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Objective To summarize and evaluate the characteristics of current recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) animal models at home and abroad, and to provide reference and guidance for the standardized preparation of RSA models.Methods"Recurrent spontaneous abortion" and "animal model" were used as co-keywords in CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed and Web of Science databases to search the RSA animal experimental literature, covering the period up to January 20, 2024, and a total of 1 411 articles were collected. The analysis focused on construction methods and essential elements of RSA animal models, the modeling process and result evaluation, as well as the application of these models in pharmacological and pharmacodynamic research. An Excel table was established for systematic analysis and discussion. Results A total of 138 experimental studies were obtained after screening. In constructing RSA animal models, immunological models were the most widely used in Western medicine (96.92%), with the Clark model being the main one (92.31%). In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) models, 70.00% were kidney deficiency-luteal inhibition-syndrome combination models, 20.00% were kidney deficiency and blood stasis models, and 10.00% were deficiency-heat syndrome models. Most animals were selected at 6-8 weeks (33.86%) and 8 weeks (32.28%) of age. The majority of animals were paired for mating at 18:00 on the day of cage pairing. In 81.03% of literatures, vaginal plugs were checked once the following morning, with 8:00 being the most common time (17.02%). The most commonly used drug administration cycle was 14 days of continuous gavage after pregnancy. Among the tested drugs, Western drugs were mainly protein-based (29.17%), while TCM drugs were mainly TCM decoction (81.11%). The most frequently used methods for detecting indicators included visual observation of embryos (22.54%), western blot (15.96%), PCR (13.58%), ELISA (12.91%), HE staining (10.80%) and immunohistochemistry (9.39%). Conclusion The etiology of RSA is complex, and corresponding animal models should be established based on different etiologies. Clark model is commonly used in the construction of Western medicine model, while the kidney deficiency-luteal inhibition-syndrome combination model is predominant in TCM. RSA animal model is widely used in related research, but systematic evaluation needs to be strengthened.

Introduction: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin malignancy, accounting for approximately 80% of all non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Ultraviolet (UV) exposure is a significant risk factor for BCC development, which typically occurs in sun-exposed areas. BCC arising in non-sun-exposed regions, such as the nipple-areola complex (NAC), is exceedingly rare, with fewer than 100 cases reported globally. This report describes a case of pigmented superficial BCC in the NAC of a 76-year-old Asian woman. Case Presentation: A 76-year-old Asian female presented with a 5-year history of a slowly enlarging lesion on her left breast, with recent rapid growth. Physical examination revealed a 10 mm × 8 mm blue-gray, pearl-like plaque on the NAC. Histopathology confirmed pigmented superficial BCC. Preoperative imaging, including breast ultrasound, chest computed tomography (CT), SPECT-CT, and axillary lymph node ultrasound, showed no evidence of metastasis. The patient underwent standard surgical excision with a 10 mm margin, followed by pathologic evaluation, confirming clear margins. The patient was discharged on the second postoperative day and remained asymptomatic at a 3-month follow-up. Conclusion: Pigmented superficial BCC of the NAC is an uncommon presentation due to the area’s minimal sun exposure and lack of pilosebaceous units. This case underscores the importance of considering BCC in non-sun-exposed areas, particularly in elderly patients. While nonsurgical options such as photodynamic therapy may offer superior esthetic outcomes, the patient’s financial constraints led to the selection of a cost-effective surgical excision, which successfully eliminated the tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a novel deep trench CSTBT (DT-CSTBT) features emitter trench and the P-layer is proposed and investigated by simulation. The self-biased pMOS, comprising an emitter trench, N-CS layer, P-layer, and P-well, demonstrates an excellent clamping effect potential. The proposed DT-CSTBT suppresses the saturation current and improves the heat dissipation, resulting in a 23.5% expansion of the short-circuit safe operating area (SCSOA). It ensures the better reliability of the gate due to the high electric field away from the gate. Furthermore, the tradeoff relationship between on-state voltage (VON) and turn-off loss (Eoff) of the new structure is also improved by 23.2% compared with the conventional CSTBT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: We assessed the influence of local patients and clinical characteristics on the performance of commercial deep learning (DL) segmentation models for head-and-neck (HN), breast, and prostate cancers. Methods: Clinical computed tomography (CT) scans and clinically approved contours of 210 patients (53 HN, 49 left breast, 55 right breast, and 53 prostate cancer) were used to train and validate segmentation models integrated within a vendor-supplied DL training toolkit and to assess the performance of both vendor-pretrained and custom-trained models. Four custom models (HN, left breast, right breast, and prostate) were trained and validated with 30 (training)/5 (validation) HN, 34/5 left breast, 39/5 right breast, and 30/5 prostate patients to auto-segment a total of 24 organs at risk (OARs). Subsequently, both vendor-pretrained and custom-trained models were tested on the remaining patients from each group. Auto-segmented contours were evaluated by comparing them with clinically approved contours via the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and mean surface distance (MSD). The performance of the left and right breast models was assessed jointly according to ipsilateral/contralateral locations. Results: The average DSCs for all structures in vendor-pretrained and custom-trained models were as follows: 0.81 ± 0.12 and 0.86 ± 0.11 in HN; 0.67 ± 0.16 and 0.80 ± 0.11 in the breast; and 0.87 ± 0.09 and 0.92 ± 0.06 in the prostate. The corresponding average MSDs were 0.81 ± 0.76 mm and 0.76 ± 0.56 mm (HN), 4.85 ± 2.44 mm and 2.42 ± 1.49 mm (breast), and 2.17 ± 1.39 mm and 1.21 ± 1.00 mm (prostate). Notably, custom-trained models showed significant improvements over vendor-pretrained models for 14 of 24 OARs, reflecting the influence of data/contouring variations in segmentation performance. Conclusions: These findings underscore the substantial impact of institutional preferences and clinical practices on the implementation of vendor-pretrained models. We also found that a relatively small amount of institutional data was sufficient to train customized segmentation models with sufficient accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The MR-Linac (or MRL) is a powerful new device that integrates high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within a linear accelerator to enhance the precision of radiation treatment delivery beyond the predominantly CT-guided standard of care. Our institution was one of the seven founding members of the consortium that tested and refined the 1.5 Tesla MR-Linac in preparation for the first-in-human clinical trials, resulting in several years of early clinical experience. Its application in delivering ablative doses (stereotactic ablative radiation therapy; SBRT) to renal cell carcinoma (RCC) or upper tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUC) has been of particular interest out of clinical necessity and technical challenge. We present a retrospective analysis of our multi-year experience using MRL-SBRT, with emphasis on our evolving treatment setup and early clinical outcomes. Our aim is to contribute to and support the development and innovation of further programs using one of the largest worldwide single-institution cohorts. Background/Objectives: Advancements in radiotherapy technology now enable the delivery of ablative doses to targets in the upper urinary tract, including primary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) or upper tract urothelial carcinomas (UTUC), and secondary involvement by other histologies. Magnetic resonance imaging-guided linear accelerators (MR-Linacs) have shown promise to further improve the precision and adaptability of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Methods: This single-institution retrospective study analyzed 34 patients (31 with upper urinary tract non-metastatic primaries [RCC or UTUC] and 3 with metastases of non-genitourinary histology) who received SBRT from August 2020 through September 2024 using a 1.5 Tesla MR-Linac system. Treatment plans were adjusted by using [online settings] for "adapt-to-position" (ATP) and "adapt-to-shape" (ATS) strategies for anatomic changes that developed during treatment; compression belts were used for motion management. Results: The median duration of treatment was 56 min overall and was significantly shorter using the adapt-to-position (ATP) (median 54 min, range 38–97 min) in comparison with adapt-to-shape (ATS) option (median 80, range 53–235 min). Most patients (77%) experienced self-resolving grade 1–2 acute radiation-induced toxicity; none had grade ≥ 3. Three participants (9%) experienced late grade 1–2 toxicity, potentially attributable to SBRT, with one (3%) experiencing grade 3. Conclusions: We conclude that MR-Linac-based SBRT, supported by online plan adaptation, is a feasible, safe, and highly precise treatment modality for the definitive management of select upper urinary tract lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyze a three-generation Chinese family with DSH, identify a novel ADAR1 gene mutation, and conduct a comprehensive literature review of Chinese DSH families to enhance understanding of the genetic basis and clinical manifestations. Methods: Clinical reports, mutation analysis, and literature reviews were conducted. A literature search was performed using PubMed. Results: A novel heterozygous nonsense mutation, c.763C>T (p.Q255X), in the ADAR1 gene was identified in the proband and five other affected individuals. Literature review findings revealed prevalent mutation sites and clinical data in Chinese DSH families over the past two decades. Limitations: The number of databases searched was limited, and the treatment outcomes for patients were not deemed satisfactory. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the genetic basis and clinical features of DSH in Chinese families, shedding light on prevalent mutation sites and clinical data. Further research is needed to explore the relationship between gene mutations and clinical phenotypes and advance therapeutic interventions for DSH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]