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BACKGROUND: Codonopsis pilosula and C. tangshen are both plants widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. Polysaccharides, which are their primary active components, are thought to be important in their extensive use. In this study, two neutral polysaccharide fractions of C. pilosula (CPPN) and C. tangshen (CTPN) were obtained by fractionation on a DEAE–Sepharose column and characterized. RESULTS: It was confirmed that the neutral polymers CPPN and CTPN were β‐(2,1)‐linked inulin‐type fructans with non‐reducing terminal glucose, and degree of polymerization (DP) of 19.6 and 25.2, respectively. The antioxidant and prebiotic activities in vitro were assayed based on IPEC‐J2 cell lines and five strains of Lactobacillus. Results indicated that the effects of CPPN and CTPN were increased antioxidant defense in intestinal epithelial cells through enhanced cell viability, improved expression of total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and reduced levels of malondialdehyde and lactic dehydrogenase. The prebiotic activity of CPPN and CTPN was demonstrated by the promoting effect on Lactobacillus proliferation in vitro. The different biological activities obtained between the two fractions are probably due to the different DP and thus molecular weights of CPPN and CTPN. CONCLUSION: The inulin fractions from C. pilosula and C. tangshen were natural sources of potential intestinal antioxidants as well as prebiotics, which will be valuable in further studies and new applications of inulin‐containing health products. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the main vegetative growth indexes of chrysanthemum such as height of plant, number of ground stem diameter, number of branches and the main reproductive growth indexes of chrysanthemum such as number of flower, weight of flower, diameter of flower, thickness of flower which were introduced and cultivated at different altitude in Baoxing of Sichuan Province were measured by field trials and the main quality indexes of the chrysanthemum samples such as content of Chlorogenic acid, contents of Luteolin and Isochlorogenic acid A were measured by laboratory analysis. The measured data were prossed by variance and correlation analysis to find the difference of plant growth and quality for medication of chrysanthemum which were introduced and cultivated at different altitude at high altitude area. The results showed that the vegetable growth index such as height of plant,the reproductive growth indexes such as number of flower, weight of flower, diameter of flower, thickness of flower and the quality indexes such as content of Luteolm and Isochlorogenic acid A of chrysanthemum were affected significantly by the elevation gradient at high attitude area(P>0.05). The vegetable growth indexes such as diameter of groung stem, number of braches and the quality index such as content of Chlorogenic acid of chrysanthemum were affected insignificantly by the elevation gradient at high attitude area (P<0.05). The vegetable growth index such as height of plant and the quality indexes such as number of flower, diameter of flower of chrysanthemum had a significant correlation with the elevation gradient at high attitude area (P<0.05). The elevation gradient at high attitude area had a significant effects on the plant growth of chrysanthemum exclude a few vegetable growth indexes such as the number of braches and diameter of ground stem. Within a certain range of altitudes(2 051--2 405 m) at high attitude area, the elevation gradient had insignificant effects on the quality formation of chrysanthemum. The quality of chrysanthemum all met the medicinal condition within the altitude of 2 051-2 598 m according to the minimum limits standard of active ingredients of chrysanthemum in the "Pepole's Republic of China Pharmacopoeia (2010 edition)" and the chrysanthemum had a best quality for medication which were introduced and cultivated around the altitude of 2 329 m. This study provided a theoretical basis for the introduction and cultivation of chrysanthemum for medication in the high altitude area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on previous studies about microflora regulation and immunity enhancement activities of polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula Nannf. var. modesta (Nannf.) L. T. Shen (CPP), there is little study on intestinal mucosal immunity, which is a possible medium for contacting microflora and immunity. In the present study, the BALB/c mice were divided into five groups (eight mice in each group), including a normal group (Con), a model control group (Model), and model groups that were administered CPP (50, 100, 200 mg/kg/d) orally each day for seven days after intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg BW/d cyclophosphamide (CP) for three days. CPP recovered the spleen index and restored the levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-10, as well as serum IgG. In addition, it elevated ileum secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), the number of Lactobacillus and acetic acid content in cecum. These results indicated that CPP plays an important role in the protection against immunosuppression, especially mucosa immune damage, and the inhibition of pathogenic bacteria colonization, which could be considered a potential natural source of immunoregulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The zinc, boron and molybdenum were sprayed on the foliage of Angelica dahurica du-ring the vigorous growth period to explore the effects of the combination of zinc, boron and molybdenum fertilizers on the content of main effective components of A. dahurica, and to find out the optimum spraying amount. The results showed that the application of zinc, boron and molybdenum foliar spray was beneficial to increase the content of imperatorin and total cumarin, whereas had no effect on the content of the isoimperatorin. The effect of boron spray on the accumulation of imperatorin and total coumarin was the most significant, followed by the zinc and molybdenum. The interaction between boron and molybdenum had a negative cooperative effect on the content of imperatorin, while the interaction between zinc and molybdenum had a positivecooperative effect on the content of total coumarin. The contents of total coumarin reached over 0.7% respectively, with the complex fertilizer spray of zinc at 0.15-0.24 kg·hm -2 , boron at 2.02-2.36 kg·hm -2 and molybdenum at 0.08-0.13 kg·hm -2 . The contents of imperatorin reached over 0.2% respectively, with the complex fertilizer spray of zinc at 0.15-0.20 kg·hm -2 , boron at 1.37-1.47 kg·hm -2 and molybdenum at 0.09-0.13 kg·hm -2 . It was concluded that the application of zinc, boron and molybdenum foliar spray was beneficial to promote the quality of A. dahurica by enhancing its accumulation of coumarin.

Objective: To study the effect of physicochemical characteristics of soil on Panax notoginseng agronomic character, in order to offer the theory for selecting an appropriate soil to cultivate Panax notoginseng, and to build the production bases., Methods: To test and analyze Panax notoginseng agronomic character, to analyze the form of layered soil particles, p H value and soil fertility. At the same time, the analysis of Panax notoginseng plant height, leaf number, the length of taproot, the width of taproot, stem diameter, the width of residual part of stem, rootlet number, root fresh and dry weight and drying rate were carried out., Results: Panax notoginseng agronomic character had a large difference. The length of roots, the width of roots and a large number of rootlets had a promoting effect on accumulating biological yield. Nevertheless, the numbers of branches had no obvious impact on accumulating biological yield. Most of soil texture were silty clay or light clay of silty clay. Physical clay and coarse silt could promote the growth of Panax notoginseng. Sand grain had significant effect on Panax notoginseng growth. A reasonable use of nitrogenous fertilizer had a prominent promoting effect on the width of the medicine’s root. In fact, the use of phosphorus potassium also had a great impact on Panax notoginseng growth., Conclusion: Panax notoginseng should be planted on the light clay which are loose and can irrigate and drain conveniently and contains many silty. The heavy clay soil which are defective aeration and contain cosmid has a bad influence of the growth of Panax notoginseng. It will cause a decrease of the yield of medicinal materials. Using nitrogenous fertilizer aptly also is an effective way to improve the quality and yield of Panax notoginseng.

Objective: To study the difference in yield and quality of Gentiana crassicaulis with different transplanting period and transplanting methods, and to determine the optimum transplanting technique of Gentiana crassicaulis in Ludian., Methods: The variation in fresh weight,dry weight,dry discount rate, length, diameter, branches,the content of gentiopicroside,loganin acid,alcohol-soluble extract, total ash were measured, and made a comprehensive evaluation of yield and quality by gray relational distance ideal comprehensive evaluation method., Results: There was a big difference in yield and quality of Gentiana crassicaulis with different transplanting time and transplanting methods. Gentiana crassicaulis were transplanted in March 10 with the density of 25 cm × 24 cm,and overburden 1 cm and flat transplanting had the best comprehensive evaluation of yield and quality., Conclusion: The transplanting time of Gentiana crassicaulis in Ludian should begin at the end of early March,and reduce overburden soil on the traditional transplanting methods.

Objective: To study the effect of transplanting time on growth, dry matter accumulation and distribution,and yield of Ligusticum chuanxiong,in order to provide theoretical and practical basis for the choice of cultivation methods., Methods: Ligusticum chuanxiong which planted in Pengshan were used as materials, and rearched in the field plot experiment. By the single factor randomized block design, the effects on growth development,dry matter accumulation and distribution of different periods of Ligusticum chuanxiong were analyzed., Results: Transplanting time has an important influence on the development of Ligusticum chuanxiong after lodging, and the lodging time was positively related to transplanting time; dry matter translocated to the underground part in January of the second year, and the dry matter translocated to the aerial parts in February, the dry matter secondary translocated to the underground part during March and April., Conclusion: Transplanting time affects the growth of Ligusticum chuanxiong,and affects the accumulation and distribution of every dry matter during the process of growth. Ligusticum chuanxiong transplant on August 31,and distribute more manure to improve the growth of aerial parts in the early stages,and spread additional manure to improve the growth of root stock at second year in shoot growth period,which can make a good harvest.

Objective: To study the effect of phosphorus( P) and potassium( K) fertilization on four iridoids in axial and lateral root of Gentiana crassicaulis., Methods: Field experiment was conducted based on phosphorus and potassium,and the content of four iridoids was analyzed in the axial and lateral root of Gentiana crassicaulis., Results: Despite of different proportion of phosphorus and potassium,the content of four iridoids in axial root was always higher than that in the lateral root, and under normal fertilizer condition, the content of axial and lateral root was 12. 36% and 9. 84%, respectively. On the condition of phosphorus and potassium fertilization, the content of gentiopicroside and loganic acid were higher than that of the swertiamarin and sweroside both in the axial and lateral root. And the difference of the two parts could be increased by high potassium with appropriate phosphorus application., Conclusion: The four iridoids were more likely to accumulate in the axial root of Gentiana crassicaulis, and phosphorus and potassium fertilization, only affected the different degrees on the content of ingredients among two parts. Thus, more attention should be paid to the use of phosphorus and potassium fertilization, and the difference of the active ingredient content in the axial and lateral root of Gentiana crassicaulis.

Objective: To study the effects of different N, P, K and organic fertilizer (OF) on yield of Ligusticum chuanxiong rhizome, in order to provide the theoretical foundation for the establishment of standardization cultivation techniques., Methods: The field plot experiments used Ligusticum chuanxiong rhizome which planted in Pengshan as material, and were studied by the four factors and five levels with quadratic regression rotation-orthogonal combination design. According to the data obtained, a function model which could predict the fertilization and yield of Ligusticum chuanxiong rhizome accurately was established., Results: The model analysis showed that the yields of Ligusticum chuanxiong rhizome were significantly influenced by the N, P, K and OF applications. Among these factors, the order of increase rates by the fertilizers was K > OF > N > P; The effect of interaction between N and K, N and OF, K and OF on the yield of Ligusticum chuanxiong rhizome were significantly different. High levels of N and P, N and organic fertilizer, K and organic fertilizer were conducive to improve the yield of Ligusticum chuanxiong rhizome. The results showed that the optimal fertilizer application rates of N was 148.20 - 172.28 kg/hm2, P was 511.92 - 599.40 kg/hm2, K was 249.70 - 282.37 kg/hm2, and OF was 940.00 - 1 104.00 kg/hm2., Conclusion: N, P, K and OF obviously affect the yield of Ligusticum chuanxiong rhizome. K and OF can significantly increase the yield of Ligusticum chuanxiong rhizome. Thus it is suggested that properly high mount of K and OF and appropriate increasing N are two favorable factors for cultivating Ligusticum chuanxiong.

Objective: To find the best fertilizer formula of yield-quality-fertilizer effect, and to establish a new comprehensive evaluation-fertilizer effect method., Methods: Grey related degree analysis and DTOPSIS method were combined to comprehensive evaluate the 11 indexes of 14 fertilizer formulas of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, in order to explore the best dosage and ratio., Results: The fertilizer requirements of the factors which contribute to the yield and quality of Gentiana crassicaulis were different and the most appropriate rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were 21.49~42.03 kg/667 m2, 49.53~65.75 kg/667 m2 and 26.34~ 42.97 kg/667 m2, respectively., Conclusion: The fertilizer formula in this study can be widely used in the standardized plantation of Gentiana crassicaulis.

Objective: To study the physicochemical properties of rhizosphere soil and their influence on appearance characters of semi-natural cultivated Codonopsis pilosula root., Methods: The comprehensive methods by combining outdoor investigating with indoor analyzing were applied. Rhizosphere soil samples and plant materials were collected from 35 collection points, the physicochemical properties of soil and the appearance characters of plant materials were investigated., Results: The physical property of rhizosphere soil under semi-natural cultivated condition was good, the soil texture was coarse powder of loam, slightly alkaline. The cultivated layer contained abundant nutrient components, the average organic matter content of 35 soil samples was 60.66 g/kg,and 2.99 g/kg for total nitrogen, 115.46 mg/g for available nitrogen, 0.8 g/kg for total phosphorus, 6.43 mg/kg for available phosphorus, 23.69 g/kg for total potassium and 124.48 mg/kg for available potassium, respectively. The result of correlation analysis indicated that the physicochemical properties of rhizosphere soil had significant influence on the appearance characters of Codonopsis pilosula root., Conclusion: The semi-natural cultivated model can maintain the structure of soil and hold nutrient components, it is conducive to the growth of Codonopsis pilosula and the standardized production base establishment. To increase the yield of Codonopsis pilosula root, it is recommended to increase the application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer.

Objective: To study the effects of combined N, P, K and micronutrient fertilizers on the yield of Alisma orientalis tuber, and to optimize the fertilizer application rate., Methods: Four factors five levels quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design was used. A function was established on nitrogen, phosphor, potassium and microelement fertilizer application rate with the yield of Alisma orientalis tuber., Results: The established mathematical model was of high reliability for prediction with quadratic regression equation of R2 = 0. 8980. The order of increasing Alisma orientalis tuber yield was nitrogen > micronutrient fertilizer > potassium > phosphor. The results of the frequency analysis showed that for the target yield over 8 250 kg/hm2 and the confidence interval of 95%, the optimal fertilizer application rates were as follows :nitrogen of 241. 45 - 283. 55 kg/hm2, phosphor of 81. 14 - 208. 44 kg/hm2, potassium of 95. 57 - 239. 42 kg/hm2, and zinc fertilizer of 14. 32 - 16. 18 kg/hm2, boron fertilizer of 18. 84 - 19. 86 kg/hm2, and molybdenum fertilizer of 0. 151 -0. 159 kg/hm2 in micronutrient fertilizer., Conclusion: Nitrogen is related to the growth of Alisma orientalis, potassium promotes tuber bulking, micronutrient fertilizer consisted of zinc, boron and molybdenum fertilizer promotes Alisma orientalis growth and the absorption of nitrogen, phosphor and potassium. Moderate application of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, boron and molybdenum fertilizer can promote Alisma orientalis tuber yield. The nitrogen has the best effect.

Objective: In order to optimize the base fertilizer dosage and root size of Gentiana crassicaulis in Ludian,Yulong, Yunnan,the differences in yield and quality of Gentiana crassicaulis caused by different base fertilizer dosage and root size were investigated., Methods: The variation in fresh weight, dry weight, drying rate, length, diameter, branches as well as the contents of gentiopicroside, loganin acid, alcohol-soluble extract and total ash were determined. The ideal distance grey relational degree comprehensive evaluation method was applied to make a comprehensive evaluation on the quality and yield of Gentiana crassicaulis., Results: There were big differences in yield and quality of Gentiana crassicaulis among different base fertilizer dosage and root size. 2 000 kg/667 m2 of manure, 20 kg/667 m2 of superphosphate, 100 kg/667 m2 of plant ash and mix size of transplanting roots showed the best comprehensive quality and the highest yield., Conclusion: 2 000 kg/667 m2 of manure, 20 kg/667 m2 of superphosphate,100 kg/667 m2 of plant ash, high quality transplanting roots and stagger certain depth to transplant are highly recommended to produce high quality and high yield of Gentiana crassicaulis in Ludian, Yulong, Yunnan.

In order to investigate the comprehensive quality differences of the seeds harvested in different growing time, and offer theoretical guide for the optimization of seeds' production technology, we analyzed the apparent size, 1 000-grain weight, water absorbency, germination indexes, postharvest embryo rate change, relatively contents of coumarins and the yield of single plant of its seeds of different harvesting time, and compared their comprehensive quality by Topsis analysis. The results showed that there existed obvious differences in yield and quality between seeds of 3 harvesting times. While the harvesting time postponed, the yield of single plant raised, and the shrunken seeds rate decreased, the quality of seedlings increased, while the contents of coumarins showed a steady increase, and the germination rate decreased. The comprehensive quality of the seeds harvested in the black ripe time rank the first place, followed by the brown ripe time and the yellow ripe time. As the harvesting time delays, the seeds' comprehensive quality increases, therefore, we could put off the seeds' harvesting time properly for the high efficient seed production.

Objective: To study the effects of spraying uniconazole on plant morphology and total alkaloid content of Aconitum carmichaeli for providing theory base for establishment of planting measure., Methods: The mainly morphological character and total alkaloid content of Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata were studied under different uniconazole spraying time and density., Results: Unieonazole could decrease plant height and leaf area, increase stem diameter, leaves and fibril roots, and the amount of dry matter. The difference in total alkaloid was not significant., Conclusion: In this experiment,Spraying uniconazole has no significant effect on total alkaloid content of Aconitum carmichaeli. It is better for increasing yield per plant to applied 120 mg/L unieonazole at sub-root enlargement stage than sub-root formation stage, and it is better to applied the same density at another stage for adjusting the plant morphology.

Unlabelled: To study the effect of S-3307 on the yield and main ingredients of Alisma plantago-aquatica., Method: The contents of 24-acetyl alisol A and the 23-acetyl alisol B in tuber were determined by HPLC., Results: The contents of 24-acetyl alisol A and the 23-acetyl alisol B as well as yield were significantly increased in all groups applied with different concentrations of S-3307 comparing with control group. The optimal concentration of S-3307 was 80 mg x kg(-1). The residues of S-3307 was detected under 0.316 8 mg x kg(-1) (detecting limit)., Conclusion: The optimal concentration of S-3307 is 80 mg x kg(-1), it reached the best result when applied 36 d after seedling.