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Drawing on a specific case of the El-Hawwar Sporting Club, located in El-Mansoura, Egypt, the primary intent of this study was to identify variables and key factors that contribute to an effective sport marketing promotional mix, used to enhance visibility and consumption of products and services of the sport organization. A total of 100 participants completed a questionnaire with questions using a 3-point Likert scale including demographic information to determine the effectiveness of a promotional mix to increase the service consumption of the HSC Sporting Club. The findings confirm the extraordinary value of a well-chosen promotional mix to increase the visibility and profitability of the touted goods and services. Participants provided several practical recommendations that include a call on today's sport marketers to invest sufficient time and resources in conducting a thorough market and consumer behavior analysis as a foundation for an effective promotional mix. This study found the use of promotion mixes in Egyptian clubs is still at its infancy and there is a dire need for more research on the topic in the future.

There are increased concerns about depression and anxiety among college students. Thus in need of actions to find proper intervention strategies to target this issue. The purpose of this study was to examine association between leisure-time physical activity and stress vulnerability among college students. A modified survey including physical activity and stress vulnerability questions were administered to 120 college students. Forty percent of the sample fell in physically inactive category, with less than 150 minutes of physical activity each week. Twenty-one percent of sample showed symptoms of depression or anxiety. A standard linear regression analysis revealed a significant association between leisure-time physical activity and depression (r = -0.55, p < 0.01). In addition, social network was found to have a significant correlation with leisure-time physical activity (r = 0.58, p < 0.001). It also found that walking, jogging, and running were physical activities in which college students engaged most.

There are increased concerns about depression and anxiety among college students. Thus in need of actions to find proper intervention strategies to target this issue. The purpose of this study was to examine association between leisure-time physical activity and stress vulnerability among college students. A modified survey including physical activity and stress vulnerability questions were administered to 120 college students. Forty percent of the sample fell in physically inactive category, with less than 150 minutes of physical activity each week. Twenty-one percent of sample showed symptoms of depression or anxiety. A standard linear regression analysis revealed a significant association between leisure-time physical activity and depression (r =-0.55, p < .01). In addition, social network was found to have a significant correlation with leisure-time physical activity (r = 0.58, p < .001). It also found that walking, jogging, and running were physical activities in which college students engaged most. Keywords: College students, physical activity, depression, anxiety, Introduction Depression and anxiety due to unfavorable stress are negative emotional states associated with feelings of worry and negative thinking; interfering with people's daily life (Seligman, Walker, & Rosenhan, 2001). [...]

Sociocultural considerations play an important role in any teaching episode in our increasingly diverse society. This analysis focuses on a male European American preservice teacher, who is practicing teaching at a school with 3% African-American, 3% Asian, 91% European American, 1% Hispanic American, and 3% multiracial students. Examination of the video reveals communication to be the main theme, which functions in the contexts of language and culture, in addition to space usage, culture, and power. How the social class environment influences the physical education program is also analyzed.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand first-year college students' reflections on past physical education (PE) experiences in urban high school settings. Method: Data collection included semistructured, open-ended, qualitative interviews. Constant comparison method was used for data analysis. Results: Several findings emerged: (a) unfavorable teaching conditions; (b) lack of enthusiasm, teaching, caring, and structure; (c) teacher-coach role conflict; (d) favoritism toward athletic students; and (e) sexism in teaching. Discussion/ Conclusion: Students desired improvement of urban PE programs, including development of a diversified curriculum in which nontraditional sports and activities are offered, more in-depth coverage of sports that students care about, and provision of adequate equipment and resources to promote student engagement in PE., Urban schools are becoming increasingly diverse, with 1 in 5 students being of immigrant background, and this ratio is expected to be 1 in 3 by 2040 (Carhill, Paez, & [...]

Background: Physicality in human movement characteristic of indigenous sporting forms in Africa is grounded in a multitude of cultures. During the period of colonial Africa, there was the introduction of British sporting forms, policies, and practices in schools and society. It was through schools and missions that the colonists introduced sport activities, with colonial administrators and officers prioritizing athleticism over other activities, evident in after-school sports and games. Thus, schools along with Christian missions served as the instruments of colonial education, culture, and sport, with resources allocated selectively to advance racialized and classist education. Purpose: This paper explores how colonialism, particularly British forms of sport physicality, impacted African people and deconstructs how curriculum and teaching in physical education (PE) during the post-colonial era is lost to the politics of knowledge in the school-society nexus, revealing how the school curriculum serves as a contested terrain. This contestation discloses how colonial and post-colonial narratives intertwine to influence public policy and school practices in the development and implementation of PE curriculum. Themes: Examination of the literature produced themes associated with stratification of school subjects and marginalization of PE in particular--the exam-oriented and elitistoriented education--which characterized British Africa, and made British education part and parcel of policy development and implementation, influencing the nature of education, and PE in particular. The elitist education influenced public policy initiatives, frameworks, and corresponding reforms resulting in stratification of school subjects, the use of public school expenditure, and in the type of teacher training followed. In addition, negative school-wide practices became apparent with public policy, rules, and regulations being loosely coupled with school realities, leading PE to be considered as a "toothless subject" in the school curriculum. Besides physicality and learning in PE are not distinguishable from sporting forms and practices, bringing out the emphasis on competitive school sport that has been used to promote nation's prestige, social engineering, and economic development. Conclusion: A development of way forward for PE in British Africa is considered critical and warranted for adequate development of children and youth and for promotion of the health welfare of society. PE plays a critical part in the nexus between education and development; including meeting individual and social welfare goals of post-colonial British Africa; and as such the needs of all children should be at the forefront of policy development and implementation. What is warranted is a development of a standard-based reform that is grounded in a strong formulated public policy that acknowledges diversity in the centralized system of education; with its implementation showing a balance of PE with after-school sport programs and incorporation of indigenous sporting forms.

Background: Field dependence-independence (FDI) is a tendency to rely on external frames (given situations and authoritative people) or internal frames (oneself, including one's own body) for one's information processing and behavior. Literature has constantly reported that field-dependent (FD) individuals, who are less autonomous in decision-making processes and less effective in detecting and using body information (kinesthetic feedback and proprioceptive awareness), tend to demonstrate less desirable performance in sport, motor learning, and physical education settings compared with their field-independent (FI) counterparts. Little attempt, however, has been made to investigate whether FD individuals have less desirable physical activity (PA) levels than FI individuals. Lack of knowledge might pose a potential risk of health problems to FD individuals. Purpose: This study was intended to investigate and compare PA levels as well as organized sports participation between FI and FD middles school students. It was hypothesized that FDI would be associated with higher PA levels and more participation in organized sports for FI students as opposed to FD students. Participants and setting: One hundred and thirty eight middle school students (72 girls and 66 boys) in the USA participated in data collection of this study. Of these 138 participants, 46 FI participants (22 girls and 24 boys) and 46 FD participants (24 girls and 22 boys) were identified as final participants whose data were analyzed. Research design: A cross-sectional design was utilized in this study. Participants were grouped based on their FDI status, gender, and cross-classification of FDI status and gender to compare PA variables and participation in organized sports. FDI status and gender were independent variables, and PA variables and participation in organized sports were dependent variables. Data collection: The Rod-and-Frame Test was used to identify FI and FD participants, the Self-Administered Physical Activity Checklist was administered to determine participants' PA amounts, and a demographic inventory was employed to obtain information regarding participants' participation in organized sports. Data analysis: A two-way (FDI x gender) MANOVA was used to detect differences in PA variables among groups, and a Chi-square analysis was employed to test independence of FDI from participation in organized sports. An alpha of 0.05 was set for significant levels. Findings: This study revealed the contrasting PA levels and participation in organized sports between the FI and FD students. The FD students demonstrated much lower PA levels and were less engaged in organized sports than the FI students. Further, the FD students tended to choose activities that were less related to sports, resulting in shorter PA minutes and lower energy expenditure compared with the FI students. Conclusions: FDI is related to PA levels in addition to being related to sport, motor learning, and physical education. Specifically, FD students have lower sports potential and are less physically active compared with FI students and this could put FD students at a higher risk level in terms of health problems now and in the future. Lifestyle PA and other non-competitive activities might be good choices for FD students to enhance their PA levels. (Contains 1 figure and 3 tables.)

An increased emphasis on multiculturalism in the United States has necessitated an awareness of culturally responsive pedagogy in physical education teacher education (PETE) programs. Practica in such programs along with reflection on these experiences are methods by which pre-service teachers can better appreciate the diverse nature of their students. The following study reports observations from the reflective journals of thirty junior and senior physical education teacher education pre-service teachers enrolled in a multicultural service learning practicum at a large southeastern university. Analysis of the pre-service teachers' journals revealed several thematic perspectives pertaining to (a) boundary crossings, (b) insider and outsider perspectives, and (c) language barriers. Results indicated that teachers in the practicum recognized the importance of utilizing multiple strategies of instruction for their students. Implications for PETE programs are that the multicultural learning practicum is of benefit to pre-service teachers' development of culturally responsive pedagogical skills, thus permitting them to acquire knowledge from diverse students' backgrounds.

Surveyed inservice physical educators to examine their backgrounds and understanding of multicultural education. Results indicated a need for: improved multicultural knowledge and experience, multicultural education training, attention to diversity in preservice education, and more opportunities to implement multicultural education information in public schools. Teachers were on a continuum from noncommittal and nondirectional to fully inclusive. (SM)

This study investigated how gender-related perceptions and actions influenced junior and senior high school students' constructions of reality in curriculum-in-action physical education. Observations and interviews indicated that most students both reproduced and resisted gender-patterned life configurations in physical education classes (traditionally dominant forms of femininity and masculinity). (SM)

Globalization and advances in technologies permit contemporary immigrants to build their lives through transnational engagement in activities that help reaffirm their worth in host societies. Although previous studies focused on the children of immigrants' transnational engagement, a dearth of research is available regarding the extent of involvement and relevance of the children of immigrants' participation in sports across national boundaries. The purpose of this study was to examine second-generation Korean Americans' experiences and perspectives on transnational sports and to discover the role they play in their lives. Data analysis involved thematic analysis. The findings of this study reveal that the Korean Student Association Olympics (KSA Olympics) provided the Korean Americans a space to establish both ways of belonging and promote self-development, which help mediate identity crisis. Implications for this study concern the extent to which these activities impact Korean Americans' identity negotiation while facilitating their sustainable transnational engagement in activities which occurred allowed for the improvement of affirmative ethnic identity, ethnic language fluency, contributing to the promotion of health welfare of Korean Americans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current scholarship model in higher education was conceived, produced, and reproduced in the image of the dominant culture. Within this model, minority group members receive less recognition, sponsorship, favorable evaluation, and positive commentary on scholarship. The paper discusses considerations for a more inclusive scholarship in higher education. (SM)

An overview of multiculturalism and physical education reviews its interpretive perspective, the role of critical social theory in this movement, multiculturalism as a critique of the past and the charge that those in power control education, as a documentation of current practices and a reflection of current social change, and as a source for future reform. (JB)

Abstract An increased emphasis on multiculturalism in the United States has necessitated an awareness of culturally responsive pedagogy in physical education teacher education (PETE) programs. Practica in such programs along [...]

This study investigated the correlations between field dependence-independence (FDI) and physical activity level as well as participation in organized sports by school children. One hundred and twenty nine middle school children (67 girls and 62 boys) completed tests to determine relative FDI status, daily physical activity levels, and organized sport involvement. Participants&apos; physical education teachers completed a rating sheet to evaluate participants&apos; sport ability and interest in physical activity. Associations between and among variables were examined with bivariate correlations. It was found that school children&apos;s FDI status were significantly related to their physical activity levels and involvement in organized sports, with field-independent children demonstrated significantly higher physical activity levels and more participation in organized sports than did field-dependent children. In addition, organized sports participation was found to be conducive to children&apos;s physical activity levels. Further, the ratings in both sport ability and interest in physical activity demonstrated considerable associations with participation in organized sports and physical activity levels. The findings suggest the need of physical activity intervention for field-dependent school children., Field dependence-independence (FDI), simply put, is the tendency to rely on external frames (given situations and significant or authoritative others) or internal frames (oneself and one's own body) for one's [...]

Abstract Scholars and researchers in education have considered student teaching as one of the most important areas of undergraduate teacher preparation. It is in student teaching that pre-service teachers practice [...]

Sport labor migration has increasingly become of utmost importance in global contexts albeit being a phenomenon that has always been an integral part of human history (e.g., Cimen, Eraslan, & Sarol, 2019; French, 2018; Orlowski, Wicker, & Breuer, 2018). Whether involuntarily as asylum seekers or voluntarily as skilled labor, humans move beyond their homelands in search of better economic and social pastures. The purpose of this study was to examine policy influences on player migration and socio-cultural impacts in European professional basketball. Guided by transnational theory, data were collected through semi-structured interviews and document analysis. Findings revealed policies that influenced player migration such as the practice of varying quota systems in European professional basketball leagues, the presence of lucrative avenues for athlete involvement in different countries and cultures and opportunities for professional and personal growth. The findings also showed common challenges that players faced like performance pressure and existential concerns of players in host countries. Implications from this study include the potential for international athletes to use their playing experiences as a stepping-stone for social and economic opportunities, and as an enabler of character development upon weathering adversity and problematic situations away from the comfort and familiarity of their home countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the need for changes to be made to the current scholarship model of universities and colleges in American society. Bureaucratic and hierarchical nature of education institutions which cater to needs of American capitalist society; Historical development of institutions of higher education; Considerations for the reform of higher education expounded by Ernest Boyer in `Scholarship Reconsidered.'