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Time and charge measurements over a large dynamic range from 1 Photo Electron (P.E.) to 4000 P.E. are required for the Water Cherenkov Detector Array (WCDA), which is one of the key components in the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). To simplify the circuit structure of the readout electronics, a front end ASIC was designed. Based on the charge-to-time conversion method, the output pulse width of the ASIC corresponds to the input signal charge information while time information of the input signal is picked off through a discriminator, and thus the time and charge information can be digitized simultaneously using this ASIC and a following Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC). To address the challenge of mismatch among the channels observed in the previous prototype version, this work presents approaches for analyzing the problem and optimizing the circuits. A new version of the ASIC was designed and fabricated in the GLOBALFOUNDRIES 0.35 um CMOS technology, which integrates 6 channels (corresponding to the readout of the 3 PMTs) in each chip. The test results indicate that the mismatch between the channels is significantly reduced to less than 20% using the proposed approach. The time measurement resolution better than 300 ps is achieved, and the charge measurement resolution is better than 10% at 1 P.E., and 1% at 4000 P.E., which meets the application requirements.

High sampling speed can be achieved using multiple Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) based on the Time-Interleaving A/D Conversion (TIADC) technique. Various types of methods were proposed to correct the mismatch errors among parallel ADC channels in TIADC systems, which would deteriorate the system performance. Traditional correction methods based on digital signal processing have good performance, however often only for input signals limited in a narrow frequency band. In this paper, we present our recent work on design of an 8-Gsps 12-bit TIADC system and implementation of real-time mismatch correction algorithms in FPGA devices, over a broad band of input signal frequencies. Tests were also conducted to evaluate the systems performance, and the results indicate that the Effective Number of Bits (ENOB) is enhanced to be better than 8.5 bits (<800 MHz) and 8 bits from 800 MHz to 1.6 GHz after correction, almost the same with that of the ADC chip employed.

The paper presents the design and measurement results of a transient waveform recording ASIC based on the Switched Capacitor Array (SCA) architecture. This 0.18 {\mu}m CMOS prototype device contains two channels and each channel employs a SCA of 128 samples deep, a 12-bit Wilkinson ADC and a serial data readout. A series of tests have been conducted and the results indicate that: a full 1 V signal voltage range is available, the input analog bandwidth is approximately 450 MHz and the sampling speed is adjustable from 0.076 to 3.2 Gsps (Gigabit Samples Per Second). For precision waveform timing extraction, careful calibration of timing intervals between samples is conducted to improve the timing resolution of such chips, and the timing precision of this ASIC is proved to be better than 15 ps RMS.

A novel time calibration method for waveform sampling application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) based on switched capacitor arrays (SCAs) is proposed in this paper. Precision timing extraction using SCA ASICs has been proved to be a promising technique in many high energy physics experiments. However, such ASICs suffer from irregular sampling intervals caused by process variations. Therefore, careful calibration is required to improve the time resolution of such systems. We evaluated the limitation of a popular method using the proportionality between voltage amplitude and sampling interval of adjacent switched-capacitor cells responding to either a sawtooth wave or a sine wave. The new time calibration method presented here utilizes the relationship between sampling intervals and the known input signal period to establish overdetermined linear equations, and the roots of these equations correspond to the actual sampling intervals. We applied this new method to a pulse timing test with an ASIC designed by our team, and the test results indicate that the new time calibration method is effective.

The water Cherenkov detector array (WCDA) is one of the key detectors in the large high altitude air shower observatory (LHAASO), which is proposed for very high gamma ray source survey. In WCDA, there are more than 3000 photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) scattered under water in an area of 80000 m2. As for the WCDA readout electronics, both high precision time and charge measurement is required over a large dynamic range from 1 photon electron (P.E.) to 4000 P.E. To reduce the electronics complexity and improve the system reliability, a readout scheme based on application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) is proposed. Two prototype ASICs were designed and tested. The first ASIC integrates amplification and shaping circuits for charge measurement and discrimination circuits used for time measurement. The shaped signal is further fed to the second ADC ASIC, while the output signal from the discriminator is digitized by the FPGA-based time-to-digital converter (TDC). Test results indicate that time resolution is better than 250 ps RMS, and the charge resolution is better than 10% at 1 P.E., and 1% at 4000 P.E. which meets the requirements of the LHAASO WCDA.