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Background: As one of the four most valuable animal medicines, Fel Ursi, named Xiong Dan (XD) in China, has the effect of clearing heat, calming the liver, and brightening the eyes. However, due to the special source of XD and its high price, other animals' bile is often sold as XD or mixed with XD on the market, seriously affecting its clinical efficacy and consumers' rights and interests. In order to realize identification and adulteration analysis of XD, UHPLC-QTOF-MS E and multivariate statistical analysis were used to explore the differences in XD and six other animals' bile., Methods: XD, pig gall (Zhu Dan, ZD), cow gall (Niu Dan, ND), rabbit gallbladder (Tu Dan, TD), duck gall (Yan Dan, YD), sheep gall (Yang Dan, YND), and chicken gall (Ji Dan, JD) were analyzed by UHPLC-QTOF-MS E , and the MS data, combined with multivariate analysis methods, were used to distinguish between them. Meanwhile, the potential chemical composition markers that contribute to their differences were further explored., Results: The results showed that XD and six other animals' bile can be distinguished from each other obviously, with 27 ions with VIP > 1.0. We preliminarily identified 10 different bile acid-like components in XD and the other animals' bile with significant differences ( p < 0.01) and VIP > 1.0, such as tauroursodeoxycholic acid, Glycohyodeoxycholic acid, and Glycodeoxycholic acid., Conclusions: The developed method was efficient and rapid in accurately distinguishing between XD and six other animals' bile. Based on the obtained chemical composition markers, it is beneficial to strengthen quality control for bile medicines.

In the realm of ferroelectric memories, HfO 2 -based ferroelectrics stand out because of their exceptional CMOS compatibility and scalability. Nevertheless, their switchable polarization and switching speed are not on par with those of perovskite ferroelectrics. It is widely acknowledged that defects play a crucial role in stabilizing the metastable polar phase of HfO 2 . Simultaneously, defects also pin the domain walls and impede the switching process, ultimately rendering the sluggish switching of HfO 2 . Herein, we present an effective strategy involving acceptor-donor co-doping to effectively tackle this dilemma. Remarkably enhanced ferroelectricity and the fastest switching process ever reported among HfO 2 polar devices are observed in La 3+ -Ta 5+ co-doped HfO 2 ultrathin films. Moreover, robust macro-electrical characteristics of co-doped films persist even at a thickness as low as 3 nm, expanding potential applications of HfO 2 in ultrathin devices. Our systematic investigations further demonstrate that synergistic effects of uniform microstructure and smaller switching barrier introduced by co-doping ensure the enhanced ferroelectricity and shortened switching time. The co-doping strategy offers an effective avenue to control the defect state and improve the ferroelectric properties of HfO 2 films., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: To observe the effect of Euphorbia kansui (E. KS) alcohol extracts on urination and kidney-related expressions of mice injected with normal saline and to discuss its impact on kidney., Method: Mice intraperitoneally injected with normal saline were observed for urination and changes in kidney-related histiocytic factors of after intragastrical administration of E. KS and compared with normal mice., Result: E. KS alcohol extracts can promote urination of mice injected with normal saline and enhance peripheral serum creatinine, with no obvious pathological change showed in tissue sections. It had a certain effect on reducing AQP2 expression and enhancing TNF-alpha expression., Conclusion: Euphorbia kansui in large dose has a remarkable effect on kidney but may be accompanied with pathological reactions to some extent, especially the dose of 1.2 g x kg(-1). The pathological reactions may be related with increased serum creatinine and TNF-alpha expression.