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Designing a dynamic ramp with an invariant inductor in current-mode control for an on-chip Buck converter is proposed in this paper. This configuration maintains system stability under different input/output voltages without changing the inductor and compensation circuit. The dynamic ramp can be adjusted according to the variation in the output voltage or the voltage droop between the input voltage and the output voltage to maintain bandwidth and phase margin using the invariant inductor and compensation circuit. Finally, 14-V input voltage, 12-V output voltage, and 24-W output power with the dynamic ramp sampling the output voltage is implemented using MathCAD predictions, SIMPLIS simulation results, and experimental results to verify its viability and superiority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil microorganisms play an important role in the biogeochemical cycles of terrestrial ecosystems. How-ever, it is still unclear how the amount and duration of nitrogen (N) addition affect soil microbial community structure and whether there is a correlation between the changes in microbial community structure and their nutrient limi-tation status. In this study, we conducted an N addition experiment in a subtropical Pinus taiwanensis forest to simulate N deposition with three treatments: control (CK, 0 kg N·hm -2 ·a -1 ), low N (LN, 40 kg N·hm -2 ·a -1 ), and high N (HN, 80 kg N·hm -2 ·a -1 ). Basic soil physicochemical properties, phospholipid fatty acids content, and carbon (C), N and phosphorus (P) acquisition enzyme activities were measured after one and three years of N addition. The relative nutrient limitation status of soil microorganisms was analyzed using ecological enzyme stoichiometry. The results showed that one-year N addition did not affect soil microbial community structure. Three-year LN treatment significantly increased the contents of Gram-positive bacteria (G + ), Gram-negative bacteria (G - ), actinomycetes (ACT), and total phospholipid fatty acids (TPLFA), whereas three-year HN treatment did not significantly affect soil microbial community, indicating that bacteria and ACT might be more sensitive to N addition. Nitrogen addition exacerbated soil C and P limitation. Phosphorus limitation was the optimal explanatory factor for the changes in soil microbial community structure. It suggested that P limitation induced by N addition might be more beneficial for the growth of certain oligotrophic bacteria ( e.g . G + ) and the microorganisms participating in the P cycling ( e.g . ACT), with consequences on soil microbial community structure of subtropical Pinus taiwanensis forest.

Priming effect (PE) plays an important role in regulating terrestrial soil carbon (C) cycling, but the impact of different C addition modes on the PE in subtropical forest ecosystems with increasing nitrogen (N) deposition is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of C addition patterns (single or repeated C addition) on soil PE by adding 13 C-labeled glucose for 90 d in an incubation experiment with different levels of N application (0, 20, and 80 kg N·hm -2 ·a -1 ). The different patterns of glucose addition significantly increased soil organic C (SOC) mineralization and produced positive PE. Single glucose addition resulted in stronger PE than repeated addition. PE was significantly weakened with increasing N application levels, indicating that N deposition inhibited soil excitation in Phyllostachys edulis forests. The cumulative PE was significantly negatively correlated with β-N-acetylaminoglucosidase (NAG) and peroxidase (PEO) activities, and was significantly positively correlated with microbial biomass P (MBP) and potential of hydrogen (pH). Our findings indicated that, when acting together on soil, N application and C addition could strongly affect soil C stocks by stimulating the mineralization of native soil organic matter in subtropical forests. The findings further indicated that single C addition model might overestimate the effect of exogenous readily decomposable organic C on PE and ignore the effect of N deposition on PE, which in turn would overestimate the mineralization loss of forest SOC.

As an important parameter regulating soil carbon mineralization, microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) is essential for the understanding of carbon (C) cycle in terrestrial ecosystems. Three nitrogen supplemental levels, including control (0 kg N·hm -2 ·a -1 ), low nitrogen (40 kg N·hm -2 ·a -1 ), and high nitrogen (80 kg N·hm -2 ·a -1 ), were set up in a Castanopsis fabri forest in the Daiyun Mountain. The basic physical and chemical properties, organic carbon fractions, microbial biomass, and enzyme activities of the soil surface layer (0-10 cm) were measured. To examine the effects of increasing N deposition on microbial CUE and its influencing factors, soil microbial CUE was measured by the 18 O-labelled-water approach. The results showed that short-term N addition significantly reduced microbial respiration rate and the activities of C and N acquisition enzymes, but significantly increased soil microbial CUE. β-N-acetyl amino acid glucosidase (NAG)/microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial respiration rate, β-glucosidase (BG)/MBC, cellulose hydrolase (CBH)/MBC, and soil organic carbon content were the main factors affecting CUE. Moreover, CUE significantly and negatively correlated with NAG/MBC, microbial respiration rate, BG/MBC, and CBH/MBC, but significantly and positively correlated with soil organic carbon. In summary, short-term N addition reduced the cost of soil microbial acquisition of C and N and microbial respiration, and thus increased soil microbial CUE, which would increase soil carbon sequestration potential of the C. fabri forest.

G78 nitrogen deposition collector was used to investigate the background value of local nitrogen deposition flux in Daiyun Mountain National Nature Reserve of Fujian province. The results showed that dry and wet nitrogen deposition of Daiyun Mountain National Nature Reserve was 2.30 kg·hm -2 and 14.79 kg·hm -2 from March to October in 2015. 53% of dry deposition was in the form of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON, 1.21 kg·hm -2 ). The main form of inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in dry deposition was NO 3 - deposition (0.71 kg·hm -2 ), with NH 4 + deposition (0.37 kg·hm -2 ) being lower compared to NO 3 - deposition. DON and DIN flux in wet deposition was 5.38 kg·hm -2 and 9.41 kg·hm -2 , respectively. DIN flux in wet deposition was mainly in the form of NH 4 + deposition (6.07 kg·hm -2 ). Wet nitrogen deposition flux was found positively correlated with local precipitation. Wet nitrogen deposition in Daiyun Mountain National Nature Reserve might have significant negative effects on local water resource.