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BACKGROUND: Epidemiological surveys on heart failure (HF) in Chinese community are relatively lacking. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of HF among community residents in southern China. METHODS: Baseline data of this prospective study was collected from 2015 to 2017 among 12,013 permanent residents aged ≥ 35 years in Guangzhou, China. The same survey process was carried out for individuals aged ≥ 65 years after a three-year follow-up. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of HF in community residents aged ≥ 35 years was 1.06%. Male had significantly higher risk of HF prevalence [odds ratio (OR) = 1.50, P = 0.027]. The gender-adjusted risk of HF was 1.48 times higher per 10 years aging. HF prevalence was statistically associated with atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after adjusting for age and gender (OR = 8.30, 5.17, 1.11, 2.28, respectively; all P < 0.05). HF incidence in individuals aged ≥ 65 years were 847 per 100,000 person-years. Baseline atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, and diabetes mellitus were risk factors for HF incidence for individuals aged ≥ 65 years adjusting for age and gender (OR = 5.05, 3.99, 2.11, respectively; all P < 0.05). Besides, residents with new-onset atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarction were at significantly higher risk of progression to HF (OR = 14.41, 8.54, respectively; all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both pre-existing and new-onset cardiovascular diseases were associated with HF incidence in southern China. Management of related cardiovascular diseases may be helpful to reduce the incidence of HF.

The title inorganic-organic hybrid material containing a mixed anion, [BzIQl]2[Zn(NCS)2Br2] (1) (BzIQl = benzyl isoquinolinium, NCS− = isothiocyanate), crystallizes with a benzyl isoquinolinium cation and half of a bis(bromo)-bis(isothiocyanate)zinc(II) anion in the asymmetric unit. It was characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction (PXRD and SC-XRD). The organic cation exhibits a Λ-shaped configuration in which two aromatic rings form an inclined dihedral angle of 90.12°. The ZnII ion in the anion is coordinated by two Br ions and two isothiocyanate ions, and two contiguous anions forms a dimer through S···Br interactions. The thermal stability of the hybrid crystal analyzed by thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) reveals that the title crystal was stable up to 170 °C. The PXRD study confirms the phase purity of the crystalline sample. The band gap energy between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) explains the eventual charge transfer interaction that take place mainly between the anion and [BzIQl]+ cation, and the low value (0.46 ev) indicates the suitability of the crystal for optical application. The first hyperpolarizability predicted using density functional theory (DFT) is more than 720 times that of the reference potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystal (KDP).

Additional file 1: Figure S1. FTIR spectra assay of ALN, DSPE-PEG-NHS and DSPE-PEG-ALN. A FTIR spectra result of ALN. B FTIR spectra result of DSPE-PEG-NHS. The intensity of peak at 1,733 cm-1, correspondent to C=O stretch of NHS groups. C FTIR spectra result of DSPE-PEG-ALN. The characteristic peak of NHS groups is strongly reduced in the DSPE-PEG-ALN, which is consistent with nucleophilic substitution of NHS for alendronate. Figure S2. 1H-NMR spectroscopy result of ALN. A Chemical structure of ALN. B 1H-NMR results of ALN in the range of 1.2ppm to 3.2 ppm. The characteristic signal at 1.88 and 2.93 ppm corresponding to CH2 protons. Figure S3. 1H-NMR spectroscopy result of DSPE-PEG-NHS. A Chemical structure of DSPE-PEG-NHS. B 1H-NMR results of DSPE-PEG-NHS in the range of 0 ppm to 10 ppm, evidencing the main peak of PEG chain (3.64 ppm). C 1H-NMR results of DSPE-PEG-NHS in the range of 0 ppm to 4.6 ppm, evidencing the carbon lateral chains (1.25 ppm), terminal methyl groups (0.80 ppm) and NHS (2.67 ppm, arrow). Figure S4. 1H-NMR spectroscopy result of DSPE-PEG-ALN.A Chemical structure of DSPE-PEG-ALN. B 1H-NMR results of DSPE-PEG-ALN in the range of 0 ppm to 10 ppm, evidencing the main peak of PEG chain (3.64 ppm). C1H-NMR results of DSPE-PEG-ALN in the range of 0 ppm to 3.7 ppm showed a reduction of NHS group signal (2.67 ppm) and the appearance of ALN characteristic signal (1.98 and 3.13 ppm). Figure S5. H&E staining of heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney in five groups. Figure S6. A Zeta potential value of PL, PL-exo and PL-exo-ALN. B The cell viability of BMSCs treated as above was detected by CCK-8. C H&E staining of liver in the above groups. D The osteogenesis- and angiogenesis-associated growth factors in PL and PL-exo was determined by ELISA. All results are presented as the means ± SDs, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Figure S7. Effects of PL-exo on osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation of BMSCs and EPCs. A–C Early osteogenic differentiation was determined by ALP staining and ALP activity assays after 5 days of induction. Late osteogenic differentiation was determined by Alizarin Red staining and the calcium deposition was quantified by measuring the optical density, after 14 days of induction. D–E In vitro tube formation assay of EPCs treated as indicated (scale bar: 150 μm). F–G The expression levels of p-AKT, AKT, Col1 and β-catenin in BMSCs treated as indicated for 36 h. Exosomes (50 µg/mL) and MK-2206 (5μM, a selective inhibitor of AKT) were added to the related medium in the experimental groups, while the control group was cultured in osteogenic induction medium without any addition. H–I The expression levels of p-AKT, AKT, VEGF and Hif-α in EPCs treated as indicated for 24 h. Exosomes (50 µg/mL) and MK-2206 (5μM) were added to the related medium in the experimental groups, while the control group was cultured in EGM-2 complete medium without any addition. All results are presented as the means ± SDs, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Figure S8. Effects of PL, PL-exo and PL-exo-ALN on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in BMMs. A Representative images of TRAcP-stained osteoclasts after treated with PL, PL-exo and PL-exo-ALN. B The quantitative analysis of TRAcP-positive multinucleated cells (>3 nuclei) per well (96-well plate). All results are presented as the means ± SDs, **P < 0.01. Table S1. Post hoc power analyses of the different experiments (Unpaired t-tests). Table S2. Post hoc power analyses of the different experiments (One-way ANOVA).