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Summary: Background: Growing evidence indicates that incretin‐based therapies (IBTs), glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RAs), and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors (DPP4is) are effective and safe for treating pediatric obesity patients with or without type 2 diabetes. Therefore, we aimed to perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis for updating current evidence. Methods: We searched the PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and the EMBASE database for articles published until September 15, 2023, and limited to randomized control trials. The primary outcomes were changed from baseline in weight metrics and the cardiometabolic profile. A random effects model will be used, as high heterogeneity is expected. All analyses were performed using STATA 17.0. Results: Fifteen trials with a total number of 1286 participants were included in our meta‐analysis. Overall, the mean difference in weight change between the IBTs group and the control group was −2.89 kg (95% confidence interval, −5.12 to −0.65, p = 0.011). Additionally, IBTs significantly reduced the HbA1c level and fasting plasma glucose by 0.37% and 6.99 mg/dl, compared with control groups. IBTs showed a little increased risk of GI side effects and hypoglycemia events, but none of the severe hypoglycemia events were occurred in IBTs group. Conclusions: Our study results have proved that GLP‐1 RAs are safe, acceptable, and effective in weight reduction and sugar control for children with obesity. In addition, DPP‐4is seems to have no effect on glycemic control and weight loss in childhood obesity. Further research is needed to confirm these findings, especially in younger children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astragalus membranaceus, a traditional Chinese herb, has been used to improve airway inflammation and asthma. The present study investigated whether A. membranaceus has immunotherapeutic effects on asthma, a chronic inflammatory mucosal disease that is associated with excess production of IgE, eosinophilia, T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. An ovalbumin (OVA)-induced, chronic inflammatory airway murine asthma model was used to examine the status of pulmonary inflammation after the administration of A. membranaceus. The IgE levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed a tendency to decrease after the administration of A. membranaceus. The number of eosinophils decreased and infiltration of inflammatory cells and collagen deposition declined in lung sections after A. membranaceus administration. The RNA and protein levels of Th2 cytokines and the ratio of the GATA3/T-bet mRNA levels decreased after A. membranaceus treatment. Furthermore, the mRNA level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a nuclear hormone receptor, increased in the lung tissues of A. membranaceus-treated mice. Finally, an A. membranaceus water extract activated PPARγ activity in either human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) or A549 cells in a PPARγ-responsive element-containing luciferase reporter assay. These results indicate that A. membranaceus has an inhibitory effect on airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma through modulating the imbalanced relationship between Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Key words: Astragalus membranaceus, PPARγ, asthma, murine model. Astragalus membranaceus (AM), une plante medicinale traditionnelle chinoise, a ete utilisee pour attenuer l'inflammation des voies respiratoires et l'asthme. La presente etude a examine si AM exer^ait des effets immunotherapeutiques sur l'asthme, une maladie inflammatoire chronique de la muqueuse associee a une production excessive d'lgE, une eosinophilie, une production de cytokines Th2 et une hyperreactivite bronchique. Un modele d'asthme consistant en une inflammation chronique des voies aeriennes induite par l'OVA a ete utilise chez la souris afin d'examiner l'etat d'inflammation pulmonaire a la suite de l'administration d'AM. Les niveaux d'lgE dans le serum et le liquide de lavage broncho-alveolaire tendaient a diminuer apres l'administration d'AM. Le nombre d'eosinophiles diminuait, et l'infiltration des cellules inflammatoires et le depot de collagene etaient abaisses dans les coupes de poumons a la suite de l'administration d'AM. Les niveaux des cytokines Th2 et de leur ARNm correspondant, ainsi que le rapport des niveaux d'ARNm de GATA3/T-bet diminuait apres l'administration d'un traitement avec AM. De plus, le niveau d'ARNm de PPARγ, un recepteur hormonal nucleaire, etait accru dans les tissus pulmonaires des souris traitees avec AM. Finalement, un extrait aqueux d'AM activait PPARγ chez les cellules HEK293 ou A549 selon un dosage de l'activite luciferase d'un gene rapporteur comportant un element de reponse au PPARγ. Ces resultats indiquent que AM exerce un effet inhibiteur de l'inflammation des voies respiratoires dans un modele d'asthme chez la souris en modulant la relation debalancee entre les cytokines Th1 et Th2. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: Astragalus membranaceus, PPARγ, asthme, modele chez la souris., Introduction Asthma is the most common chronic inflammatory airway disease and is characterized by bronchoconstriction, pulmonary inflammation, and airway remodeling (Hansel and Barnes 2001). The prevalence of asthma is increasing [...]