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Rationale: The critical innate immune mechanisms that regulate granulomatous inflammation in sarcoidosis are unknown. Because the granuloma-inducing component of sarcoidosis tissues has physicochemical properties similar to those of amyloid fibrils, we hypothesized that host proteins capable of forming poorly soluble aggregates or amyloid regulate inflammation in sarcoidosis.Objectives: To determine the role of the amyloid precursor protein, serum amyloid A, as an innate regulator of granulomatous inflammation in sarcoidosis.Methods: Serum amyloid A expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in sarcoidosis and control tissues and by ELISA. The effect of serum amyloid A on nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB induction, cytokine expression, and Toll-like receptor-2 stimulation was determined with transformed human cell lines and bronchoalveolar lavage cells from patients with sarcoidosis. The effects of serum amyloid A on regulating helper T cell type 1 (Th1) granulomatous inflammation were determined in experimental models of sarcoidosis, using Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase.Measurements and Main Results: We found that the intensity of expression and distribution of serum amyloid A within sarcoidosis granulomas was unlike that in many other granulomatous diseases. Serum amyloid A localized to macrophages and giant cells within sarcoidosis granulomas but correlated with CD3(+) lymphocytes, linking expression to local Th1 responses. Serum amyloid A activated NF-kappaB in Toll-like receptor-2-expressing human cell lines; regulated experimental Th1-mediated granulomatous inflammation through IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor, IL-10, and Toll-like receptor-2; and stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor, IL-10, and IL-18 in lung cells from patients with sarcoidosis, effects inhibited by blocking Toll-like receptor-2.Conclusions: Serum amyloid A is a constituent and innate regulator of granulomatous inflammation in sarcoidosis through Toll-like receptor-2, providing a mechanism for chronic disease and new therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Explore the automated acquisition of knowledge in biomedical and clinical documents using text mining and statistical techniques to identify disease-drug associations.Design: Biomedical literature and clinical narratives from the patient record were mined to gather knowledge about disease-drug associations. Two NLP systems, BioMedLEE and MedLEE, were applied to Medline articles and discharge summaries, respectively. Disease and drug entities were identified using the NLP systems in addition to MeSH annotations for the Medline articles. Focusing on eight diseases, co-occurrence statistics were applied to compute and evaluate the strength of association between each disease and relevant drugs.Results: Ranked lists of disease-drug pairs were generated and cutoffs calculated for identifying stronger associations among these pairs for further analysis. Differences and similarities between the text sources (i.e., biomedical literature and patient record) and annotations (i.e., MeSH and NLP-extracted UMLS concepts) with regards to disease-drug knowledge were observed.Conclusion: This paper presents a method for acquiring disease-specific knowledge and a feasibility study of the method. The method is based on applying a combination of NLP and statistical techniques to both biomedical and clinical documents. The approach enabled extraction of knowledge about the drugs clinicians are using for patients with specific diseases based on the patient record, while it is also acquired knowledge of drugs frequently involved in controlled trials for those same diseases. In comparing the disease-drug associations, we found the results to be appropriate: the two text sources contained consistent as well as complementary knowledge, and manual review of the top five disease-drug associations by a medical expert supported their correctness across the diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless handheld technology provides new ways to deliver and present information. As with any technology, its unique features must be taken into consideration and its applications designed accordingly. In the clinical setting, availability of needed information can be crucial during the decision-making process. Preliminary studies performed at New York Presbyterian Hospital (NYPH) determined that there are inadequate access to information and ineffective communication among clinicians (potential proximal causes of medical errors). In response to these findings, the authors have been developing extensions to their Web-based clinical information system including PalmCIS, an application that provides access to needed patient information via a wireless personal digital assistant (PDA). The focus was on achieving end-to-end security and developing a highly usable system. This report discusses the motivation behind PalmCIS, design and development of the system, and future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We previously demonstrated in the Chinese macaque model that an oral vaccine made of inactivated SIV and lactobacillus plantarum induced CD8+regulatory T-cells which suppressed the activation of SIV+CD4+T-cells, prevented SIV replication and protected macaques from SIV challenges.Here ,we sought whether a similar population of CD8+T-regs would induce the suppression of HIV replication in elite controllers (ECs), a small population (3‰) of HIV-infected patients with undetectable HIV replication. For that purpose, we investigated the in vitro antiviral activity of fresh CD8+T-cells on HIV-infected CD4+T-cells taken from 10 ECs. The 10 ECs had a classical genomic profile: all of them carried the KIR3DL1 gene and nine carried at least one allele of HLA-B:Bw4-80Ile ( i.e. with an isoleucine residue at position 80). In the nine HLA-B:Bw4-80Ile positive patients, we demonstrated a strong viral suppression byKIR3DL1-expressing CD8+T-cells that required cell-to-cell contact to switch off the activation signals in infected CD4+T-cells. KIR3DL1-expressing CD8+T-cells withdrawal and KIR3DL1 neutralization by a specific anti-KIR antibody inhibited the suppression of viral replication. Our findings provide the first evidence for an instrumental role of KIR-expressing CD8+ regulatory T- cells in the natural control of HIV-1 infection.

Phytochromes are dimeric biliprotein photoreceptors exhibiting characteristic red/far-red photocycles. Full-length cyanobacterial phytochrome Cph1 from Synechocystis 6803 is soluble initially but tends to aggregate in a concentration-dependent manner, hampering attempts to solve the structure using NMR and crystallization methods. Otherwise, the Cph1 sensory module (Cph1Δ2), photochemically indistinguishable from the native protein and used extensively in structural and other studies, can be purified to homogeneity in >10 mg amounts at mM concentrations quite easily. Bulk precipitation of full-length Cph1 by ammonium sulfate (AmS) was expected to allow us to produce samples for solid-state magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR from dilute solutions before significant aggregation began. It was not clear, however, what effects the process of partial dehydration might have on the molecular structure. Here we test this by running solid-state MAS NMR experiments on AmS-precipitated Cph1Δ2 in its red-absorbing Pr state carrying uniformly 13C/15N-labeled phycocyanobilin (PCB) chromophore. 2D 13C–13C correlation experiments allowed a complete assignment of 13C responses of the chromophore. Upon precipitation, 13C chemical shifts for most of PCB carbons move upfield, in which we found major changes for C4 and C6 atoms associated with the A-ring positioning. Further, the broad spectral lines seen in the AmS 13C spectrum reflect primarily the extensive homogeneous broadening presumably due to an increase in the distribution of conformational states in the protein, in which less free water is available to partake in the hydration shells. Our data suggest that dehydration indeed leads to motional and electronic structural changes of the bilin chromophore and its binding pocket and is not restricted to the protein surface. The extent of the changes induced differs from the freezing process of the solution samples routinely used in previous MAS NMR and crystallographic studies. AmS preci

Cold acclimation in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plays a crucial role in cold tolerance to harsh winters. To examine the cold acclimation mechanisms in freezing-tolerant alfalfa (ZD) and freezing-sensitive alfalfa (W5), holoproteins and low-abundance proteins (after the removal of RuBisCO) from leaves were extracted to analyze differences at the protein level. A total of 84 spots were selected, and 67 spots were identified. Of these, the abundance of 49 spots and 24 spots in ZD and W5, respectively, were altered during adaptation to chilling stress. Proteomic results revealed that proteins involved in photosynthesis, protein metabolism, energy metabolism, stress and redox and other proteins were mobilized in adaptation to chilling stress. In ZD, a greater number of changes were observed in proteins, and autologous metabolism and biosynthesis were slowed in response to chilling stress, thereby reducing consumption, allowing for homeostasis. The capability for protein folding and protein biosynthesis in W5 was enhanced, which allows protection against chilling stress. The ability to perceive low temperatures was more sensitive in freezing-tolerant alfalfa compared to freezing-sensitive alfalfa. This proteomics study provides new insights into the cold acclimation mechanism in alfalfa.

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (P. ginseng) is an important medicinal plant and is often used in traditional Chinese medicine. With next generation sequencing (NGS) technology, we determined the complete chloroplast genome sequences for four Chinese P. ginseng strains, which are Damaya (DMY), Ermaya (EMY), Gaolishen (GLS) and Yeshanshen (YSS). The total chloroplast genome sequence length for DMY, EMY and GLS was 156,354 bp, while that for YSS was 156,355 bp. Comparative genomic analysis of the chloroplast genome sequences indicate that gene content, GC content, and gene order in DMY are quite similar to its relative species, and nucleotide sequence diversity of inverted repeat region (IR) is lower than that of its counterparts, large single copy region (LSC) and small single copy region (SSC). A comparison among these four P. ginseng strains revealed that the chloroplast genome sequences of DMY, EMY, and GLS were identical and YSS had a 1-bp insertion at base 5472. To further study the heterogeneity in chloroplast genome during domestication, high-resolution reads were mapped to the genome sequences to investigate the differences at the minor allele level; 208 minor allele sites with minor allele frequencies (MAF) of ≥ 0.05 were identified. The polymorphism site numbers per kb of chloroplast genome sequence for DMY, EMY, GLS, and YSS were 0.74, 0.59, 0.97, and 1.23, respectively. All the minor allele sites located in LSC and IR regions, and the four strains showed the same variation types (substitution base or indel) at all identified polymorphism sites. Comparison results of heterogeneity in the chloroplast genome sequences showed that the minor allele sites on the chloroplast genome were undergoing purifying selection to adapt to changing environment during domestication process. A study of P. ginseng chloroplast genome with particular focus on minor allele sites would aid in investigating the dynamics on the chloroplast genomes and different P. ginseng strains typing.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis characterized by progressive cartilage degradation, with its pathogenesis closely related to chondrocyte autophagy. Chondrocytes are the only cells in articular cartilage, and the function of chondrocytes plays a vital role in maintaining articular cartilage homeostasis. Autophagy, an intracellular degradation system that regulates energy metabolism in cells, plays an incredibly important role in OA. During the early stages of OA, autophagy is enhanced in chondrocytes, acting as an adaptive mechanism to protect them from various environmental changes. However, with the progress of OA, chondrocyte autophagy gradually decreases, leading to the accumulation of damaged organelles and macromolecules within the cell, prompting chondrocyte apoptosis. Numerous studies have shown that cartilage degradation is influenced by the senescence and apoptosis of chondrocytes, which are associated with reduced autophagy. The relationship between autophagy, senescence, and apoptosis is complex. While autophagy is generally believed to inhibit cellular senescence and apoptosis to promote cell survival, recent studies have shown that some proteins are degraded by selective autophagy, leading to the secretion of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) or increased SA-β-Gal activity in senescent cells within the damaged region of human OA cartilage. Autophagy activation may lead to different outcomes depending on the timing, duration, or type of its activation. Thus, our study explored the complex relationship between chondrocyte autophagy and OA, as well as the related regulatory molecules and signaling pathways, providing new insights for the future development of safe and effective drugs targeting chondrocyte autophagy to improve OA., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Li, Li, Li, Zhou, Zhu, Zhang, Huang, Zhao, Zhao and Chen.)

Introduction: Given the heterogeneity of sarcoidosis, predicting disease course of patients remains a challenge. Our aim was to determine whether the 3-year change in pulmonary function differed between pulmonary function phenotypes and whether there were differential longitudinal changes by race and sex., Methods: We identified individuals seen between 2005 and 2015 with a confirmed diagnosis of sarcoidosis who had at least two pulmonary function test measurements within 3 years of entry into the cohort. For each individual, spirometry, diffusion capacity, Charlson Comorbidity Index, sarcoidosis organ involvement, diagnosis duration, tobacco use, race, sex, age and medications were recorded. We compared changes in pulmonary function by type of pulmonary function phenotype and for demographic groups., Results: Of 291 individuals, 59% (173) were female and 54% (156) were black. Individuals with restrictive pulmonary function phenotype had significantly greater 3-year rate of decline of FVC% (forced vital capacity) predicted and FEV 1 % (forced expiratory volume in 1 s) predicted course when compared with normal phenotype. We identified a subset of individuals in the cohort, highest decliners, who had a median 3-year FVC decline of 156 mL. Black individuals had worse pulmonary function at entry into the cohort measured by FVC% predicted, FEV 1 % predicted and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide % predicted compared with white individuals. Black individuals' pulmonary function remained stable or declined over time, whereas white individuals' pulmonary function improved over time. There were no sex differences in rate of change in any pulmonary function parameters., Summary: We found significant differences in 3-year change in pulmonary function among pulmonary function phenotypes and races, but no difference between sexes., Competing Interests: Competing interests: Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health to support AMM, NWL and MS, respectively. MS has been a co-investigator on grants with aTyr Pharma, Kinevant and Novartis without support. ESC has received grant support from aTyr Pharma, Kinevant and Novartis that does not pertain to the current manuscript. NAG has consulted for Kiniksa Pharmaceutical. SCM has consulted for Janssen, United Therapeutics and Merck. RAW has received grant funding from Sanofi, Chiesi and AstraZeneca, and has consulted for Galderma, AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Contrafect, Savara, Kamada, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pulmonx, Scene Healthcare, Beyond Air and Puretech. DRM receives royalties from Taylor & Francis Group and is chairman and chief technical officer for Sarcoidosis Diagnostic Testing. MCM has received royalties from UpToDate for authorship and editorial work and has consulting relationships with Aridis, GlaxoSmithKline, NDD Medical Technologies, MCG Diagnostics and Boehringer Ingelheim., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

The detection of cancer-driving mutations is important for understanding cancer pathology and therapeutics development. Prediction tools have been created to streamline the computation process. However, most tools available have heterogeneous sensitivity or specificity. We built a machine learning-derived algorithm, DriverDetect that combines the outputs of seven pre-existing tools to improve the prediction of candidate driver cancer mutations. The algorithm was trained with cancer gene-specific mutation datasets of cancer patients to identify cancer drivers. DriverDetect performed better than the individual tools or their combinations in the validation test. It has the potential to incorporate future novel prediction algorithms and can be retrained with new datasets, offering an expanded application to pan-cancer analysis for cross-cancer study. (115 words)., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Hospital readmissions pose a challenge for modern healthcare systems. Our aim was to assess the efficacy of telemedicine incorporating telemonitoring of patients' vital signs in decreasing readmissions with a focus on a specific patient population particularly prone to rehospitalization: patients with heart failure (HF) and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) through a comparative effectiveness systematic review., Methods: Three major electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and ProQuest's ABI/INFORM, were searched for English-language articles published between 2012 and 2023. The studies included in the review employed telemedicine incorporating telemonitoring technologies and quantified the effect on hospital readmissions in the HF and/or COPD populations., Results: Thirty scientific articles referencing twenty-nine clinical studies were identified (total of 4,326 patients) and were assessed for risk of bias using the RoB2 (nine moderate risk, six serious risk) and ROBINS-I tools (two moderate risk, two serious risk), and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (three good-quality, four fair-quality, two poor-quality). Regarding the primary outcome of our study which was readmissions: the readmission-related outcome most studied was all-cause readmissions followed by HF and acute exacerbation of COPD readmissions. Fourteen studies suggested that telemedicine using telemonitoring decreases the readmission-related burden, while most of the remaining studies suggested that it had a neutral effect on hospital readmissions. Examination of prospective studies focusing on all-cause readmission resulted in the observation of a clearer association in the reduction of all-cause readmissions in patients with COPD compared to patients with HF (100% vs. 8%)., Conclusions: This systematic review suggests that current telemedicine interventions employing telemonitoring instruments can decrease the readmission rates of patients with COPD, but most likely do not impact the readmission-related burden of the HF population. Implementation of novel telemonitoring technologies and conduct of more high-quality studies as well as studies of populations with ≥2 chronic disease are necessary to draw definitive conclusions., Systematic Review Registration: This study is registered at the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (INPLASY), identifier (INPLASY202460097)., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2024 Stergiopoulos, Elayadi, Chen and Galiatsatos.)

On 9 October 2022, the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) reported the observation of the very early TeV afterglow of the brightest-of-all-time gamma-ray burst 221009A, recording the highest photon statistics in the TeV band ever obtained from a gamma-ray burst. We use this unique observation to place stringent constraints on the energy dependence of the speed of light in vacuum, a manifestation of Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) predicted by some quantum gravity (QG) theories. Our results show that the 95% confidence level lower limits on the QG energy scales are E_{QG,1}>10 times the Planck energy E_{Pl} for the linear LIV effect, and E_{QG,2}>6×10^{-8}E_{Pl} for the quadratic LIV effect. Our limits on the quadratic LIV case improve previous best bounds by factors of 5-7.

In this Letter we try to search for signals generated by ultraheavy dark matter at the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) data. We look for possible γ rays by dark matter annihilation or decay from 16 dwarf spheroidal galaxies in the field of view of the LHAASO. Dwarf spheroidal galaxies are among the most promising targets for indirect detection of dark matter that have low fluxes of astrophysical γ-ray background while having large amount of dark matter. By analyzing more than 700 days of observational data at LHAASO, no significant dark matter signal from 1 TeV to 1 EeV is detected. Accordingly we derive the most stringent constraints on the ultraheavy dark matter annihilation cross section up to EeV. The constraints on the lifetime of dark matter in decay mode are also derived.

Conventional colony-forming unit assay to measure cell viability is laborious and results in large experimental variability, which prohibits accurate quantification of microbial viability. Here, we present a microscopy-based protocol for the quantification of cells viability for temperature-sensitive S. pombe. We describe steps for growing and treating yeast cells and visualization of individual cells viability based on Phloxine B staining. We then detail procedures for data processing using Nikon NIS Elements Advanced Research (AR) software. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Lim et al. 1 ., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Sarcoidosis staging primarily has relied on the Scadding chest radiographic system, although chest CT imaging is finding increased clinical use., Research Question: Whether standardized chest CT scan assessment provides additional understanding of lung function beyond Scadding stage and demographics is unknown and the focus of this study., Study Design and Methods: We used National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute study Genomics Research in Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency and Sarcoidosis (GRADS) cases of sarcoidosis (n = 351) with Scadding stage and chest CT scans obtained in a standardized manner. One chest radiologist scored all CT scans with a visual scoring system, with a subset read by another chest radiologist. We compared demographic features, Scadding stage and CT scan findings, and the correlation between these measures. Associations between spirometry and diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (Dlco) results and CT scan findings and Scadding stage were determined using regression analysis (n = 318). Agreement between readers was evaluated using Cohen's κ value., Results: CT scan features were inconsistent with Scadding stage in approximately 40% of cases. Most CT scan features assessed on visual scoring were associated negatively with lung function. Associations persisted for FEV 1 and Dlco when adjusting for Scadding stage, although some CT scan feature associations with FVC became insignificant. Scadding stage was associated primarily with FEV 1 , and inclusion of CT scan features reduced significance in association between Scadding stage and lung function. Multivariable regression modeling to identify radiologic measures explaining lung function included Scadding stage for FEV 1 and FEV 1 to FVC ratio (P < .05) and marginally for Dlco (P < .15). Combinations of CT scan measures accounted for Scadding stage for FVC. Correlations among Scadding stage and CT scan features were noted. Agreement between readers was poor to moderate for presence or absence of CT scan features and poor for degree and location of abnormality., Interpretation: In this study, CT scan features explained additional variability in lung function beyond Scadding stage, with some CT scan features obviating the associations between lung function and Scadding stage. Whether CT scan features, phenotypes, or endotypes could be useful for treating patients with sarcoidosis needs more study., Competing Interests: Financial/Nonfinancial Disclosures The authors have reported to CHEST the following: L. A. M. has received grants from the National Institutes of Health [Grants R01HL140357, R01HL142049, R01HL136681], Ann Theodore Foundation, the Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research, Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, and the University of Cincinnati [Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals Foundation Grant] and serves on the Scientific Advisory Board for the Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research and Boehringer Ingelheim. B. S. B. has received a grant from Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals. E. S. C. has received grants from the National Institutes of Health, the Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research, American Thoracic Society, serves on the Scientific Advisory Board for the Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research, and has participated in clinical trials sponsored by aTyr Pharma and LabCorp Drug. L. L. K. has received grants from the National Institutes of Health [Grant R01HL157533], An Theodore Foundation, and Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals. D. A. L. was coinvestigator on a grant from the National Institutes of Health [Grant R01HL142049] and served on a Scientific Advisory Board for Boehringer Ingelheim, Inc. N. K. is a scientific founder at Thyron; served as a consultant to Boehringer Ingelheim, Pliant, Astra Zeneca, RohBar, Veracyte, Augmanity, CSL Behring, Splisense, Galapagos, Fibrogen, GSK, Merck, and Thyron over the last 3 years; reports equity in Pliant and Thyron; reports grants from Veracyte, Boehringer Ingelheim, and BMS; and reports nonfinancial support from Astra Zeneca. None declared (W. L. L., I. C., G. K. B., E. M. B., W. P. D., E. H., K. G., S. R. W., C. F.)., (Copyright © 2024 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) individuals have an increased risk of certain mental health outcomes, such as depression and suicide attempts. This population skews younger in the United States and prior studies have not included TGNB patients for the entire pediatric age range in an emergency department (ED) setting. The present study aimed to examine gender identity documentation in the electronic health record and then use that information to identify and further characterize the pediatric TGNB population presenting to a psychiatric emergency service. Preliminary findings include a greater percentage of TGNB patients compared to non-TGNB individuals who had repeat visits to the ED for high acuity psychiatric concerns. A larger portion of TGNB patients also had at least one evaluation that included suicidal ideation. These results call for increased attention on the quality of mental healthcare for TGNB youth both inside and outside of the ED., (©2024 AMIA - All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The biokinetics of radioiodine (RAI) in thyroid cancer patients are complex. This study aims to develop a practical approach for assessing RAI biokinetics to predict patient discharge time and estimate radiation exposure to caregivers., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data from patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma undergoing RAI treatment. Serial radiation dose rates were dynamically collected during hospitalization and fitted to a biexponential model to assess the biokinetic features: RAI uptake fraction of thyroid tissue ( F t ) and effective half-life of extra-thyroid tissue ( T et ). Correlations with 99m Tc thyroid uptake ratio (TcUR), radiation retention ratio (RR), renal function, and body mass index (BMI) were analyzed., Results: Thirty-five patients were enrolled. The derived F t was 0.08 ± 0.06 and T et was 7.57 ± 1.45 h. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a significant association between F t and both TcUR and RR ( p < 0.05), while T et correlated with renal function and BMI ( p < 0.05)., Conclusion: This novel and practical method assessing RAI biokinetics demonstrates consistency with other parameters and related studies, enhancing the model reliability. It shows promise in predicting an appropriate discharge time and estimating radiation exposure to caregivers, allowing for modifications to radiation protection precautions to follow ALARA principle and minimize the potential risks from radiation exposure.

Precise positioning of the histone-H3 variant, CENP-A, ensures centromere stability and faithful chromosomal segregation. Mislocalization of CENP-A to extra-centromeric loci results in aneuploidy and compromised cell viability associated with formation of ectopic kinetochores. The mechanism that retargets mislocalized CENP-A back to the centromere is unclarified. We show here that the downregulation of the histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36) methyltransferase Set2 can preserve centromere localization of a temperature-sensitive mutant cnp1-1 Schizosaccharomyces pombe CENP-A (SpCENP-A) protein and reverse aneuploidy by redirecting mislocalized SpCENP-A back to centromere from ribosomal DNA (rDNA) loci, which serves as a sink for the delocalized SpCENP-A. Downregulation of set2 augments Swc2 (SWR1 complex DNA-binding module) expression and releases histone chaperone Ccp1 from the centromeric reservoir. Swc2 and Ccp1 are directed to the rDNA locus to excavate the SpCENP-Acnp1-1, which is relocalized to the centromere in a manner dependent on canonical SpCENP-A loaders, including Mis16, Mis17 and Mis18, thereby conferring cell survival and safeguarding chromosome segregation fidelity. Chromosome missegregation is a severe genetic instability event that compromises cell viability. This mechanism thus promotes CENP-A presence at the centromere to maintain genomic stability., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Nucleic Acids Research.)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible and neurodegenerative disorder. Its etiology is not clear, but the involvement of genetic components plays a central role in the onset of the disease. In the present study, the expression of 10 genes (APP, PS1 and PS2, APOE, APBA2, LRP1, GRIN2B, INSR, GJB1, and IDE) involved in the main pathways related to AD were analyzed in auditory cortices and cerebellum from 29 AD patients and 29 healthy older adults. Raw analysis revealed tissue-specific changes in genes LRP1, INSR, and APP. A correlation analysis showed a significant effect also tissue-specific AD in APP, GRIN2B, INSR, and LRP1. Furthermore, the E4 allele of the APOE gene revealed a significant correlation with change expression tissue-specific in ABPA2, APP, GRIN2B, LRP1, and INSR genes. To assess the existence of a correction between changes in target gene expression and a probability of AD in each tissue (auditory cortices and cerebellum) an analysis of the effect of expressions was realized and showed that the reduction in the expression of the APP in auditory cortex and GRIN2B cerebellum had a significant effect in increasing the probability of AD, in the same logic, our result also suggesting that increased expression of the LRP1 and INSR genes had a significant effect on increasing the probability of AD. Our results showed tissue-specific gene expression alterations associated with AD and certainly opened new perspectives to characterize factors involved in gene regulation and to obtain possible biomarkers for AD., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

We present the measurements of all-particle energy spectrum and mean logarithmic mass of cosmic rays in the energy range of 0.3-30 PeV using data collected from LHAASO-KM2A between September 2021 and December 2022, which is based on a nearly composition-independent energy reconstruction method, achieving unprecedented accuracy. Our analysis reveals the position of the knee at 3.67±0.05±0.15  PeV. Below the knee, the spectral index is found to be -2.7413±0.0004±0.0050, while above the knee, it is -3.128±0.005±0.027, with the sharpness of the transition measured with a statistical error of 2%. The mean logarithmic mass of cosmic rays is almost heavier than helium in the whole measured energy range. It decreases from 1.7 at 0.3 PeV to 1.3 at 3 PeV, representing a 24% decline following a power law with an index of -0.1200±0.0003±0.0341. This is equivalent to an increase in abundance of light components. Above the knee, the mean logarithmic mass exhibits a power law trend towards heavier components, which is reversal to the behavior observed in the all-particle energy spectrum. Additionally, the knee position and the change in power-law index are approximately the same. These findings suggest that the knee observed in the all-particle spectrum corresponds to the knee of the light component, rather than the medium-heavy components.

Individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at a higher risk for mental health concerns including suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB). Limited studies have focused on suicidal risk factors that are more prevalent or unique to the population with ASD. This study sought to characterize and classify youth presenting to the psychiatric emergency department (ED) for a chief complaint of STB. The results of this study validated that a high number of patients with ASD present to the ED with STB. There were important differences in clinical characteristics to those with ASD versus those without. Clinical features that showed important impact in predicting high suicide risk in the ASD cases include elements of the mental status exam such as affect, trauma symptoms, abuse history, and auditory hallucinations. Focused attention is needed on these unique differences in ASD cases so that suicide risk level can be appropriately and promptly addressed., (©2023 AMIA - All rights reserved.)

Objective: In Alzheimer's disease (AD), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) could reduce cerebrovascular dysfunction, while angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) might increase brain amyloid-β by suppressing effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 1, an amyloid-β-degrading enzyme. However, ACEis could benefit patients with AD by reducing the amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein, by central cholinergic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and by peripheral modulation of glucose homeostasis. We aimed to investigate whether the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism is associated with clinical changes in patients with AD, while considering apolipoprotein E ( APOE )-ϵ4 carrier status and blood pressure response to angiotensin modulators., Methods: Consecutive outpatients with late-onset AD were screened with cognitive tests and anthropometric measurements, while their caregivers were queried for functional and caregiver burden scores. Prospective pharmacogenetic associations were estimated for 1 year, taking APOE -ϵ4 carrier status and genotypes of the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism into account, along with treatment with ACEis or ARBs., Results: For 193 patients (67.4% women, 53.4% APOE -ϵ4 carriers), the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium ( p = 0.281), while arterial hypertension was prevalent in 80.3% ( n = 124 used an ACEi, n = 21 used an ARB). ARBs benefitted mostly APOE -ϵ4 carriers concerning caregiver burden variations, cognitive and functional decline. ACEis benefitted APOE -ϵ4 non-carriers concerning cognitive and functional decline due to improved blood pressure control in addition to possible central mechanisms. The ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism led to variable response to angiotensin modulators concerning neurological outcomes and blood pressure variations., Conclusion: Angiotensin modulators may be disease-modifiers in AD, while genetic stratification of samples is recommended in clinical studies.

Background: The rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria directly contributes to a wave of untreatable infections. The lack of new drug development is an important driver of this crisis. Most antibiotics today are small molecules that block vital processes in bacteria. To optimize such effects, the three-dimensional structure of targeted bacterial proteins is imperative, although such a task is time-consuming and tedious, impeding the development of antibiotics. The development of RNA-based therapeutics has catalyzed a new platform of antibiotics-antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). These molecules hybridize with their target mRNAs with high specificity, knocking down or interfering with protein translation. This study aims to develop a bioinformatics pipeline to identify potent ASO targets in essential bacterial genes., Methods: Three bacterial species ( P. gingivalis , H. influenzae , and S. aureus ) were used to demonstrate the utility of the pipeline. Open reading frames of bacterial essential genes were downloaded from the Database of Essential Genes (DEG). After filtering for specificity and accessibility, ASO candidates were ranked based on their self-hybridization score, predicted melting temperature, and the position on the gene in an operon. Enrichment analysis was conducted on genes associated with putative potent ASOs., Results: A total of 45,628 ASOs were generated from 348 unique essential genes in P. gingivalis . A total of 1,117 of them were considered putative. A total of 27,273 ASOs were generated from 191 unique essential genes in H. influenzae . A total of 847 of them were considered putative. A total of 175,606 ASOs were generated from 346 essential genes in S. aureus . A total of 7,061 of them were considered putative. Critical biological processes associated with these genes include translation, regulation of cell shape, cell division, and peptidoglycan biosynthetic process. Putative ASO targets generated for each bacterial species are publicly available here: https://github.com/EricSHo/AOA. The results demonstrate that our bioinformatics pipeline is useful in identifying unique and accessible ASO targets in bacterial species that post major public health issues., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2023 Chen and Ho.)

Introduction: Unhoused individuals have high rates of suicidal ideation (SI) and suicidal behaviors (SB), but few have studied the relative timing of homelessness and SI/SB. Our study examines the potential to use state-wide electronic health record data from Rhode Island's health information exchange (HIE) to identify temporal relationships, service utilization, and associations of SI/SB among unhoused individuals., Methods: We use timestamped HIE data for 5368 unhoused patients to analyze service utilization and the relative timing of homelessness versus SI/SB onset. Multivariable models identified associations of SI/SB, hospitalization, and repeat acute care utilization within 30 days from clinical features representing 10,000+ diagnoses captured within the HIE., Results: The onset of SI typically precedes homelessness onset, while the onset of SB typically follows. Weekly rates of suicide-related service utilization increased over 25 times the baseline rate during the week before and after homelessness onset. Over 50% of encounters involving SI/SB result in hospitalization. Of those engaging in acute care for suicide-related reasons, we found high rates of repeat acute care encounters., Conclusion: HIEs are a particularly valuable resource for understudied populations. Our study demonstrates how longitudinal, multi-institutional data from an HIE can be used to characterize temporal associations, service utilization, and clinical associations of SI and behaviors among a vulnerable population at scale. Increasing access to services that address co-occurring SI/SB, mental health, and substance use is needed., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Edge effect denotes better growth of microbial organisms situated at the edge of the solid agar media. Although the precise reason underlying edge effect is unresolved, it is generally attributed to greater nutrient availability with less competing neighbors at the edge. Nonetheless, edge effect constitutes an unavoidable confounding factor that results in misinterpretation of cell fitness, especially in high-throughput screening experiments widely employed for genome-wide investigation using microbial gene knockout or mutant libraries. Here, we visualize edge effect in high-throughput high-density pinning arrays and report a normalization approach based on colony growth rate to quantify drug (hydroxyurea)-hypersensitivity in fission yeast strains. This normalization procedure improved the accuracy of fitness measurement by compensating cell growth rate discrepancy at different locations on the plate and reducing false-positive and -negative frequencies. Our work thus provides a simple and coding-free solution for a struggling problem in robotics-based high-throughput screening experiments.

The diffuse Galactic γ-ray emission, mainly produced via interactions between cosmic rays and the interstellar medium and/or radiation field, is a very important probe of the distribution, propagation, and interaction of cosmic rays in the Milky Way. In this Letter, we report the measurements of diffuse γ rays from the Galactic plane between 10 TeV and 1 PeV energies, with the square kilometer array of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Diffuse emissions from the inner (15°10  TeV). The energy spectrum in the inner Galaxy regions can be described by a power-law function with an index of -2.99±0.04, which is different from the curved spectrum as expected from hadronic interactions between locally measured cosmic rays and the line-of-sight integrated gas content. Furthermore, the measured flux is higher by a factor of ∼3 than the prediction. A similar spectrum with an index of -2.99±0.07 is found in the outer Galaxy region, and the absolute flux for 10≲E≲60  TeV is again higher than the prediction for hadronic cosmic ray interactions. The latitude distributions of the diffuse emission are consistent with the gas distribution, while the longitude distributions show clear deviation from the gas distribution. The LHAASO measurements imply that either additional emission sources exist or cosmic ray intensities have spatial variations.

Lung injury is one of the common extra‑articular lesions in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Due to its insidious onset and no obvious clinical symptoms, it can be easily dismissed in the early stage of diagnosis, which is one of the reasons that leads to a decline of the quality of life and subsequent death of patients with RA. However, its pathogenesis is still unclear and there is a lack of effective therapeutic targets. In the present study, tandem mass tag‑labeled proteomics was used to research the lung tissue proteins in RA model (adjuvant arthritis, AA) rats that had secondary lung injury. The aim of the present study was to identify the differentially expressed proteins related to RA‑lung injury, determine their potential role in the pathogenesis of RA‑lung injury and provide potential targets for clinical treatment. Lung tissue samples were collected from AA‑lung injury and normal rats. The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Bioinformatic analysis was used to assess the biological processes and signaling pathways associated with these DEPs. A total of 310 DEPs were found, of which 244 were upregulated and 66 were downregulated. KEGG anlysis showed that 'fatty acid degradation', 'fatty acid metabolism', 'fatty acid elongation', 'complement and coagulation cascades', 'peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor signaling pathway' and 'hypoxia‑inducible factor signaling pathway' were significantly upregulated in the lung tissues of AA‑lung injury. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed the increased expression of clusterin, serine protease inhibitors and complement 1qc in lung tissue of rats with AA lung injury. In the present study, the results revealed the significance of certain DEPs (for example, C9, C1qc and Clu) in the occurrence and development of RA‑lung injury and provided support through experiments to identify potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prevention of RA‑lung injury.

Purpose of Review: To summarize data from recent reports about risks and outcomes of the infections most often reported in patients with sarcoidosis., Recent Findings: Rates of fungal infections and other severe infections are higher in patients with sarcoidosis compared to controls. Immunosuppression further increases the risk for an infection requiring hospitalization. In contrast, outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are not worse unless lung impairment or other comorbidities are present., Summary: Tuberculosis, fungal infections, and other severe infections requiring hospital admission are, fortunately, relatively rare in patients with sarcoidosis who live in nonendemic regions. However, ongoing vigilance is required when the course of sarcoidosis is atypical or inexplicably progressive, as costs are high when these infections are missed. In contrast, COVID-19 and other respiratory viral illnesses are common, including among patients with sarcoidosis. When organ impairment is minimal, an underlying diagnosis of sarcoidosis does not appear to increase the risk of severe COVID-19, but patients may have higher risks due to comorbidities, which are important factors to address in routine sarcoidosis care. The burden from respiratory viral events, including impacts on quality of life and life functionality including work capacity, is unknown and is important to measure., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Although sex- and race-based patterns have been described in the extracardiac organ involvement of sarcoidosis, cardiac sarcoidosis (CS)-specific studies are lacking., Methods: We studied CS presentation, treatment and outcomes based on sex and race in a tertiary-center cohort. Multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards and survival analyses were performed for primary composite outcomes (left ventricular assist device, heart transplantation, all-cause death) and for secondary outcomes (ventricular arrhythmia and all-cause death., Results: We identified 252 patients with CS (108 female, 109 Black). At presentation with CS, females vs males (P = 0.001) and Black vs White individuals (P = 0.001) more commonly had symptomatic heart failure (HF), with HF most common in Black females (ANOVA P < 0.001). Treatment differences included more corticosteroid use (90% vs 79%; P = 0.020), higher 1-year prednisone dosage (13 vs 10 mg; P = 0.003) and less frequent early steroid-sparing agent use in males (29% vs 40%; P = 0.05). Black participants more frequently received a steroid-sparing agent (75% vs 60%; P = 0.023). Composite outcome-free survival did not differ by sex or race. Male sex had an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.34 (95% CI 1.13, 4.80; P = 0.021) for ventricular arrhythmia., Conclusion: CS course may differ by sex and race and may contribute to distinct clinical CS phenotypes., Competing Interests: Disclosures The authors have no relevant disclosures., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorder that affects different regions of the brain. Its pathophysiology includes the accumulation of β-amyloid protein, formation of neurofibrillary tangles, and inflammatory processes. Genetic factors are involved in the onset of AD, but they are not fully elucidated. Identification of gene expression in encephalic tissues of patients with AD may help elucidate its development. Our objectives were to characterize and compare the gene expression of CDK10, CDK11, FOXO1, and FOXO3 in encephalic tissue samples from AD patients and elderly controls, from the auditory cortex and cerebellum. RT-qPCR was used on samples from 82 individuals (45 with AD and 37 controls). We observed a statistically significant increase in CDK10 (p = 0.029*) and CDK11 (p = 0.048*) gene expression in the AD group compared to the control, which was most evident in the cerebellum. Furthermore, the Spearman test demonstrated the presence of a positive correlation of gene expression both in the auditory cortex in the AD group (r = 0.046/p = 0.004) and control group (r = 0.454/p = 0.005); and in the cerebellum in the AD group (r = 0.654 /p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference and correlation in the gene expression of FOXO1 and FOXO3 in the AD group and the control. In conclusion, CDK10 and CDK11 have high expression in AD patients compared to control, and they present a positive correlation of gene expression in the analyzed groups and tissues, which suggests that they play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) have a tera-electron volt (TeV) afterglow, but the early onset of this has not been observed. We report observations with the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) of the bright GRB 221009A, which serendipitously occurred within the instrument's field of view. More than 64,000 photons >0.2 TeV were detected within the first 3000 seconds. The TeV flux began several minutes after the GRB trigger and then rose to a peak ~10 seconds later. This was followed by a decay phase, which became more rapid ~650 seconds after the peak. We interpret the emission using a model of a relativistic jet with half-opening angle of ~0.8°. This is consistent with the core of a structured jet and could explain the high isotropic energy of this GRB.

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a conventional chemotherapeutic drug widely used in clinics worldwide, but development of resistance that compromises responsiveness remains a major hurdle to its efficacy. The mechanism underlying 5-FU resistance is conventionally attributed to the disruption of nucleotide synthesis, even though research has implicated other pathways such as RNA processing and chromatin dysregulation. Aiming to clarify resistance mechanisms of 5-FU, we tested the response of a collection of fission yeast ( Schizosaccharomyces pombe ) null mutants, which confer multiple environmental factor responsiveness (MER). Our screen identified disruption of membrane transport, chromosome segregation and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to increase cellular susceptibility towards 5-FU. Conversely, we revealed several null mutants of Ino80 complex factors exhibited resistance to 5-FU. Furthermore, attenuation of Ino80 function via deleting several subunit genes reversed loss of chromosome-segregation fidelity in 5-FU in the loss-of-function mutant of the Argonaute protein, which regulates RNA interference (RNAi)-dependent maintenance of pericentromeric heterochromatin. Our study thus uncovered a critical role played by chromatin remodeling Ino80 complex factors in 5-FU resistance, which may constitute a possible target to modulate in reversing 5-FU resistance., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to be widespread, and little is known about mental health impacts from dealing with the disease itself. This retrospective study used a deidentified health information exchange (HIE) dataset of electronic health record data from the state of Rhode Island and characterized different subgroups of the positive COVID-19 population. Three different clustering methods were explored to identify patterns of condition groupings in this population. Increased incidence of mental health conditions was seen post-COVID-19 diagnosis, and these individuals exhibited higher prevalence of comorbidities compared to the negative control group. A self-organizing map cluster analysis showed patterns of mental health conditions in half of the clusters. One mental health cluster revealed a higher comorbidity index and higher severity of COVID-19 disease. The clinical features identified in this study motivate the need for more in-depth analysis to predict and identify individuals at high risk for developing mental illness post-COVID-19 diagnosis., (©2022 AMIA - All rights reserved.)

The contribution and regulation of various CD4+ T cell lineages that occur with remitting vs progressive courses in sarcoidosis are poorly understood. We developed a multiparameter flow cytometry panel to sort these CD4+ T cell lineages followed by measurement of their functional potential using RNA-sequencing analysis at six-month intervals across multiple study sites. To obtain good quality RNA for sequencing, we relied on chemokine receptor expression to identify and sort lineages. To minimize gene expression changes induced by perturbations of T cells and avoid protein denaturation caused by freeze/thaw cycles, we optimized our protocols using freshly isolated samples at each study site. To accomplish this study, we had to overcome significant standardization challenges across multiple sites. Here, we detail standardization considerations for cell processing, flow staining, data acquisition, sorting parameters, and RNA quality control analysis that were performed as part of the NIH-sponsored, multi-center study, BRonchoscopy at Initial sarcoidosis diagnosis Targeting longitudinal Endpoints (BRITE). After several rounds of iterative optimization, we identified the following aspects as critical for successful standardization: 1) alignment of PMT voltages across sites using CS&T/rainbow bead technology; 2) a single template created in the cytometer program that was used by all sites to gate cell populations during data acquisition and cell sorting; 3) use of standardized lyophilized flow cytometry staining cocktails to reduce technical error during processing; 4) development and implementation of a standardized Manual of Procedures. After standardization of cell sorting, we were able to determine the minimum number of sorted cells necessary for next generation sequencing through analysis of RNA quality and quantity from sorted T cell populations. Overall, we found that implementing a multi-parameter cell sorting with RNA-seq analysis clinical study across multiple study sites requires iteratively tested standardized procedures to ensure comparable and high-quality results., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Magallon et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Pathologically activated neutrophils (PMN) with immunosuppressive activity, which are termed myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSC), play a critical role in regulating tumor progression. These cells have been implicated in promoting tumor metastases by contributing to premetastatic niche formation. This effect was facilitated by enhanced spontaneous migration of PMN from bone marrow to the premetastatic niches during the early-stage of cancer development. The molecular mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon remained unclear. In this study, we found that syntaphilin (SNPH), a cytoskeletal protein previously known for anchoring mitochondria to the microtubule in neurons and tumor cells, could regulate migration of PMN. Expression of SNPH was decreased in PMN from tumor-bearing mice and patients with cancer as compared with PMN from tumor-free mice and healthy donors, respectively. In Snph-knockout (SNPH-KO) mice, spontaneous migration of PMN was increased and the mice showed increased metastasis. Mechanistically, in SNPH-KO mice, the speed and distance travelled by mitochondria in PMN was increased, rates of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis were elevated, and generation of adenosine was increased. Thus, our study reveals a molecular mechanism regulating increased migratory activity of PMN during cancer progression and suggests a novel therapeutic targeting opportunity., (©2022 American Association for Cancer Research.)

Since Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) derives from a combination of genetic variants and environmental factors, epigenetic modifications have been predicted to play a role in the etiopathology of LOAD. Along with DNA methylation, histone modifications have been proposed as the main epigenetic modifications that contribute to the pathologic mechanisms of LOAD; however, little is known about how these mechanisms contribute to the disease's onset or progression. In this review, we highlighted the main histone modifications and their functional role, including histone acetylation, histone methylation, and histone phosphorylation, as well as changes in such histone modifications that occur in the aging process and mainly in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, we pointed out the main epigenetic drugs tested for AD treatment, such as those based on histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Finally, we remarked on the perspectives around the use of such epigenetics drugs for treating AD.

Fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S. pombe) is renowned as a powerful genetic model for deciphering cellular and molecular biological phenomena, including cell division, chromosomal events, stress responses, and human carcinogenesis. Traditionally, Africans use S. pombe to ferment the beer called 'Pombe', which continues to be consumed in many parts of Africa. Although not as widely utilized as the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. pombe has secured several niches in the food industry for human nutrition because of its unique metabolism. This review will explore three specific facets of human nutrition where S. pombe has made a significant impact: namely, in wine fermentation, animal husbandry and neutraceutical supplementation coenzyme Q10 production. Discussions focus on the current gaps in these areas, and the potential research advances useful for addressing future challenges. Overall, gaining a better understanding of S. pombe metabolism will strengthen production in these areas and potentially spearhead novel future applications., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of FEMS.)

Background: Medication errors and adverse drug events are common in the pediatric population. Limited English proficiency and low health literacy have been associated with decreased medication adherence, increased medication errors, and worse health outcomes. This study explores parental factors affecting medication management in underserved communities., Methods: Using qualitative methods, we identified factors believed to affect medication management among parents. We conducted focus group discussions between December 2019 and September 2020. We recruited parents and health care professionals from local community partners and a tertiary care children's hospital. Sessions were recorded and transcribed. Three investigators created the coding scheme. Two investigators independently coded each focus group and organized results into themes using thematic analysis., Results: Eleven focus groups were held (n = 45): 4 English-speaking parent groups (n = 18), 3 Spanish-speaking parent groups (n = 11), and 4 health care professional groups (n = 16). We identified 4 main factors that could impact medication delivery: 1) limited health literacy among parents and feeling inadequate at medication administration (knowledge/skill gap), 2) poor communication between caregivers (regarding medication delivery, dosage, frequency, and purpose) and between providers (regarding what has been prescribed), 3) lack of pediatric medication education resources, and 4) personal attitudes and beliefs that influence one's medication-related decisions., Conclusions: The compounding effect of these factors - knowledge, communication, resource, and personal belief - may put families living in underserved communities at greater risk for medication errors and suboptimal health outcomes. These findings can be used to guide future interventions and may help optimize medication delivery for pediatric patients., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Rationale: Historically, sarcoidosis was described as a restrictive lung disease, but several alternative phenotypes of pulmonary function have been observed. Pulmonary function phenotypes in sarcoidosis may represent different clinical and/or molecular phenotypes. Objectives: To characterize the prevalence of different pulmonary function phenotypes in a large and diverse sarcoidosis cohort from a tertiary care referral center. Methods: We identified individuals seen between 2005-2015 with a confirmed diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Data were collected from the first pulmonary function test (PFT) performed at our institution which included spirometry and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (Dl CO ). Demographics and clinical data were collected. Chi-squared analyses and multiple linear regressions were done to assess statistical differences and associations. Global Lung Function Initiative equations were used to calculate percent predicted measurements for spirometry and Dl CO . Results: Of 602 individuals with sarcoidosis, 93% (562) had pulmonary involvement, 64% (385) were female, and 57% (341) were Black. Of those with pulmonary involvement, 56% had abnormal pulmonary function. Lung function impairment phenotypes included: 47% restriction, 22% obstruction, 15% isolated reduction in Dl CO , and 16% combined obstructive restrictive phenotype. Restriction was the most common PFT phenotype among Black individuals (41%), while no lung impairment was most common among White individuals (66%) ( P  < 0.001). Males more frequently had obstruction (19%) compared with females (9%) P  = 0.001, and females had more restriction (30%) compared with males (21%) P  = 0.031. Conclusions: Among individuals with sarcoidosis and pulmonary function impairment, less than half demonstrated a restrictive phenotype. There were significant differences in pulmonary function phenotypes by race and sex.

The kilometer square array (KM2A) of the large high altitude air shower observatory (LHAASO) aims at surveying the northern γ-ray sky at energies above 10 TeV with unprecedented sensitivity. γ-ray observations have long been one of the most powerful tools for dark matter searches, as, e.g., high-energy γ rays could be produced by the decays of heavy dark matter particles. In this Letter, we present the first dark matter analysis with LHAASO-KM2A, using the first 340 days of data from 1/2-KM2A and 230 days of data from 3/4-KM2A. Several regions of interest are used to search for a signal and account for the residual cosmic-ray background after γ/hadron separation. We find no excess of dark matter signals, and thus place some of the strongest γ-ray constraints on the lifetime of heavy dark matter particles with mass between 10^{5} and 10^{9}  GeV. Our results with LHAASO are robust, and have important implications for dark matter interpretations of the diffuse astrophysical high-energy neutrino emission.