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In Chinese philosophy, scholars have been discussing a long-standing and unresolved matter (Fan, 2019; Lupke, 2005; Wu, 2009), namely Ming[character omitted]. Ming, often translated as life, fate, or command, was initially understood as orders and arrangements from heaven (Fan, 2019). However, since the Kongzi (Confucius) period, the focus of Ming[character omitted] has shifted to people themselves and how they should live their lives. Furthermore, Ming[character omitted] has been recognized by people as human life as well as the survival of one's life journey. In the contemporary age, the concept of Ming[character omitted] has shifted again. It ensures that people, instead of the predetermined power of nature and its kind, have most of the ability to decide how to live their lives. The study of Ming[character omitted] has thus become one of the essential philosophical fields for Chinese and international thinkers, and academic researchers, to explore the question of heaven and human existence. In this paper, the analysis of four texts throughout Chinese history will serve as a simple reflective example of the difficulties of interpretation, revealing the evolving meaning of the concept and its pedagogical implications.

Background: We used sodium citrate as an alternative anticoagulation agent to heparin in the procedure of autologous blood transfusion with patients with postoperative haemorrhage after CPB. The aim of study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sodium citrate used in shed mediastinal blood autotransfusion after cardiac surgery. Methods: Ninety-three patients were divided into two groups in this study. In the control group, 52 patients' shed mediastinal blood was discarded. The reinfusion group consisted of 41 patients receiving a reinfusion of washed autologous red cells from shed mediastinal blood. Each 400 mL shed blood sample was anticoagulated by 140 mL of 1.6% diluted sodium citrate in the washing procedure using a blood recovery machine. Hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), and electrolyte concentrations in both the patients and shed mediastinal blood were measured before and after this procedure. Results: The mean volume of autotransfused shed blood was 239.5 ± 54.6 mL.The Hct of the washed red cells was 56.8 ± 6.1%. Significantly, fewer units of allogeneic blood were required per patient in the reinfusion group at 24 h postoperatively (2.91 ± 1.34 vs 4.03 ± 0.19 U, p = 0.002). At 24 h postoperatively, Hb and Hct levels were higher in the reinfusion group than in the control group. The calcium ion concentration was very low in the shed mediastinal blood, 0.25 ± 0.08 mmol/L, and was lower after washing, 0.15 ± 0.04 mmol/L. Conclusions: Sodium citrate, as an alternative anticoagulant agent, can be used in autologous shed mediastinal blood transfusion after CPB cardiac surgery. This procedure can effectively reduce the amount of allogeneic blood for patients with haemorrhage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seroepidemiological characteristics of human papillomavirus (HPV) in community residents reflect natural infection and can guide the reform of vaccination programs. A population‐based serological survey was conducted in Guangdong Province. Serum anti‐HPV IgG antibody levels were determined by an ELISA. Neutralizing antibodies against HPV6, 11, 16, and 18 were detected via a pseudovirus‐based neutralization assay (PBNA). A total of 5122 serum samples were collected from community residents, including 1989 males and 3133 females, in three cities of Guangdong Province. The rate of HPV IgG antibody positivity in females was 5.39% (95% CI: 4.6–6.2), which was greater than that in males (2.36%; 95% CI: 1.7–3.1). HPV IgG antibodies were more frequently detected in females aged 51–60 years (11.30%; 95% CI: 7.6–16.0), whereas in males, the detection increased with age and reached 4.94% (95% CI: 2.8–6.9) in the group aged ≥71 years. The seropositivity of neutralizing antibodies against HPV6 and 11 was greater than that against HPV16 and 18. The serum neutralizing antibody titers in individuals who received three doses of a vaccine were 7‐ to 12‐fold greater than those in individuals who did not receive the vaccine. The neutralizing antibody titers slightly decreased within 40 months and ranged from 0.038 to 0.057 log ED50 per month. A moderate consistency between the HPV ELISA and PBNA results was observed (Kappa score = 0.49, r = 0.249, 0.635, 0.382, and 0.466 for HPV6, 11, 16, and 18, respectively). The HPV seropositivity rate among healthy residents of Guangdong Province was found to be low among children and adolescents and to increase with age. The serum neutralizing antibody titers were significantly greater in the vaccine group than that in the control group, and this difference persisted over time, which indicated promising protection against HPV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single particle analysis is essential for a better understanding of the particle transformation process and to predict its environmental impact. In this study, we developed an aerosol optical tweezer (AOT) Raman spectroscopy system to investigate the phase state and morphology of suspended aerosol droplets in real time. The system comprises four modules: optical trapping, reaction, illumination and imaging, and detection. The optical trapping module utilizes a 532 nm laser and a 100 × oil immersion objective to stably trap aerosol droplets within 30 s. The reaction module allows us to adjust relative humidity (RH) and introduce reaction gases into the droplet levitation chamber, facilitating experiments to study liquid–liquid phase transitions. The illumination and imaging module employs a high-speed camera to monitor the trapped droplets, while the detector module records Raman scattering light. We trapped sodium chloride (NaCl) and 3-methyl glutaric acid (3-MGA) mixed droplets to examine RH-dependent morphology changes. Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) occurred when RH was decreased. Additionally, we introduced ozone and limonene/pinene to generate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles in situ, which collided with the trapped droplet and dissolved in it. To determine the trapped droplet's characteristics, we utilized an open-source program based on Mie theory to retrieve diameter and refractive index from the observed whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in Raman spectra. It is found that mixed droplets formed core–shell morphology when RH was decreased, and the RH dependence of the droplets' phase transitions generated by different SOA precursors varied. Our AOT system serves as an essential experimental platform for in situ assessment of morphology and phase state during dynamic atmospheric processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated the static in vitro degradation behavior of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA)-oriented microcellular materials. The study compared the influence of different molecular chains and internal morphological structures on water penetration into the material. Also, the relationship between thse self-accelerated degradation caused by ester bond breakage and reduced material molecular weight and mechanical properties was explored. Furthermore, the mechanism behind the static in vitro degradation of oriented microcellular PLLA materials in simulated human body fluid was explored, laying the foundation for regulating the mechanical performance decline of oriented microcellular biomimetic bone repair materials to match specific bone healing periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single particle analysis is essential for a better understanding of the particle transformation process and predicting its environmental impact. In this study, we developed an aerosol optical tweezer (AOT)-Raman spectroscopy system to investigate the phase state and morphology of suspended aerosol droplets in real time. The system comprises four modules: optical trapping, reaction, illumination and imaging, as well as detection. The optical trapping module utilizes a 532 nm laser and a 100x oil immersion objective to stably trap aerosol droplets within 30 seconds. The reaction module allows us to adjust relative humidity (RH) and introduce reaction gases into the droplet levitation chamber, facilitating experiments to study liquid-liquid phase transitions. The illumination and imaging module employs a high-speed camera to monitor the trapped droplets, while the detector module records Raman scattering light. We trapped sodium chloride (NaCl) and 3-methyl glutaric acid (3-MGA) mixed droplets to examine RH-dependent morphology changes. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) occurred when RH was decreased. Additionally, we introduced ozone and limonene/α-pinene to generate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles in situ, which collided with the trapped droplet and dissolve in it. To determine the trapped droplet's characteristics, we utilized an open-source program which based on Mie theory to retrieve diameter and refractive index from the observed whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in Raman spectra. It is found that mixed droplets formed core-shell morphology when RH was decreased, and the RH dependence of the droplets phase transitions generated by different SOA precursors varied. Our AOT system serves as an essential experimental platform for in-situ assessment of morphology and phase state during dynamic atmospheric processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase state and morphology of aerosol particles play a critical role in determining their effect on climate. While aerosol acidity has been identified as a key factor affecting multiphase chemistry and phase transitions, the impact of acidity on the phase transition of multicomponent aerosol particles has not been extensively studied in situ. In this work, we employed aerosol optical tweezers (AOT) to probe the impact of acidity on the phase transition behavior of levitated aerosol particles. Our results revealed that higher acidity decreases the separation relative humidity (SRH) of aerosol droplets mixed with ammonium sulfate (AS) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) proxy, such as 3-methylglutaric acid (3-MGA), 1,2,6-hexanetriol (HEXT) and 2,5-hexanediol (HEXD) across aerosol pH in atmospheric conditions. Phase separation of organic acids was more sensitive to acidity compared to organic alcohols. We found the mixing relative humidity (MRH) was consistently higher than the SRH in several systems. Phase-separating systems, including 3-MGA / AS, HEXT / AS and HEXD / AS, exhibited oxygen-to-carbon ratios (O:C) of 0.67, 0.50 and 0.33, respectively. In contrast, liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) did not occur in the high- O:C system of glycerol / AS, which had an O:C ratio of 1.00. Additionally, the morphology of 42 out of the 46 aerosol particles that underwent LLPS was observed to be a core–shell structure. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the pH-dependent LLPS in individual suspended aerosol droplets and pave the way for future research on phase separation of atmospheric aerosol particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase state and morphology of aerosol particles play a critical role in determining their effect on climate. While aerosol acidity has been identified as a key factor affecting the multiphase chemistry and phase transitions, the impact of acidity on phase transition of multicomponent aerosol particles has not been extensively studied in situ. In this work, we employ an aerosol optical tweezer (AOT) to probe the impact of acidity on the phase transition behavior of levitated aerosol particles. Our results reveal that higher acidity decreases the separation relative humidity (SRH) of aerosol droplets mixed with ammonium sulfate (AS) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) proxy, such as 3-methylglutaric acid (3-MGA), 1,2,6-hexanetriol (HEXT) and 2,5-hexanediol (HEXD) across aerosol pH in atmospheric condition. Phase separation of organic acids was more sensitive to acidity compared to organic alcohols. We found the mixing relative humidity (MRH) was consistently higher than the SRH in several systems. Phase-separating systems, including 3-MGA/AS, HEXT/AS, and HEXD/AS, exhibited oxygen-to-carbon ratios (O:C) of 0.67, 0.50, and 0.33, respectively. In contrast, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) did not occur in the high O:C system of glycerol/AS, which had an O:C of 1.00. Additionally, the morphology of 38 out of the 40 aerosol particles that underwent LLPS was observed to be a core-shell. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the pH-dependent LLPS in individual suspended aerosol droplets and pave the way for future research on phase separation of atmospheric aerosol particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]