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The objectives were to evaluate the effects of Corynebacterium glutamicumcell mass (CGCM) supplementation, replacing blood plasma in diets, on the gene expressions of biomarkers associated with peptidoglycan and their correlation with intestinal health in nursery pigs. Weaned pigs (n = 32) were allotted to 4 dietary treatments based on the randomized complete block design with initial BW as blocks. The diets with supplementation of CGCM (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1%) replacing blood plasma up to 1.5% were fed for 21 d. Pigs were euthanized on d 21 to collect proximal and distal jejunal mucosa to measure intestinal health markers. Gene expression of receptors associated with peptidoglycan (PGN) and intestinal health were evaluated by PCR. Correlations between gene expressions of receptors associated with PGN and intestinal health markers in jejunal mucosa were assessed by Pearson’s analysis. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS 9.4. Increasing CGCM supplementation affected (quadratic) the relative gene expression of peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGLYRP) 1 (P= 0.080, max: 1.85% at 1.1% CGCM), PGLYRP4 (P< 0.05, max: 3.24% at 1.2% CGCM), and interferon-γ (P= 0.088, max: 3.25% at 1.1% CGCM). Increasing CGCM supplementation did not affect the relative gene expression of PGLYRP2A, PGLYRP2B, PGLYRP3, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4, Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (NOD) 1, NOD2, cluster of differentiation (CD) 14, and nuclear factor-kappa B. In proximal jejunal mucosa, PGLYRP1 was positively correlated with immunoglobulin A (IgA) and interleukin 8 (r = 0.50 and 0.45, respectively; P< 0.05). PGLYRP4 was positively correlated with protein carbonyl and IgA (r = 0.65 and 0.60, respectively; P< 0.05). Interferon-γ was positively correlated with Campylobacter coli (r = 0.61; P< 0.05) and IgA (r = 0.52; P< 0.05). PGLYRP2A was negatively correlated (r = -0.44; P< 0.05) with Pseudomonadaceae.TLR2 was positively correlated with Corynebacteriaceae, Pasteurellaceae, and Propionibacteriaceae(r = 0.55, 0.51, and 0.52, respectively; P< 0.05). NOD1 was positively correlated (r = 0.50; P< 0.05) with Propionibacteriaceae. NOD2 were positively correlated with Pasteurellaceaeand Propionibacteriaceae(r = 0.73 and 0.53, respectively; P< 0.05). CD14 was negatively correlated (r = -0.47; P< 0.05) with IgA. Campylobacteraceaewas positively correlated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (r = 0.50; P< 0.05). Pseudomonadaceae was negatively correlated with IgG (r = -0.39; P< 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing 1.1% to 1.2% CGCM, replacing 0.8 to 0.9% blood plasma, increased the relative gene expressions of PGLYRP1, PGLYRP4, and interferon-γ, which were related to the modulation of the mucosa-associated microbiota, immune response, and oxidative stress markers caused by CGCM supplementation. Supplementing 2.1% CGCM showed to have a similar expression of receptors associated with PGN and intestinal health by promoting the growth of less inflammatory microbiota.

This study was to evaluate the effects of mixed macroalgae on enhancing growth performance and intestinal health of nursery pigs. Nursery pigs (n = 24; 12 barrows and 12 gilts with 6.5 ± 0.2 kg BW) were allotted using a randomized complete block design based on the randomized block design with sex and initial BW as blocks. A basal diet was supplemented with mixed macroalgae (Ulvaspp. and Solieria chordalis) at 0.0 and 0.2%. All pigs were fed experimental diets for 3 phases (Phase 1: 7 d, phase 2: 14 d, and phase 3: 14 d). Feed intake and BW were recorded at the end of each phase. All pigs were euthanized on d 35 to collect intestinal samples. Jejunal tissues were collected to evaluate intestinal morphology and crypt cell proliferation. Jejunal mucosa was collected to measure immune response and oxidative stress markers. Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS. Pigs fed a diet with mixed macroalgae did not affect growth performance, intestinal morphology, and crypt cell proliferation compared with pigs fed with the control diet. Pigs fed a diet with mixed macroalgae had less (P< 0.05) tumor necrosis factor-alpha and protein carbonyl than pigs fed with the control diet. Pigs fed a diet with mixed macroalgae tended to have lless (P= 0.064) interleukin 8 than pigs fed with the control diet. In conclusion, mixed macroalgae could be supplemented in nursery diets to enhance intestinal health by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress markers, whereas growth performance was not affected by mixed macroalgae supplementation.

The objective was to determine the nutritional and functional values of lysed Corynebacterium glutamicumcell mass (CGCM) as a protein supplement and a source of cell wall fragments supporting the growth and intestinal health of nursery pigs. Thirty-two pigs (21 d of age) were allotted to four treatments (n= 8) based on the randomized block design with sex and initial body weight (BW) as blocks. The main effect was the dietary supplementation of lysed CGCM (0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1%) replacing blood plasma and fed in two phases (10 and 11 d, respectively). Feed intake and BW were measured at the end of each phase. Pigs were euthanized on day 21 to collect jejunal tissue and mucosa to evaluate intestinal health. Ileal digesta were collected to measure the apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients in diets. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed and Reg of SAS. Increasing daily intake of CGCM increased (linear; P< 0.05) ADG of pigs. Increasing CGCM supplementation affected (quadratic; P< 0.05) the relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae(minimum: 26.4% at 1.2% CGCM), Helicobacteraceae(maximum: 29.3% at 1.2% CGCM), and Campylobacteraceae(maximum: 9.0% at 1.0% CGCM). Increasing CGCM supplementation affected (quadratic; P< 0.05) the concentrations of immunoglobulin G (maximum: 4.94 µg/mg of protein at 1.0% CGCM) and protein carbonyl (PC; maximum: 6.12 nmol/mg of protein at 1.1% CGCM), whereas linearly decreased (P< 0.05) malondialdehyde (MDA) in the proximal jejunal mucosa. Increasing CGCM supplemention affected (quadratic; P< 0.05) intestinal enterocyte proliferation rate (maximum: 13.3% at 1.0% CGCM), whereas it did not affect intestinal morphology and the nutrient digestibility. In conclusion, supplementing 1.0% to 1.2%, reducing blood plasma supplementation by 0.7% to 0.9%, respectively, increased potential pathogenic microbiota associated in the jejunal mucosa resulting in increased immune response, enterocyte proliferation, and PC concentration. However, supplementing diets with 2.1% CGCM, replacing 1.5% blood plasma, improved growth performance, and reduced MDA without affecting nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and microbiota in the jejunal mucosa. In this study, based on the polynomial contrast, supplementing 1.0% to 1.2% CGCM suppressed the benefits from blood plasma, whereas supplementing 2.1% CGCM showed functional benefits of CGCM with similar effects from blood plasma supplementation.