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Chinese subtitling of English trailers is essential for marketing foreign films in China, and there is a need to focus on audience reception. Ideal subtitles are expected to provide a necessary aid to the audience but to attract as little attention as possible. Paralinguistic factors like punctuation can influence the audience's attention and reception. Therefore, this study aims to explore the impact of punctuation on a Chinese audience's attention distribution between subtitles and visuals via the eye tracking technique. We recruited 62 participants and selected ten English trailers for films to be released. We prepared two parallel Chinese versions for each trailer, one using punctuation marks and the other using spaces. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups to watch the two versions respectively and filled out a questionnaire afterwards to rate their desire to watch those films. Data analyses show that, while punctuation does not have a significant impact on participants' attitudes towards the films, the version without punctuation causes less fixation on subtitles, implying that omitting punctuation marks can ensure more attention to the visual and hence a better viewing experience.

The majority of the experimental studies investigating the dynamic response of sandwich panels are conducted using small-scale models that cannot be applied directly in the marine industry. In this study, a velocity–stress–mass (VSG) method based on the Johnson–Cook equation (VSG–JC) is derived to determine the relationship between a full-size structure (prototype) and its scaled-down model. The developed methodology is verified using theoretical and numerical solutions for an impact-loaded beam and plate, respectively. Theoretically, the model response can explicitly predict the behavior of a full-size structure using the VSG–JC method, whereas the strain rate cannot be obtained precisely via numerical simulation; hence, the corrected results for the model deviate slightly from the prototype results. Additionally, this method is compared with the VSG method based on the Cowper–Symonds equation (VSG–CS) in the numerical simulation of sandwich panels. The comparison results indicates that the VSG–JC method is more accurate than the VSG–CS method. The dynamic response of the scaled models predicted using the VSG–JC method coincides with that of the prototype, thus demonstrating that the VSG–JC method is valid for evaluating the scaling behavior of sandwich structures subjected to impact loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been considered as a prevailing natural carcinogenic mycotoxin in various food and feedstuff products, posing serious endangers to human health. The quantitative and selective detection of AFB1 was significantly essential for food safety control. Results: We developed a label‐free fluorescent aptasensor using a target‐binding aptamer probe as the rolling circle amplification (RCA) primer for AFB1 detection. In the presence of AFB1, the probe preferentially combined with AFB1 rather than binding to the circular template, inhibiting the initiation of RCA process. The detection limit of the proposed method was as low as 6.6 nM, and the linear dynamic response range was four orders of magnitude wide. Besides, it revealed excellent specificity for AFB1 and high‐quality detection performance in food samples. Conclusion: The presented detection method was simple, rapid, and economical, which indicated a promising application in food safety monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been considered as a prevailing natural carcinogenic mycotoxin in various food and feedstuff products, posing serious endangers to human health. The quantitative and selective detection of AFB1 was significantly essential for food safety control. Results: We developed a label‐free fluorescent aptasensor using a target‐binding aptamer probe as the rolling circle amplification (RCA) primer for AFB1 detection. In the presence of AFB1, the probe preferentially combined with AFB1 rather than binding to the circular template, inhibiting the initiation of RCA process. The detection limit of the proposed method was as low as 6.6 nM, and the linear dynamic response range was four orders of magnitude wide. Besides, it revealed excellent specificity for AFB1 and high‐quality detection performance in food samples. Conclusion: The presented detection method was simple, rapid, and economical, which indicated a promising application in food safety monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 2 (GLRaV‐2) p24 has been reported to be an RNA silencing suppressor (RSS). However, the mechanisms underlying p24's suppression of RNA silencing are unknown. Using Agrobacterium infiltration‐mediated RNA silencing assays, we showed that GLRaV‐2 p24 is a strong RSS triggered by positive‐sense green fluorescent protein (GFP) RNA, and that silencing suppression by p24 effectively blocks the accumulation of small interfering RNAs. Deletion analyses showed that the region of amino acids 1–188, which contains all predicted α‐helices and β‐strands, is required for the RSS activity of p24. Hydrophobic residues I35/F38/V85/V89/W149 and V162/L169/L170, previously shown to be critical for p24 self‐interaction, are also crucial for silencing suppression, and western blotting results suggested that a lack of self‐interaction ability results in decreased p24 accumulation in plants. The mutants showed greatly weakened or a lack of RSS activity. Substitution with two basic residues at positions 2 or 86, putatively involved in RNA binding, totally abolished the RSS activity of p24, suggesting that p24 uses an RNA‐binding strategy to suppress RNA silencing. Our results also showed that W54 in the WG/GW‐like motif (W54/G55) is crucial for the RSS activity of p24, whereas p24 does not physically interact with AGO1 of Nicotiana benthamiana. Furthermore, p24 did not promote AGO1 degradation, but significantly up‐regulated AGO1 mRNA expression, and this effect was correlated with the RSS activity of p24, indicating that p24 may interfere with microRNA‐directed processes. The presented results contribute to our understanding of viral suppression of RNA silencing and the molecular mechanisms underlying GLRaV‐2 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the neural correlates between attentional control and trait anxiety among youth with a history of childhood maltreatment. Using diffusion tensor imaging, we investigated the microstructural integrity of brain white matter, particularly focusing on the right superior corona radiata (SCA-R). A total of 173 university students with experiences of childhood maltreatment underwent behavioral assessments using the Attentional Control Scale and trait anxiety measurements via the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Our analysis found significant correlations between fractional anisotropy values in the SCA-R and trait anxiety levels, controlled for age and sex. Notably, SCA-R fractional anisotropy values partially mediated the relationship between attentional control and trait anxiety, suggesting a potential pathway through which attentional control could mitigate trait anxiety. These insights highlight attentional control as a potential mitigating factor against trait anxiety, particularly noting the partial mediation role of the SCA-R. Importantly, this study is descriptive and correlative, highlighting associations rather than causal relationships among the variables studied. These findings enhance our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying anxiety in individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) is a prevalent virus associated with grapevine leafroll disease, but the molecular mechanism underlying GLRaV-2 infection is largely unclear. Here, we report that 24-kDa protein (p24), an RNA-silencing suppressor (RSS) encoded by GLRaV-2, promotes GLRaV-2 accumulation via interaction with the B3 DNA-binding domain of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) RELATED TO ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3/VIVIPAROUS1 (VvRAV1), a transcription factor belonging to the APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) superfamily. Salicylic acid-inducible VvRAV1 positively regulates the grapevine pathogenesis-related protein 1 (VvPR1) gene by directly binding its promoter, indicating that VvRAV1 may function in the regulation of host basal defense responses. p24 hijacks VvRAV1 to the cytoplasm and employs the protein to sequester 21-nt double-stranded siRNA together, thereby enhancing its own RSS activity. Moreover, p24 enters the nucleus via interaction with VvRAV1 and weakens the latter's binding affinity to the VvPR1 promoter, leading to decreased expression of VvPR1. Our results provide a mechanism by which a viral RSS interferes with both the antiviral RNA silencing and the AP2/ERF-mediated defense responses via the targeting of one specific host factor., (© American Society of Plant Biologists 2022. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) p24 has been reported to be an RNA silencing suppressor (RSS). However, the mechanisms underlying p24's suppression of RNA silencing are unknown. Using Agrobacterium infiltration-mediated RNA silencing assays, we showed that GLRaV-2 p24 is a strong RSS triggered by positive-sense green fluorescent protein (GFP) RNA, and that silencing suppression by p24 effectively blocks the accumulation of small interfering RNAs. Deletion analyses showed that the region of amino acids 1-188, which contains all predicted α-helices and β-strands, is required for the RSS activity of p24. Hydrophobic residues I35/F38/V85/V89/W149 and V162/L169/L170, previously shown to be critical for p24 self-interaction, are also crucial for silencing suppression, and western blotting results suggested that a lack of self-interaction ability results in decreased p24 accumulation in plants. The mutants showed greatly weakened or a lack of RSS activity. Substitution with two basic residues at positions 2 or 86, putatively involved in RNA binding, totally abolished the RSS activity of p24, suggesting that p24 uses an RNA-binding strategy to suppress RNA silencing. Our results also showed that W54 in the WG/GW-like motif (W54/G55) is crucial for the RSS activity of p24, whereas p24 does not physically interact with AGO1 of Nicotiana benthamiana. Furthermore, p24 did not promote AGO1 degradation, but significantly up-regulated AGO1 mRNA expression, and this effect was correlated with the RSS activity of p24, indicating that p24 may interfere with microRNA-directed processes. The presented results contribute to our understanding of viral suppression of RNA silencing and the molecular mechanisms underlying GLRaV-2 infection., (© 2016 BSPP AND JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD.)