary sources of flavonoids for humans, along with tea and wine. However, there is still difficulty in accurately measuring the daily intake of flavonoids because of the complexity of existence of flavonoids from various food sources, the diversity of dietary culture, and the occurrence of a large amount of flavonoids itself in nature. Nevertheless, research on the health aspects of flavonoids for humans is expanding rapidly. Many flavonoids are shown to have antioxidative activity, free-radical scavenging capacity, coronary heart disease prevention, and anticancer activity, while some flavonoids exhibit potential for anti–human immunodeficiency virus functions. As such research progresses, further achievements will undoubtedly lead to a new era of flavonoids in either foods or pharmaceutical supplements. Accordingly, an appropriate model for a precise assessment of intake of flavonoids needs to be developed. Most recent research has focused on the health aspects of flavonoids from food sources for humans. This paper reviews the current advances in flavonoids in food, with emphasis on health aspects on the basis of the published literature, which may provide some guidance for researchers in further investigations and for industries in developing practical health agents., The authors thank the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC, Australia) for financial support for this project and Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST, Australia) for providing an IPRS fund support.

Published
2005

39. Multilineage differentiation of rhesus monkey embryonic stem cells in three dimensional culture systems

Author

Chen SS, Revoltella RP, Papini S, Michelini M, Fitzgerald W, Zimmerberg J, and Margolis L.

Subjects
Embryonic stem cell, Collagen matrix, Three-dimensional structure
Abstract

In the course of normal embryogenesis, embryonic stem (ES) cells differentiate along different lineages in the context of complex three-dimensional (3D) tissue structures. In order to study this phenomenon in vitro under controlled conditions, 3D culture systems are necessary. Here, we studied in vitro differentiation of rhesus monkey ES cells in 3D collagen matrixes (collagen gels and porous collagen sponges). Differentiation of ES cells in these 3D systems was different from that in monolayers. ES cells differentiated in collagen matrixes into neural, epithelial, and endothelial lineages. The abilities of ES cells to form various structures in two chemically similar but topologically different matrixes were different. In particular, in collagen gels ES cells formed gland-like circular structures, whereas in collagen sponges ES cells were scattered through the matrix or formed aggregates. Soluble factors produced by feeder cells or added to the culture medium facilitated ES cell differentiation into particular lineages. Coculture with fibroblasts in collagen gel facilitated ES cell differentiation into cells of a neural lineage expressing nestin, neural cell adhesion molecule, and class III beta-tubulin. In collagen sponges, keratinocytes facilitated ES cell differentiation into cells of an endothelial lineage expressing factor VIII. Exogenous granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor further enhanced endothelial differentiation. Thus, both soluble factors and the type of extracellular matrix seem to be critical in directing differentiation of ES cells and the formation of tissue-like structures. Three-dimensional culture systems are a valuable tool for studying the mechanisms of these phenomena.

Published
2003

40. Sustainability assessment methodology of biomass utilization for energy in East Asian countries

Author

Sadamichi, Y, Kudoh, Y, Sagisaka, M, Chen, SS, Elauria, JC, Gheewala, SH, Hasanudin, U, Romero, J, Shi, X, Sharma, VK, Sadamichi, Y, Kudoh, Y, Sagisaka, M, Chen, SS, Elauria, JC, Gheewala, SH, Hasanudin, U, Romero, J, Shi, X, and Sharma, VK

Abstract

In response to the importance of assessing both positive and negative impacts caused by biomass utilization for energy, number of initiatives in the world are currently working on development of criteria and indicators for sustainable biomass utilization. Although there is abundant biomass to be utilized in East Asia, it is difficult to say that countries in this region are at forefront of those initiatives. In this context, in order to provide a decision-making methodology to evaluate sustainability of biomass energy utilization in East Asia, the authors were formed as an expert working group in 2007 and since then has been conducting researches to assess its sustainability with the concept of triple bottom line; namely, environmental, economic and social aspects of sustainability. In addition to the development of a methodology and indicators for sustainability assessment for biomass energy utilization, we have field-tested the applicability of the methodology in selected four East Asian countries. This paper firstly explain the methodology the working group developed, secondly the results and lessons learned from the field-tests of the methodology, and thirdly the latest works based on those lessons, aiming at comprehensive assessment of the sustainability of biomass energy initiatives at small to large scale in East Asian countries.

Published
2012

41. A metaproteomic approach to study human-microbial ecosystems at the mucosal luminal interface

Author

Li, X, LeBlanc, J, Truong, A, Vuthoori, R, Chen, SS, Lustgarten, JL, Roth, B, Allard, J, Ippoliti, A, Presley, LL, Borneman, J, Bigbee, WL, Gopalakrishnan, V, Graeber, TG, Elashoff, D, Braun, J, Goodglick, L, Li, X, LeBlanc, J, Truong, A, Vuthoori, R, Chen, SS, Lustgarten, JL, Roth, B, Allard, J, Ippoliti, A, Presley, LL, Borneman, J, Bigbee, WL, Gopalakrishnan, V, Graeber, TG, Elashoff, D, Braun, J, and Goodglick, L

Abstract

Aberrant interactions between the host and the intestinal bacteria are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of many digestive diseases. However, studying the complex ecosystem at the human mucosal-luminal interface (MLI) is challenging and requires an integrative systems biology approach. Therefore, we developed a novel method integrating lavage sampling of the human mucosal surface, high-throughput proteomics, and a unique suite of bioinformatic and statistical analyses. Shotgun proteomic analysis of secreted proteins recovered from the MLI confirmed the presence of both human and bacterial components. To profile the MLI metaproteome, we collected 205 mucosal lavage samples from 38 healthy subjects, and subjected them to high-throughput proteomics. The spectral data were subjected to a rigorous data processing pipeline to optimize suitability for quantitation and analysis, and then were evaluated using a set of biostatistical tools. Compared to the mucosal transcriptome, the MLI metaproteome was enriched for extracellular proteins involved in response to stimulus and immune system processes. Analysis of the metaproteome revealed significant individual-related as well as anatomic region-related (biogeographic) features. Quantitative shotgun proteomics established the identity and confirmed the biogeographic association of 49 proteins (including 3 functional protein networks) demarcating the proximal and distal colon. This robust and integrated proteomic approach is thus effective for identifying functional features of the human mucosal ecosystem, and a fresh understanding of the basic biology and disease processes at the MLI. © 2011 Li et al.

Published
2011

42. A low power CMOS imager based on time-to-first-spike encoding and fair AER

Author

Chen, SS, Bermak, Amine, Chen, SS, and Bermak, Amine

Abstract

This paper presents a CMOS vision sensor based on a biologically inspired data representation referred to as Time-to-First-Spike (TFS) encoding combined with a fair Address Event Representation (AER) scheme. Our approach is different from conventional methods because the read-out of information is initiated by the pixel itself while access to the read-out bus is granted only once to each pixel after which it enters into a stand-by mode. This approach allows to greatly save dynamic power consumption and to extensively reduce inefficiencies due to periodical requests of the bus in the case of spiking pixels. Transmission bandwidth is thus significantly improved using the proposed circuitry. Each pixel includes only 14 transistors and occupies an area of 15 x 15 mu m(2), with a fill factor of 33% using 0.35 mu m process. The average current consumption is estimated to 10nA per pixel, which is 3 orders of magnitude lower compared with that of the spiking pixel.

Published
2005

45. Data management for multiuser access to digital video libraries

Author

Zhao, JL, Rotem, D., Chen, SS, Zhao, JL, Rotem, D., and Chen, SS

Abstract

To support heterogeneous application types a video digital library will contain a large number of video objects with various lengths and display requirements. Multiuser access to the same video objects is required in order to increase the availability of video information and to make full use of the limited computing and storage resources. The access frequency and delay sensitivity of video objects require special methods to guarantee smooth playback of video objects and to minimize average waiting time. We propose an integrated approach to buffer and disk management for dynamic loading and simultaneous delivery of multiple video objects to multiple users. The allocation of buffer and disk resources in this study is based on quality of service variables such as average waiting time, display continuity, and viewer enrollment. (C) 1999 Academic Press, Inc.

Published
1999

48. Inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of pneumonia in Medicare patients with COPD.

Author

Thornton Snider J, Luna Y, Wong KS, Zhang J, Chen SS, Gless PJ, and Goldman DP

Abstract

Abstract Objective: To determine the association between inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use and the risk of pneumonia among Medicare patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: A nested case control analysis was performed to study the relationship between ICS use and pneumonia risk in a cohort of Medicare Advantage members with COPD. Patients were identified through a medical and pharmacy claims database. A case was designated as patient's first inpatient or outpatient pneumonia episode. Cases were matched to controls who entered the COPD cohort at the same time, but had not yet developed pneumonia by the case's index date. The association between ICS use and pneumonia was estimated using logistic regression. Adjusted models controlled for age, sex, race, use of other COPD medications, markers of COPD severity, receipt of the pneumococcal vaccine, and comorbidities. Analyses were also stratified by current or past ICS use, as well as dosage (low, medium, or high). Results: Out of a COPD cohort of 83,455 members, 13,778 pneumonia episodes were identified; these cases were matched to 36,767 controls. Adjusting for covariates, having used any ICS during the past year was associated with increased risk of a pneumonia episode (OR 1.11, 95% CI: 1.05-1.18). Pneumonia risk was highest for current ICS users (OR 1.26, 95% CI: 1.16-1.36) and current high-dose users (OR 1.55, 95% CI: 1.25-1.92), compared to non-users. Conclusion: As a retrospective claims analysis, this study had inherent limitations. The pneumonia diagnosis could not be confirmed, smoking history and other health confounders were not included. However, given the large study sample size and extensive number of available controls, the results remain persuasive and confirm previous studies' findings that ICS use, particularly current use and high-dose use, is associated with increased pneumonia risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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