Search

The Solar System Boundary Exploration (SSBE) mission is the focal point for future far-reaching space exploration. Due to the SSBE having many scientific difficulties that need to be studied, such as a super long space exploratory distance, a super long flight time in orbit, and a significant communication data delay between the ground and the probe, the probe must have sufficient intelligence to realize intelligent autonomous navigation. Traditional navigation schemes have been unable to provide high-accuracy autonomous intelligent navigation for the probe independent of the ground. Therefore, high-accuracy intelligent astronomical integrated navigation would provide new methods and technologies for the navigation of the SSBE probe. The probe of the SSBE is disturbed by multiple sources of solar light pressure and a complex, unknown environment during its long cruise operation while in orbit. In order to ensure the high-accuracy position state and velocity state error estimation for the probe in the cruise phase, an autonomous intelligent integrated navigation scheme based on the X-ray pulsar/solar and target planetary Doppler velocity measurements is proposed. The reinforcement Q-learning method is introduced, and the reward mechanism is designed for trial-and-error tuning of state and observation noise error covariance parameters. The federated extended Kalman filter (FEKF) based on the Q-learning (QLFEKF) navigation algorithm is proposed to achieve high-accuracy state estimations of the autonomous intelligence navigation system for the SSBE probe cruise phase. The main advantage of the QLFEKF is that Q-learning combined with the conventional federated filtering method could optimize the state parameters in real-time and obtain high position and velocity state estimation (PVSE) accuracy. Compared with the conventional FEKF integrated navigation algorithm, the PVSE navigation accuracy of the federated filter integrated based the Q-learning navigation algorithm is improved by 55.84% and 37.04%, respectively, demonstrating the higher accuracy and greater capability of the raised autonomous intelligent integrated navigation algorithm. The simulation results show that the intelligent integrated navigation algorithm based on QLFEKF has higher navigation accuracy and is able to satisfy the demands of autonomous high accuracy for the SSBE cruise phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first-line treatment for severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ). Here, we report a case involving 6-month-old child with a PCP infection, highlighting the role of clinical pharmacists in providing individualized pharmaceutical care and guidance through the process of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Methods: The clinical pharmacist monitored the concentration of TMP/SMZ in the serum, urine and sputum of a 6-month-old child with PCP infection. To improve the serum levels of TMP/SMZ, the dose of TMP/SMZ was increased, while infusions of other medications were reduced to decrease the rate of drug excretion. Additionally, the patient received other supportive medications to enhance clinical therapeutic efficacy. Results: Clinical pharmacists observed that, despite administration of a sufficient dose of TMP/SMZ, plasma concentration of TMP/SMZ remained below the therapeutic window, while urine concentrations were extremely high. This phenomenon was attributed to Augmented Renal Clearance (ARC), often seen in critically ill patients and associated with increased renal clearance. Throughout treatment, the concentrations of SMZ remained below the minimum effective concentration, while the concentrations of TMP fell within the effective target range. However, sufficient therapeutic effects were ultimately achieved and observed in the patient, likely due to improved drug distribution in lung tissue (sputum) and the patient's recovering immune functions. Finally, thanks to individualized pharmaceutical care from clinical pharmacists and the combined efforts of clinicians, the patient was discharged after 58 days of hospitalization. Conclusion: Throughout treatment, the clinical pharmacist played a vital role in optimizing the treatment plan based on the serum, urine and sputum concentrations of TMP/SMZ and providing pharmaceutical care to ensure a safe, rational and effective medications in children. Individualized dose adjustments, particularly high-dose TMP/SMZ guided by TDM, can significantly enhance the management of PCP in pediatric patients and support clinical pharmacists in delivering individualized pharmaceutical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]