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STUDY DESIGN: Translational review encompassing basic science and clinical evidence. OBJECTIVES: Multiple components of the lumbar spine interact during its normal and pathological function. Bony stress in the lumbar spine is recognized as a factor in the development of pars interarticularis defect and stress fractures, but its relationship with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is not well understood. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to examine the relationship between bony stress and IVD degeneration. METHODS: Online databases Scopus, PubMed and MEDLINE via OVID were searched for relevant studies published between January 1980-February 2020, using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) guidelines. Two authors independently analyzed the data, noting characteristics and biases in various studies. RESULTS: Thirty-two articles were included in the review: 8 clinical studies, 9 finite element modeling studies, 3 in-vivo biomechanical testing studies, and 12 in-vitro biomechanical testing studies. Of the 32 articles, 19 supported, 4 rejected and 9 made no conclusion on the hypothesis that there is a positive associative relationship between IVD degeneration and bony stress. However, sufficient evidence was not available to confirm or reject a causal relationship. CONCLUSIONS: Most studies suggest that the prevalence of IVD degeneration increases in the presence of bony stress; whether a causal relationship exists is unclear. The literature recommends early diagnosis and clinical suspicion of IVD degeneration and bony stress. Longitudinal studies are required to explore causal relationships between IVD degeneration and bony stress.

© 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. Purpose: Animal models are frequently used to elucidate pathomechanism and pathophysiology of various disorders of the human intervertebral disc (IVD) and also to develop therapeutic approaches. Here we report morphological characteristics of the kangaroo lumbar IVDs and compare them with other animal models used in spine research. Methods: Twenty-five fresh-frozen cadaveric lumbar spines (T12–S1) derived from kangaroo carcases (Macropus giganteus) of undetermined age were first scanned in a C-Arm X-ray machine. A photograph of the axial section of the disc including a calibrated metric scale was also acquired. The digital radiographs and photographs were processed in ImageJ to determine the axial and sagittal plane dimensions for the whole disc (WD) and the nucleus pulposus (NP) and the mid-sagittal disc height for all the lumbar levels. Results: Our results suggest that the L6–S1 IVD in kangaroos is distinctly large compared with the upper lumbar IVDs. Based on previously published data, human lumbar IVDs are the largest of all the animal IVDs used in spine research, with camelid cervical IVDs being the closest relative in absolute dimensions (llamas: 78% in disc height, 40% in WD volume, and 38% in NP volume). Kangaroo L6–S1 IVD was approximately 51% in height, 20% in WD volume, and 20% in NP volume of the human lumbar IVD. Conclusions: We conclude that morphological similarities exist between a kangaroo and human lumbar IVD, especially with the lima bean shape in the axial plane, wedge shape in the sagittal plane, convexity at the cephalad endplates, and percentage volume occupied by the NP in the IVD. Graphic abstract: These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

Purpose: Abnormal stress in the lumbar vertebra, also known as bony stress, can be a precursor to degenerative changes which may manifest as low back pain (LBP). However, the prevalence of bony stress in the lumbar spine and its relationship with degenerative changes and LBP is unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of bony stress in the lumbar spine and its relationship with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, facet osteoarthritis and LBP in patients under 25 years of age. Method(s): A retrospective case-control study of 130 patients under 25 years of age was conducted from a population of 493 patients who had lumbar MRI across three imaging centres over three years. A cohort of 55 consecutive patients with bony stress was identified. A control group of consecutive patients (n = 75) without bony stress was also selected from the population. Result(s): Bony stress was prevalent in 11% (95% CI [8.4-14.5%]) of patients and was not diagnosed in 36% (95% CI [22-55%]) of these cases. Patients with bony stress had over twofold (OR 2.3, 95% CI [1.1-4.8]) and fivefold (OR 5.3, 95% CI [2.11-13.3]) higher likelihood of having IVD degeneration and LBP, respectively, when compared with the control group. Bony stress was not found to be associated with facet osteoarthritis. Conclusion(s): Bony stress in the lumbar spine was prevalent in 11% of patients under 25 years of age. It was commonly undiagnosed in radiology reports (not reported in 36% of the cases). Being significantly associated and with an increased likelihood of IVD degeneration and LBP, we posit that bony stress is likely a symptomatic and clinically meaningful diagnostic entity in the assessment of LBP. Graphic abstract: These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.[Figure not available: see fulltext.].Copyright © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

© 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. Purpose: Abnormal stress in the lumbar vertebra, also known as bony stress, can be a precursor to degenerative changes which may manifest as low back pain (LBP). However, the prevalence of bony stress in the lumbar spine and its relationship with degenerative changes and LBP is unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of bony stress in the lumbar spine and its relationship with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, facet osteoarthritis and LBP in patients under 25 years of age. Methods: A retrospective case–control study of 130 patients under 25 years of age was conducted from a population of 493 patients who had lumbar MRI across three imaging centres over three years. A cohort of 55 consecutive patients with bony stress was identified. A control group of consecutive patients (n = 75) without bony stress was also selected from the population. Results: Bony stress was prevalent in 11% (95% CI [8.4–14.5%]) of patients and was not diagnosed in 36% (95% CI [22–55%]) of these cases. Patients with bony stress had over twofold (OR 2.3, 95% CI [1.1–4.8]) and fivefold (OR 5.3, 95% CI [2.11–13.3]) higher likelihood of having IVD degeneration and LBP, respectively, when compared with the control group. Bony stress was not found to be associated with facet osteoarthritis. Conclusion: Bony stress in the lumbar spine was prevalent in 11% of patients under 25 years of age. It was commonly undiagnosed in radiology reports (not reported in 36% of the cases). Being significantly associated and with an increased likelihood of IVD degeneration and LBP, we posit that bony stress is likely a symptomatic and clinically meaningful diagnostic entity in the assessment of LBP. Graphic abstract: These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.[Figure not available: see fulltext.].