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Deciphering the genetic mechanisms underlying key agronomic and quality traits in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is essential for advancing varietal improvement. Phenotypic instability in early clonal generations and inbreeding depression, coupled with the complexity of tetrasomic inheritance, pose significant challenges in constructing mapping populations for the genetic dissection of complex traits. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) offer an efficient method to establish trait–genome associations by analyzing genetic recombination and mutation events in natural populations. This review systematically examines the application of GWASs in identifying agronomic traits in potato, such as plant architecture, yield components, tuber shape, and resistance to early and late blight and nematodes, as well as quality traits including dry matter, starch, and glycoalkaloid content. Some key chromosomal hotspots identified through GWASs include chromosome 5 associated with tuber yield, starch content, and late blight resistance; chromosome 4 and 10 associations with tuber shape and starch content; chromosomes 1, 9, and 11 associated with plant height, tuber number, glycoalkaloid content, and pest resistance. It elucidates the advantages and limitations of GWASs for genetic loci identification in this autotetraploid crop, providing theoretical insights and a reference framework for the precise localization of key genetic loci and the discovery of underlying genes using GWASs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato tuberization is a complicated biological process regulated by multiple phytohormones, in particular cytokinins (CKs). The information available on the molecular mechanisms regulating tuber development by CKs remains largely unclear. Physiological results initially indicated that low 6‐benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentration (3 mg l−1) advanced the tuberization beginning time and promoted tuber formation. A comparative proteomics approach was applied to investigate the proteome change of tuber development by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis in vitro, subjected to exogenous BAP treatments (0, 3, 6 and 13 mg l−1). Quantitative image analysis showed a total of 83 protein spots with significantly altered abundance (>2.5‐fold, P < 0.05), and 55 differentially abundant proteins were identified by MALDI‐TOF/TOF MS. Among these proteins, 22 proteins exhibited up‐regulation with the increase of exogenous BAP concentration, and 31 proteins were upregulated at 3 mg l−1 BAP whereas being downregulated at higher BAP concentrations. These proteins were involved in metabolism and bioenergy, storage, redox homeostasis, cell defense and rescue, transcription and translation, chaperones, signaling and transport. The favorable effects of low BAP concentrations on tuber development were found in various cellular processes, mainly including the stimulation of starch and storage protein accumulation, the enhancement of the glycolysis pathway and ATP synthesis, the cellular homeostasis maintenance, the activation of pathogen defense, the higher efficiency of transcription and translation, as well as the enhanced metabolite transport. However, higher BAP concentration, especially 13 mg l−1, showed disadvantageous effects. The proposed hypothetical model would explain the interaction of these proteins associated with CK‐induced tuber development in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a fault diagnosis method for flyback switching power supply. The proposed method integrates input current and output voltage information to improve fault diagnosis accuracy. The flyback switching power supply's signal characteristics and fault separability are analyzed. Time domain features and frequency band wavelet packet dispersion entropy features are constructed to form multidimensional feature vectors that fuse time and frequency information, which enhances fault separability. Then, the MIV algorithm is used to screen the features to reduce the redundant information. Additionally, the diagnostic method of the NGO‐SVM model is proposed to optimize the multiclass SVM model by using NGO to improve the diagnosis model generalization performance. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper has good diagnostic effect for both single and multiple faults, and the diagnostic accuracy is up to 98.3% under ideal conditions, and up to 96.8% in the presence of noise interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the multiple environmental signals and hormonal factors regulating potato tuberization, gibberellins (GAs) are important components of the signaling pathways in these processes. To understand the GAs-signaling response mechanism of potato tuberization, a comparative proteomics approach was applied to analyze proteome change of potato tuberization in vitro subjected to a range of exogenous GA 3 treatments (0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 μM) using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Quantitative image analyses showed that a total of 37 protein spots have their abundance significantly altered more than 2-fold. Among these proteins, 13 proteins were up-regulated, 13 proteins were down-regulated, one protein was absent and 10 proteins were induced after treatment by exogenous GA 3 . The MALDI-TOF/TOF MS analyses led to the identification of differentially abundant proteins that are mainly involved in bioenergy and metabolism, storage, signaling, cell defense and rescue, transcription, chaperones, transport. Furthermore, the comparative analysis of GA 3 -responsive proteome allowed for general elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms of potato tuberization inhibited by exogenous GA 3 . Most of these cellular processes were not conducive to the transition from stolon elongation to tuber formation, including a blockage of starch and storage protein accumulation, the accelerated carbohydrate catabolism, a blockage of JA biosynthesis but an elevated endogenous GAs level, the amplification of GA 3 signal transduction by other signaling pathways, and the regulation of cellular RNA metabolism for controlling tuberization. Our results firstly integrated physiology and proteome data to provide new insights into GA 3 -signaling response mechanisms of potato tuberization in vitro., (© 2017 Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society.)

This experiment conducted to identify a periodic change of ultrastructures of secondary follicle characteristics during a whole year, reveal the molecule regulation of growth of cashmere. A total of 10 cashmere goats of 1-year old were studied. The paraffin section and ultrathin slices of skin were made each month in a whole year, observed, photographed, and analyzed under light microscope and transmission electron microscope after stained. Following the development of down fiber, the ultrastructures of secondary follicle of Hexi cashmere goat showed a periodic change within a year. There were five different periods during a down fiber cycle. It was observed that the stage of telogen, proanagen, anagen, procatagen, and catagen was in January and February, March and April, May to August, September and October, and November and December, respectively. The key change observed in secondary follicle under transmission electron microscope was inner root sheath. This study illustrated the five different stage of secondary follicle of Hexi Cashmere goat within a whole growth cycle, and has provided more detailed information about the research field of Hexi cashmere goat. Choosing the suitable time to harvest the cashmere may get the profit maximization., (Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)