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1. Stimulated Brillouin scattering in a non-suspended ultra-low-loss thick-SOI platform

Author

Ye, Kaixuan, Keloth, Akshay, Marin, Yisbel E., Cherchi, Matteo, Aalto, Timo, and Marpaung, David

Subjects
Physics - Optics
Abstract

Silicon photonics, with its CMOS compatibility and high integration density, has enabled a wide range of novel applications. Harnessing stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), an optomechanic interaction between optical and GHz acoustic waves, in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platforms attracts great interests for its potential in narrow-linewidth lasers and microwave photonics. However, the poor optoacoustic overlap in silicon nanowires on conventional SOI platforms has previously restricted the observation of SBS signals to suspended silicon waveguide structures. In this work, we report, for the first time, the SBS response in a non-suspended ultra-low-loss thick-SOI waveguide platform. The SBS process in this 3~$\mu$m thick SOI platform is enabled by a leaky acoustic mode that coexists with the optical mode in the waveguide core, resulting in enhanced optoacoustic overlap. We measured a Brillouin gain coefficient of 2.5 m$^{-1}$W$^{-1}$ and 1.9 m$^{-1}$W$^{-1}$ at 37.6 GHz for the rib and strip waveguide, respectively. This work paves the way for Brillouin-based applications in non-suspended ultra-low-loss silicon photonics systems.

Published
2024

2. InP optical amplifiers with Euler U-bend waveguide geometry for low-loss flip-chip hybrid integration

Author

Tuorila, Heidi, Viheriälä, Jukka, Jae-Wung, Lee, Harjanne, Mikko, Cherchi, Matteo, Aalto, Timo, and Guina, Mircea

Subjects
Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract

We report on the development of InP-based semiconductor amplifiers with a U-bend waveguide geometry having the input and output ports on one facet only. This waveguide geometry simplifies the chip alignment during the hybrid integration on silicon photonics platforms ultimately reducing the coupling losses, improving the integration yield, and minimizing the length of the optoelectronic chip. To achieve low loss U-bends with small footprint, we utilize the Euler bend geometry previously demonstrated on silicon and GaAs platforms. We analyze the gain properties of the devices by operating them as laser diodes at room temperature. Low loss U-bend performance with a 0.56 dB for a 50 $\mu$m effective bending radius bend in a single-mode strip InP waveguide is demonstrated. The interface between bend and straight waveguides was studied by comparing deep etched waveguides to a combination of shallow straight waveguides and deep etched bends. The effects of this interface on the device losses, electric properties and spectrum are reported. The implications related to having a bend section on the carrier injection and gain are discussed. Finally, results on the integration trials on silicon-on-insulator platform are presented.

Published
2024

3. A Silicon Photonic 32-Input Coherent Combiner for Turbulence Mitigation in Free Space Optics Links

Author

De Marinis, Lorenzo, Kincaid, Peter Seigo, Lucas, Yann, Krafft, Lea, Michau, Vincent, Cherchi, Matteo, Karppinen, Mikko, and Contestabile, Giampiero

Subjects
Physics - Optics, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing
Abstract

A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) for the coherent combination of 32 input optical signals into a single output fiber is reported. The PIC was fabricated using a low-loss thick silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process and packaged with 32 input and 1 output fibers. The basic building block is a 2x2 Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with an external (to the MZI branches) and an internal thermal phase shifter, and a bandwidth in excess of 80 kHz. The PIC monolithically integrates 31 MZIs and 31 germanium photodetectors, and is suitable in principle for turbulence mitigation in LEO-ground and horizontal free space optics links. Improvements to the device for the coherent combination of 64 inputs and for the reduction of insertion losses are also discussed

Published
2024

8. Surrogate Indexes of Insulin Resistance Are Affected by Sex and Gender and by the Combination of Smoking and Oral Contraceptives

Author

Giancarlo Tonolo, Andrea Montella, Mariangela V. Puci, Giovanni Sotgiu, Narcisa Muresu, Sara Cherchi, Mario Palermo, Giuseppe Seghieri, Flavia Franconi, and Ilaria Campesi

Subjects
tobacco smoking, combined oral contraceptives, sex and gender differences, insulin resistance, insulin resistance indexes, humans, Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, RC633-647.5
Abstract

Background: Surrogate indexes of insulin resistance (IR) are less expensive than the euglycemic glucose clamp. The simultaneous impact of sex and gender, smoking, and combined oral contraceptives (COC) on IR surrogate indexes was studied in a cohort of healthy young men and women (stratified in COC-free women and COC users). Methods: Glycemia, insulin, C-peptide, TG, and HDL were measured in serum samples and used to calculate IGR, HOMA-IR-IR, QUICKI, FIRI, METS-IR, TG, and MCAi. Results: Men had higher BMI, glycemia, TG, METS-IR, TyG, and lower HDL than COC-free women and they had lower IGR and higher METS-IR and MCAi than COC users. TG, HDL, and TyG were lower and MCAi is higher in COC-free women than in COC users. In non-smokers, men had higher BMI and METS-IR and lower HDL than both cohorts of women. COC-free women showed a lower TyG index than men and COC women and lower TG, HDL, and IGR. MCAi was higher in COC-free women than in COC users. Smoking reduced sex and gender differences: HDL was lower in men than COC users and IGR was lower in men than COC-free women. Intra-sex differences were reported only in COC-free women: smokers had higher insulin, C-peptide, TG, and IGR and lower MCAi than non-smokers. Cluster analysis evidenced a significant separation between the sexes and smokers and non-smokers. Conclusions: Smoking leads to changes in the phenotype of both men and women, as well as COC in women; they should be considered independent variables in clinical studies given, representing a fundamental cornerstone in the personalization of prevention and care.

Published
2024
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9. Second order add/drop filter with a single ring resonator

Author

Cherchi, Matteo, Sun, Fei, Kapulainen, Markku, Vehmas, Tapani, Harjanne, Mikko, and Aalto, Timo

Subjects
Physics - Optics, Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract

We show theoretically and experimentally how a flat-top second-order response can be achieved with a self-coupled single add-drop ring resonator based on two couplers with different splitting ratios. The resulting device is a 1x1 filter, reflecting light back in the input waveguide at resonating wavelengths in the passbands, and transmitting light in the output waveguide at all other non-resonating wavelengths. Different implementations of the filter have been designed and fabricated on a micron-scale silicon photonics platform. They are based on compact Euler bends - either U-bends or L-bends - and Multi-Mode Interferometers as splitters for the ring resonators. Different finesse values have been achieved by using either 50:50 MMIs in conjunction with 85:15 MMIs or 85:15 MMIs in conjunction with 95:05 double MMIs. Unlike ordinary lowest order directional couplers, the MMIs couple most of the power in the cross-port which make them particularly suitable for the topology of the self-coupled ring, which would otherwise require a waveguide crossing. Experimental results are presented, showing good agreement with simulations. The proposed devices can find applications as wavelength-selective reflectors for relatively broad-band lasers or used as 2x2 add-drop filters when two exact replicas of the device are placed on the arms of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer., Comment: 9 pages, 17 references, 12 figures

Published
2023
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10. Tapered MMI splitters with unconstrained splitting ratio on a thick SOI platform

Author

Cherchi, Matteo, Harjanne, Mikko, Bryant, Katherine, Sun, Fei, Heimala, Päivi, and Aalto, Timo

Subjects
Physics - Optics, Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract

We have systematically studied multimode interferometer (MMI) splitters made from multiple tapered sections. The goal is to create a library of robust and low-loss splitters covering all splitting ratios (SR) for our silicon photonics platform based on 3 $\mu$m thick waveguides. The starting point is always a non-tapered canonical MMI either with general symmetry (canonical SRs 50:50, 100:0, and reciprocal ratios), with mirror symmetric restricted symmetry (canonical SRs 85:15, 50:50, 100:0, and reciprocal ratios), and with point-symmetric restricted symmetry (canonical SRs 72:28 and 28:72). Splitters of these three types are then divided into one to four subsections of equal length, leading to 12 possible different configurations. In each of these subsections, the width is first linearly tapered either up or down and then tapered back to its starting value ensuring mirror symmetry. For all twelve configurations, we carried out an extensive campaign of numerical simulations. For each given width change, we scanned the splitter length and calculated the power in the fundamental mode at the output as well as its relative phase. We then selected the designs with sufficiently low loss and mapped their SR as a function of either the change in width change or length, therefore creating systematic maps for the design of MMI splitters with any SR. Eventually, we selected and fabricated a subset of designs with SRs ranging from 5:95 to 95:5 in steps of 5% and validated their operation through optical measurements., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, 13 references

Published
2023

11. Adrianopoli e la morte di Tirant

Author

Paolo Cherchi

Subjects
Language and Literature, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature, PQ1-3999
Abstract

Da sempre si è proposto che Joanot Martorell, l’autore di Tirant lo Blanc, abbia scelto la località di Adrianopoli per stabilire una somiglianza con Roger de Flor. Tuttavia si dovrebbe ricordare che il “condottiero” morì per una mano assassina. Ci sono prove storiche che ad Adrianopoli cominciò la caduta dell’impero romano. Quando more ad Adrianapoli, Tirant può dare per raggiunta la restaurazione dell’impero riunificato e pacificato. Egli può morire perché ha realizzato la sua missione eroica. Non raccoglierà i frutti di tutto ciò che meriterebbe, cioè il matrimonio e la corona, ma il successo del ricordo perpetuo o la fama nella memoria dei posteri. Nessun eroe romanzesco ha mai ricoperto un ruolo simile di restauratore di un impero fra i più gloriosi che la storia abbia conosciuto.

Published
2024
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18. First report of T. spiralis in a wolf in Italy: An increasing health concern?

Author

G. Marucci, C. Raso, E. Borgogni, F. Celani, I. Tartarelli, S. Cherchi, A. Di Giambattista, P. Calderini, and A. Casulli

Subjects
Trichinella spiralis, Wolf (Canis lupus), Trichinellosis, Italy, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Trichinella spiralis is a zoonotic nematode parasite of worldwide distribution. It is present in Europe with important foci, particularly in Eastern countries and Spain. This species is generally associated with a domestic cycle that involves primarily pigs. It is best adapted for pigs but can also infect a wide range of other domestic, synanthropic, and wild mammals including carnivores, omnivores and scavengers. Before 2016, when T. spiralis larvae were detected in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in the Piacenza province (Emilia Romagna region, Northern Italy), this parasite had only been reported in Italy occasionally, being found in horses or pork products imported from Eastern Europe. We describe here the first isolation of T. spiralis in a wolf (Canis lupus) in the Lazio region, Central Italy. In the wolf specimen T. spiralis was identified in coinfection with Trichinella britovi, a species endemic in Italian wildlife. Among the Trichinella species, T. spiralis is the most frequently associated with human disease in Europe and is known to cause more severe symptoms than T. britovi. In light of wolf population expansion, the detection of T. spiralis in Central Italy implies new scenarios for the risk of human trichinellosis because of the high risk this species represents for domestic and wild pigs. Active monitoring of wildlife living in these areas is necessary to define the actual distribution of this species and to detect its possible presence in other areas of the Italian peninsula.

Published
2025
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19. Natural History and Clinicopathological Associations of TRPC6-Associated Podocytopathy

Author

Wooden, Benjamin, Beenken, Andrew, Martinelli, Elena, Saida, Ken, Knob, Andrea L., Ke, Juntao, Pisani, Isabella, Jin, Gina, Lane, Brandon, Mitrotti, Adele, Colby, Elizabeth, Lim, Tze Y., Guglielmi, Francesca, Osborne, Amy J., Ahram, Dina F., Wang, Chen, Armand, Farid, Zanoni, Francesca, Bomback, Andrew S., Delsante, Marco, Appel, Gerald B., Ferrari, Massimo R.A., Martino, Jeremiah, Sahdeo, Sunil, Breckenridge, David, Petrovski, Slavé, Paul, Dirk S., Hall, Gentzon, Magistroni, Riccardo, Murtas, Corrado, Feriozzi, Sandro, Rampino, Teresa, Esposito, Pasquale, Helmuth, Margaret E., Sampson, Matthew G., Kretzler, Matthias, Kiryluk, Krzysztof, Shril, Shirlee, Gesualdo, Loreto, Maggiore, Umberto, Fiaccadori, Enrico, Gbadegesin, Rasheed, Santoriello, Dominick, DʼAgati, Vivette D., Saleem, Moin A., Gharavi, Ali G., Hildebrandt, Friedhelm, Pollak, Martin R., Goldstein, David B., and Sanna-Cherchi, Simone

Published
2024
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23. Increased risk of kidney failure in patients with genetic kidney disorders

Author

Elliott, Mark D., Vena, Natalie, Marasa, Maddalena, Cocchi, Enrico, Bheda, Shiraz, Bogyo, Kelsie, Shang, Ning, Zanoni, Francesca, Verbitsky, Miguel, Wang, Chen, Kolupaeva, Victoria, Jin, Gina, Sofer, Maayan, Pena, Rafael Gras, Canetta, Pietro A., Bomback, Andrew S., Guay-Woodford, Lisa M., Hou, Jean, Gillespie, Brenda W., Robinson, Bruce M., Klein, Jon B., Rheault, Michelle N., Smoyer, William E., Greenbaum, Larry A., Holzman, Larry B., Falk, Ronald J., Parsa, Afshin, Sanna-Cherchi, Simone, Mariani, Laura H., Kretzler, Matthias, Kiryluk, Krzysztof, and Gharavi, Ali G.

Subjects
Physiological aspects, Complications and side effects, Risk factors, Medical research, Genetic disorders -- Physiological aspects -- Complications and side effects, Chronic kidney failure -- Risk factors -- Physiological aspects, Medicine, Experimental
Abstract

Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a heterogeneous group of conditions affecting over 10% of the population, causing substantial morbidity and mortality (1-3). Genetic kidney disorders are well-recognized causes of [...], BACKGROUND. It is unknown whether the risk of kidney disease progression and failure differs between patients with and without genetic kidney disorders. METHODS. Three cohorts were evaluated: the prospective Cure Glomerulonephropathy Network (CureGN) and 2 retrospective cohorts from Columbia University, including 5,727 adults and children with kidney disease from any etiology who underwent whole-genome or exome sequencing. The effects of monogenic kidney disorders and APOL1 kidney-risk genotypes on the risk of kidney failure, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline, and disease remission rates were evaluated along with diagnostic yields and the impact of American College of Medical Genetics secondary findings (ACMG SFs). RESULTS. Monogenic kidney disorders were identified in 371 patients (6.5%), high-risk APOL1 genotypes in 318 (5.5%), and ACMG SFs in 100 (5.2%). Family history of kidney disease was the strongest predictor of monogenic disorders. After adjustment for traditional risk factors, monogenic kidney disorders were associated with an increased risk of kidney failure (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.72), higher rate of eGFR decline (-3.06 vs. 0.25 mL/min/1.73 [m.sup.2]/year), and lower risk of complete remission ([odds ratio.sub.Not achieving CR] = 5.25). High-risk APOL1 genotypes were associated with an increased risk of kidney failure (HR = 1.67) and faster eGFR decline (-2.28 vs. 0.25 mL/min/1.73 [m.sup.2]), replicating prior findings. ACMG SFs were not associated with personal or family history of associated diseases, but were predicted to impact care in 70% of cases. CONCLUSIONS. Monogenic kidney disorders were associated with an increased risk of kidney failure, faster eGFR decline, and lower rates of complete remission, suggesting opportunities for early identification and intervention based on molecular diagnosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION. NA. FUNDING. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grants U24DK100845 (formerly UM1DK100845), U01DK100846 (formerly UM1DK100846), U01DK100876 (formerly UM1DK100876), U01DK100866 (formerly UM1DK100866), U01DK100867 (formerly UM1DK100867), U24DK100845, DK081943, RC2DK116690, 2U01DK100876, 1R01DK136765, 5R01DK082753, and RC2-DK122397; NephCure Kidney International; Department of Defense Research Awards PR201425, W81XWH-16-1-0451, and W81XWH-22-1-0966; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences grant UL1TR001873; National Library of Medicine grant R01LM013061; National Human Genome Research Institute grant 2U01HG008680.

Published
2024
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24. Ergonomics in the operating room and surgical training: a survey on the Italian scenario

Author

Stefano Restaino, Marco D’Indinosante, Federica Perelli, Martina Arcieri, Vittorio Cherchi, Marco Petrillo, Anna Franca Cavaliere, Stefano Cianci, Giulia Pellecchia, Roberto Luca Meniconi, Alessandro Coppola, Vito Chiantera, Giovanni Scambia, Lorenza Driul, Giuseppe Vizzielli, SPIGC Working Group, Federico Berton, Luigi Conti, Giampaolo Formisano, Eleonora Guaitoli, Angelo Iossa, Michele Maruccia, Andrea Mazzari, Luigi Oragano, Alessandro Pasculli, Francesca Ratti, Matteo Serenari, Alberto Settembrini, Pasqualino Sirignano, Domenico Soriero, Carlo Vallicelli, Stefano Cianci (Sicilia), Giulia De Iaco (Puglia), Francesca Falcone (Campania), Sara Giaccari (Triveneto), Marco Giovenzana (Lombardia), Edoardo Pasqui (Toscana), Marco Petrillo (Sardegna), Luca Portigliotti (Piemonte), Giuseppe Sena (Calabria), Marco Sparavigna (Liguria), Giordana Bettini, Gianfranco Fanello, Paolo Mendogni, Lorenzo Monteleone, Davide Pertile Nicoletta Pia Ardò, Pasquina Tomaiuolo, Sara Negrello, Mattia Di Bartolomeo, Romeo Patini, Alberto Vito Marcuzzo, Alberto Campione, Giovanni Comacchio, Giacomo Murana, Martino Antonio, Mattia Manitto, Giuseppe Galzerano, Carlo Di Marco, Francesco Velluti, Gianmauro Berardi, Andrea Romboli, Jacopo Weindelmejer, Domenico Tamburrino, Alessandro Calarco, Luigi Losco, Eleonora Nacchiero, Rossella Elia, Federico Lo Torto, Giovanni Vicenti, Vincenzo Pappalardo, Dafne Pisani, Graziano Palmisano, Debora Brascia, Luigi Troisi, Federica Renzi, Fabio Melandro, Silvia Pecere, Carlo Gazia, Gregorio Di Franco, Gaetano Romano, Alberto Bolletta, Emanuele Botteri, Giovanna Di Meo, Carlo Ronsini, Sonia Chiappetta, Ilaria Sgaramella, Francesco Pennestri, Antonella Girardi, Donatella Mariniello, Marco Marcasciano, Michele Telegrafo, Simona Fragomeni, Francesca De Paoli, Giorgio Bogani, Salvatore Gueli Alletti, Luigi Pedone Anchora, Luigi Della Corte, Elisa Piovano, Martina Borghese, Cristina Taliento, Diego Raimondo, Antonio Raffone, Jvan Casarin, Emanuele Perrone, Guglielmo Stabile, and Vito Capozzi

Subjects
surgery, ergonomic, gyne and obstetrics, operatory room, survey, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

IntroductionSurgical-related injuries are frequent, in fact the reported percentage of musculoskeletal disorders in surgeons is between 47% and 87%. These conditions are caused by long periods of standing, incorrect postures, repeated movements, little rest between operations, the lack of integrated operator rooms, the correct number and arrangement of monitors and the use of non-ergonomic instruments. This survey aims to assess the Italian overview both highlighting how prevalent surgical-related injury is in our surgeons and whether there is an operating room ergonomics education program in Italian surgical specialty schools.MethodsAn anonymous questionnaire was designed through SurveyMonkey© web application. This survey was composed of 3 different sections concerning the general characteristics of the participants, their surgical background and any training performed, and any injuries or ailments related to the surgical activity. The survey was carried out in the period 1th of December 2022 and the 6th of February 2023.ResultsAt the close of our survey, 300 responses were collected. Among the participants, the two most represented specialties were Gynecology and Obstetrics (42.3%) and General Surgery (39.7%) and surgeons were mainly employed in the Northern regions of Italy (54.8%). Analyzing the participants’ background, 61.7% of the respondents had laparoscopic training during their training and only 53.1% had a pelvic trainer during their residency. In accordance with 98.7% of the respondents, during surgery we have the feeling of being in an uncomfortable position that causes discomfort or muscle pain, and regarding the frequency of these discomforts, the majority of our study population experiences these problems monthly (46.2%), while in 29.6% it is experienced weekly, 12.1% annually and finally 12.1% daily. The surgical approach that is most correlated with these disorders is laparoscopy (62.7%) while the one that causes the least discomfort is robotic surgery (1.4%). These discomforts cause 43.9% of our population to take a break or do short exercises to reduce pain during surgery, and the body areas most affected are the back (61.6%), neck (40.6%) and shoulders (37.8%).ConclusionDespite this, our survey allows us to highlight some now-known gaps present in the surgical training program of our schools and the lack of protection toward our surgeons during their long career.

Published
2024
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25. Interactive and Robust Mesh Booleans

Author

Cherchi, Gianmarco, Pellacini, Fabio, Attene, Marco, and Livesu, Marco

Subjects
Computer Science - Computational Geometry, Computer Science - Graphics
Abstract

Boolean operations are among the most used paradigms to create and edit digital shapes. Despite being conceptually simple, the computation of mesh Booleans is notoriously challenging. Main issues come from numerical approximations that make the detection and processing of intersection points inconsistent and unreliable, exposing implementations based on floating point arithmetic to many kinds of degeneracy and failure. Numerical methods based on rational numbers or exact geometric predicates have the needed robustness guarantees, that are achieved at the cost of increased computation times that, as of today, has always restricted the use of robust mesh Booleans to offline applications. We introduce the first algorithm for Boolean operations with robustness guarantees that is capable of operating at interactive frame rates on meshes with up to 200K triangles. We evaluate our tool thoroughly, considering not only interactive applications but also batch processing of large collections of meshes, processing of huge meshes containing millions of elements and variadic Booleans of hundreds of shapes altogether. In all these experiments, we consistently outperform prior art by at least one order of magnitude.

Published
2022

26. Advancing Genetic Testing in Kidney Diseases: Report From a National Kidney Foundation Working Group

Author

Ars, Elisabet, Reza Bekheirnia, Mir, Bier, Louise, Bleyer, Anthony J., Sr., Fuller, Lindsey J., Halbritter, Jan, Harris, Peter C., Kiryluk, Krzysztof, Knoers, Nine V.A.M., Kopp, Jeffrey B., Kramer, Holly, Lagas, Sharon S., Lieske, John C., Lu, Weining, Mannon, Roslyn B., Markowitz, Glen, Moe, Orson W., Nadkarni, Girish N., Nast, Cynthia C., Parekh, Rulan S., Pei, York, Reed, Katie, Rehm, Heidi L., Richards, Denay J., Roberts, Mary-Beth, Sabatello, Maya, Salant, David J., Sampson, Matthew G., Sanna-Cherchi, Simone, Santoriello, Dominick, Sedor, John R., Sneddon, Tam P., Watnick, Terry, Wilfond, Benjamin S., Williams, Winfred W., Wong, Craig S., Franceschini, Nora, Feldman, David L., Berg, Jonathan S., Besse, Whitney, Chang, Alexander R., Dahl, Neera K., Gbadegesin, Rasheed, Pollak, Martin R., Rasouly, Hila Milo, Smith, Richard J.H., Winkler, Cheryl A., and Gharavi, Ali G.

Published
2024
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29. Utility of Flash Glucose Monitoring to Determine Glucose Variation Induced by Different Doughs in Persons with Type 2 Diabetes

Author

Maria Antonietta Taras, Sara Cherchi, Ilaria Campesi, Valentina Margarita, Gavino Carboni, Paola Rappelli, and Giancarlo Tonolo

Subjects
glucose index, biocrystal water, sourdough bread, interstitial glucose monitoring, type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, RC633-647.5
Abstract

(1) Background: It has been previously shown that sourdough bread, compared to commercial yeast bread, elicits a lower postprandial glycemic and insulinemic response in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Aims: Our aim was to evaluate the following aspects in persons with type 2 diabetes (T2DM): (1) glucose variations induced by three different doughs: X = bread prepared with functional alkaline biocrystal water, Y = sourdough-leavened bread, and W = bakery yeast bread; (2) the utility of flash glucose monitoring (FGM) to measure GL. (2) Methods: Twelve T2DM following diets (six males, diabetes duration 10.9 ± 1.3 years with no complications, Hba1c < 7.0%), after 12 h of fasting, consumed 180 g of the study breads leavened/matured for 48 (X), 8 (Y), and 4 h (W) at room temperature with 200 mL of water, in a random order, in single-blind conditions, on three different days. All patients had FGM running for the entire period of the experiments. Insulin was determined by capillary blood obtained for the basal and peak glucose concentrations. (3) Results: The peak glucose and peak insulin concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) higher for W versus both X and Y, without significant differences between X and Y. The area under the curve of glucose variations for over 240 min was significantly higher in W than X (p < 0.01) and Y (p < 0.05), without significant differences between X and Y. (4) Conclusions: (1) Bread prepared with biocrystal water has the same lower GL of sourdough bread compared to bakery yeast bread, and it is easier to manage its leavening/maturation period; (2) FGM is a reliable method for determining rapid glucose changes in response to a carbohydrate meal in persons with type 2 diabetes.

Published
2024
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30. Hex-Mesh Generation and Processing: a Survey

Author

Pietroni, Nico, Campen, Marcel, Sheffer, Alla, Cherchi, Gianmarco, Bommes, David, Gao, Xifeng, Scateni, Riccardo, Ledoux, Franck, Remacle, Jean-Francois, and Livesu, Marco

Subjects
Computer Science - Graphics
Abstract

In this article, we provide a detailed survey of techniques for hexahedral mesh generation. We cover the whole spectrum of alternative approaches to mesh generation, as well as post processing algorithms for connectivity editing and mesh optimization. For each technique, we highlight capabilities and limitations, also pointing out the associated unsolved challenges. Recent relaxed approaches, aiming to generate not pure-hex but hex-dominant meshes, are also discussed. The required background, pertaining to geometrical as well as combinatorial aspects, is introduced along the way.

Published
2022
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31. Supporting quantum technologies with an ultra-low loss silicon photonics platform

Author

Cherchi, Matteo, Bera, Arijit, Kemppinen, Antti, Nissilä, Jaani, Tappura, Kirsi, Caputo, Marco, Lehtimäki, Lauri, Lehtinen, Janne, Govenius, Joonas, Hassinen, Tomi, Prunnila, Mika, and Aalto, Timo

Subjects
Physics - Optics, Physics - Applied Physics, Quantum Physics
Abstract

Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are expected to play a significant role in the ongoing second quantum revolution, thanks to their stability and scalability. Still, major upgrades are needed for available PIC platforms to meet the demanding requirements of quantum devices. In this paper, we present a review of our recent progress in upgrading an unconventional silicon photonics platform towards such goal, including ultra-low propagation losses, low fibre coupling losses, integration of superconducting elements, Faraday rotators, fast and efficient detectors, as well as phase modulators with low loss and/or low energy consumption. We show the relevance of our developments and of our vision in two main applications: quantum key distribution - to achieve significantly higher key rates and large-scale deployment - and cryogenic quantum computers - to replace electrical connections to the cryostat with optical fibres., Comment: 24 pages, 14 figures, 159 references

Published
2022
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32. Autocorrective interferometers for photonic integrated circuits

Author

Cherchi, Matteo

Subjects
Physics - Optics, Physics - Applied Physics, Quantum Physics
Abstract

Extensive literature has shown that finite impulse response (FIR) interferometers can be engineered to be insensitive under variations of different physical parameters, e.g., to ensure flat-top response and/or tolerance to fabrication errors. In this context, I will show how the Bloch sphere representation can be a very powerful design tool providing superior physical insight into the working principle of autocorrective devices like broadband 50:50 splitters or flat-top interleavers, that can be therefore designed through simple analytical formulas. I will eventually review the recent progress in practical implementation of the autocorrective designs in the micron-scale silicon photonics platform of VTT., Comment: 13 pages, 18 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2002.07521

Published
2022

38. Strong protective effect of the APOL1 p.N264K variant against G2-associated focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and kidney disease

Author

Yask Gupta, David J. Friedman, Michelle T. McNulty, Atlas Khan, Brandon Lane, Chen Wang, Juntao Ke, Gina Jin, Benjamin Wooden, Andrea L. Knob, Tze Y. Lim, Gerald B. Appel, Kinsie Huggins, Lili Liu, Adele Mitrotti, Megan C. Stangl, Andrew Bomback, Rik Westland, Monica Bodria, Maddalena Marasa, Ning Shang, David J. Cohen, Russell J. Crew, William Morello, Pietro Canetta, Jai Radhakrishnan, Jeremiah Martino, Qingxue Liu, Wendy K. Chung, Angelica Espinoza, Yuan Luo, Wei-Qi Wei, Qiping Feng, Chunhua Weng, Yilu Fang, Iftikhar J. Kullo, Mohammadreza Naderian, Nita Limdi, Marguerite R. Irvin, Hemant Tiwari, Sumit Mohan, Maya Rao, Geoffrey K. Dube, Ninad S. Chaudhary, Orlando M. Gutiérrez, Suzanne E. Judd, Mary Cushman, Leslie A. Lange, Ethan M. Lange, Daniel L. Bivona, Miguel Verbitsky, Cheryl A. Winkler, Jeffrey B. Kopp, Dominick Santoriello, Ibrahim Batal, Sérgio Veloso Brant Pinheiro, Eduardo Araújo Oliveira, Ana Cristina Simoes e Silva, Isabella Pisani, Enrico Fiaccadori, Fangming Lin, Loreto Gesualdo, Antonio Amoroso, Gian Marco Ghiggeri, Vivette D. D’Agati, Riccardo Magistroni, Eimear E. Kenny, Ruth J. F. Loos, Giovanni Montini, Friedhelm Hildebrandt, Dirk S. Paul, Slavé Petrovski, David B. Goldstein, Matthias Kretzler, Rasheed Gbadegesin, Ali G. Gharavi, Krzysztof Kiryluk, Matthew G. Sampson, Martin R. Pollak, and Simone Sanna-Cherchi

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Abstract African Americans have a significantly higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease, especially focal segmental glomerulosclerosis -, than European Americans. Two coding variants (G1 and G2) in the APOL1 gene play a major role in this disparity. While 13% of African Americans carry the high-risk recessive genotypes, only a fraction of these individuals develops FSGS or kidney failure, indicating the involvement of additional disease modifiers. Here, we show that the presence of the APOL1 p.N264K missense variant, when co-inherited with the G2 APOL1 risk allele, substantially reduces the penetrance of the G1G2 and G2G2 high-risk genotypes by rendering these genotypes low-risk. These results align with prior functional evidence showing that the p.N264K variant reduces the toxicity of the APOL1 high-risk alleles. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the mechanisms of APOL1-associated nephropathy, as well as for the clinical management of individuals with high-risk genotypes that include the G2 allele.

Published
2023
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39. Frequency and type of domestic injuries among children during COVID-19 lockdown: what changes from the past? An Italian multicentre cohort study

Author

Bezzini, Daiana, Lanari, Marcello, Amaddeo, Alessandro, Aricò, Melodie O., Castagno, Emanuele, Cherchi, Gabriella, Giacomini, Giulia, Graziani, Giulia, Grosso, Salvatore, Liguoro, Ilaria, Lombardi, Francesca, Manieri, Sergio, Moschettini, Laura, Parisi, Francesca, Reale, Antonino, Romanisio, Giulia, Silvagni, Davide, and Schiavetti, Irene

Published
2023
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40. Thrombosis risk in single- and double-heterozygous carriers of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A in FinnGen and the UK Biobank

Author

Palotie, Aarno, Daly, Mark, Riley-Gills, Bridget, Jacob, Howard, Viollet, Coralie, Petrovski, Slavé, Chen, Chia-Yen, John, Sally, Okafo, George, Plenge, Robert, Maranville, Joseph, McCarthy, Mark, Pendergrass, Rion, Ehm, Margaret G., Auro, Kirsi, Longerich, Simonne, Mälarstig, Anders, Vlahiotis, Anna, Klinger, Katherine, Chatelain, Clement, Gossel, Matthias, Estrada, Karol, Graham, Robert, Waterworth, Dawn, O´Donnell, Chris, Renaud, Nicole, Mäkelä, Tomi P., Kaprio, Jaakko, Ruddock, Minna, Virolainen, Petri, Hakanen, Antti, Kilpi, Terhi, Perola, Markus, Partanen, Jukka, Raivio, Taneli, Tikkanen, Jani, Serpi, Raisa, Kristiansson, Kati, Kosma, Veli-Matti, Laukkanen, Jari, Hautalahti, Marco, Tuovila, Outi, Waring, Jeffrey, Riley-Gillis, Bridget, Rahimov, Fedik, Tachmazidou, Ioanna, Ding, Zhihao, Jung, Marc, Tuoken, Hanati, Biswas, Shameek, Pulford, David, Raghavan, Neha, Huertas-Vazquez, Adriana, Sul, Jae-Hoon, Hu, Xinli, Hedman, Åsa, Obeidat, Ma´en, Chung, Jonathan, Zierer, Jonas, Niemi, Mari, Ripatti, Samuli, Schleutker, Johanna, Arvas, Mikko, Carpén, Olli, Hinttala, Reetta, Kettunen, Johannes, Mannermaa, Arto, Aalto-Setälä, Katriina, Kähönen, Mika, Mäkelä, Johanna, Kälviäinen, Reetta, Julkunen, Valtteri, Soininen, Hilkka, Remes, Anne, Hiltunen, Mikko, Peltola, Jukka, Raivio, Minna, Tienari, Pentti, Rinne, Juha, Kallionpää, Roosa, Partanen, Juulia, Ziemann, Adam, Smaoui, Nizar, Lehtonen, Anne, Eaton, Susan, Runz, Heiko, Lahdenperä, Sanni, Bowers, Natalie, Teng, Edmond, Xu, Fanli, Addis, Laura, Eicher, John, Li, Qingqin S., He, Karen, Khramtsova, Ekaterina, Färkkilä, Martti, Koskela, Jukka, Pikkarainen, Sampsa, Jussila, Airi, Kaukinen, Katri, Blomster, Timo, Kiviniemi, Mikko, Voutilainen, Markku, Lu, Tim, McCarthy, Linda, Hart, Amy, Guan, Meijian, Miller, Jason, Kalpala, Kirsi, Miller, Melissa, Eklund, Kari, Palomäki, Antti, Isomäki, Pia, Pirilä, Laura, Kaipiainen-Seppänen, Oili, Huhtakangas, Johanna, Mars, Nina, Lertratanakul, Apinya, Hochfeld, Marla, Gordillo, Jorge Esparza, Farias, Fabiana, Bing, Nan, Laitinen, Tarja, Pelkonen, Margit, Kauppi, Paula, Kankaanranta, Hannu, Harju, Terttu, Lahesmaa, Riitta, Chen, Hubert, Betts, Joanna, Mishra, Rajashree, Mouded, Majd, Ngo, Debby, Niiranen, Teemu, Vaura, Felix, Salomaa, Veikko, Metsärinne, Kaj, Aittokallio, Jenni, Hernesniemi, Jussi, Gordin, Daniel, Sinisalo, Juha, Taskinen, Marja-Riitta, Tuomi, Tiinamaija, Hiltunen, Timo, Elliott, Amanda, Reeve, Mary Pat, Ruotsalainen, Sanni, Paul, Dirk, Chu, Audrey, Reilly, Dermot, Mendelson, Mike, Parkkinen, Jaakko, Meretoja, Tuomo, Joensuu, Heikki, Mattson, Johanna, Salminen, Eveliina, Auranen, Annika, Karihtala, Peeter, Auvinen, Päivi, Elenius, Klaus, Pitkänen, Esa, Popovic, Relja, Fabre, Margarete, Schutzman, Jennifer, Kulkarni, Diptee, Porello, Alessandro, Loboda, Andrey, Lehtonen, Heli, McDonough, Stefan, Vuoti, Sauli, Kaarniranta, Kai, Turunen, Joni A., Ollila, Terhi, Uusitalo, Hannu, Karjalainen, Juha, Liu, Mengzhen, Loomis, Stephanie, Strauss, Erich, Chen, Hao, Tasanen, Kaisa, Huilaja, Laura, Hannula-Jouppi, Katariina, Salmi, Teea, Peltonen, Sirkku, Koulu, Leena, Choy, David, Wu, Ying, Pussinen, Pirkko, Salminen, Aino, Salo, Tuula, Rice, David, Nieminen, Pekka, Palotie, Ulla, Siponen, Maria, Suominen, Liisa, Mäntylä, Päivi, Gursoy, Ulvi, Anttonen, Vuokko, Sipilä, Kirsi, Laivuori, Hannele, Kurra, Venla, Kotaniemi-Talonen, Laura, Heikinheimo, Oskari, Kalliala, Ilkka, Aaltonen, Lauri, Jokimaa, Varpu, Vääräsmäki, Marja, Uimari, Outi, Morin-Papunen, Laure, Niinimäki, Maarit, Piltonen, Terhi, Kivinen, Katja, Widen, Elisabeth, Tukiainen, Taru, Välimäki, Niko, Laakkonen, Eija, Tyrmi, Jaakko, Silven, Heidi, Sliz, Eeva, Arffman, Riikka, Savukoski, Susanna, Laisk, Triin, Pujol, Natalia, Kumar, Janet, Hovatta, Iiris, Isometsä, Erkki, Ollila, Hanna, Suvisaari, Jaana, Mäkitie, Antti, Bizaki-Vallaskangas, Argyro, Toppila-Salmi, Sanna, Willberg, Tytti, Saarentaus, Elmo, Aarnisalo, Antti, Rahikkala, Elisa, Aittomäki, Kristiina, Åberg, Fredrik, Kurki, Mitja, Havulinna, Aki, Mehtonen, Juha, Palta, Priit, Hassan, Shabbeer, Della Briotta Parolo, Pietro, Zhou, Wei, Maasha, Mutaamba, Lemmelä, Susanna, Rivas, Manuel, Liu, Aoxing, Lehisto, Arto, Ganna, Andrea, Llorens, Vincent, Heyne, Henrike, Rämö, Joel, Rodosthenous, Rodos, Strausz, Satu, Palotie, Tuula, Palin, Kimmo, Garcia-Tabuenca, Javier, Siirtola, Harri, Kiiskinen, Tuomo, Lee, Jiwoo, Tsuo, Kristin, Hyvärinen, Kati, Ritari, Jarmo, Pylkäs, Katri, Karjalainen, Minna, Mantere, Tuomo, Kangasniemi, Eeva, Heikkinen, Sami, Pitkänen, Nina, Lessard, Samuel, Chatelain, Clément, Kallio, Lila, Wahlfors, Tiina, Punkka, Eero, Siltanen, Sanna, Kuopio, Teijo, Jalanko, Anu, Shen, Huei-Yi, Kajanne, Risto, Aavikko, Mervi, Cooper, Helen, Öller, Denise, Leinonen, Rasko, Palin, Henna, Linna, Malla-Maria, Kanai, Masahiro, Zheng, Zhili, Lahtela, L. Elisa, Kaunisto, Mari, Kilpeläinen, Elina, Sipilä, Timo P., Dada, Oluwaseun Alexander, Ghazal, Awaisa, Kytölä, Anastasia, Weldatsadik, Rigbe, Donner, Kati, Loukola, Anu, Laiho, Päivi, Sistonen, Tuuli, Kaiharju, Essi, Laukkanen, Markku, Järvensivu, Elina, Lähteenmäki, Sini, Männikkö, Lotta, Wong, Regis, Toivola, Auli, Brunfeldt, Minna, Mattsson, Hannele, Koskelainen, Sami, Hiekkalinna, Tero, Paajanen, Teemu, Luo, Shuang, Padmanabhuni, Shanmukha Sampath, Niemi, Marianna, Gracia-Tabuenca, Javier, Helminen, Mika, Luukkaala, Tiina, Vähätalo, Iida, Tammerluoto, Jyrki, Smith, Sarah, Southerington, Tom, Lehto, Petri, Ryu, Justine, Rämö, Joel T., Jurgens, Sean J., Sanna-Cherchi, Simone, Bauer, Kenneth A., Haj, Amelia, Choi, Seung Hoan, Ellinor, Patrick T., and Bendapudi, Pavan K.

Published
2024
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42. Optimal Dual Schemes for Adaptive Grid Based Hexmeshing

Author

Livesu, Marco, Pitzalis, Luca, and Cherchi, Gianmarco

Subjects
Computer Science - Graphics
Abstract

Hexahedral meshes are an ubiquitous domain for the numerical resolution of partial differential equations. Computing a pure hexahedral mesh from an adaptively refined grid is a prominent approach to automatic hexmeshing, and requires the ability to restore the all hex property around the hanging nodes that arise at the interface between cells having different size. The most advanced tools to accomplish this task are based on mesh dualization. These approaches use topological schemes to regularize the valence of inner vertices and edges, such that dualizing the grid yields a pure hexahedral mesh. In this paper we study in detail the dual approach, and propose four main contributions to it: (i) we enumerate all the possible transitions that dual methods must be able to handle, showing that prior schemes do not natively cover all of them; (ii) we show that schemes are internally asymmetric, therefore not only their implementation is ambiguous, but different implementation choices lead to hexahedral meshes with different singular structure; (iii) we explore the combinatorial space of dual schemes, selecting the minimum set that covers all the possible configurations and also yields the simplest singular structure in the output hexmesh; (iv) we enlarge the class of adaptive grids that can be transformed into pure hexahedral meshes, relaxing one of the tight requirements imposed by previous approaches, and ultimately permitting to obtain much coarser meshes for same geometric accuracy. Last but not least, for the first time we make grid-based hexmeshing truly reproducible, releasing our code and also revealing a conspicuous amount of technical details that were always overlooked in previous literature, creating an entry barrier that was hard to overcome for practitioners in the field.

Published
2021
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43. Canine Distemper Virus in Sardinia, Italy: Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis in Foxes

Author

Elisabetta Coradduzza, Fiori Mariangela Stefania, Davide Pintus, Luca Ferretti, Alice Ledda, Gian Simone Chessa, Angela Maria Rocchigiani, Giada Lostia, Renata Rossi, Maria Giovanna Cancedda, Simona Macciocu, Marcella Cherchi, Daniele Denurra, Antonio Pintore, Roberto Bechere, Flavia Pudda, Marco Muzzeddu, Maria Antonietta Dettori, Angelo Ruiu, Paolo Briguglio, Ciriaco Ligios, and Giantonella Puggioni

Subjects
canine morbillivirus, Vulpes vulpes ichnusae, lineage, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100, Zoology, QL1-991
Abstract

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the etiological agent of a highly prevalent viral infectious disease of carnivores, which could seriously lead to a threat to the conservation of the affected species worldwide [...]

Published
2024
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44. The Development and Validation of an LC–Orbitrap–HRMS Method for the Analysis of Four Tetracyclines in Milk and Its Application to Determine Oxytetracycline Concentrations after Intramuscular Administration in Healthy Sarda Ewes and Those Naturally Infected with Streptococcus uberis

Author

Severyn Salis, Simone Dore, Nicola Rubattu, Vittoria D’Ascenzo, Francesca T. Cherchi, and Stefano A. Lollai

Subjects
tetracyclines, antibiotics, ovine milk, CD 2002/657 EC, oxytetracycline detection, LC–Orbitrap–MS, Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

An LC–Orbitrap–HRMS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of four tetracyclines—oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC), doxycycline (DC), and chlortetracycline (CTC)—in milk. This method involves sample extraction with McIlvaine–EDTA buffer solution (pH 4) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) with Oasis HLB cartridges, followed by the evaporation of the extract and its reconstitution with a 14% methanol aqueous solution before injection into the instrumental system. This method has been validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, precision, and accuracy, in accordance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC requirements. Compared to existing methods, this approach optimally combines a quantitative procedure for extracting analytes from the milk of different species, including sheep, bovines, and goats, with a very short LC–Orbitrap–HRMS instrumental analysis time (only 8 min), simultaneously ensuring high precision, sensitivity, and applicability as a rapid confirmation method in official food control laboratories. The proposed method was applied to determine the concentration levels of OTC in milk samples derived from healthy Sardinian sheep and those naturally infected with Streptococcus uberis, after the intramuscular administration of an antibiotic, in order to evaluate how much of the drug was “subtracted” during penetration from blood into milk, with a potential effect of reducing its therapeutic efficacy.

Published
2024
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48. Genome-wide association analyses define pathogenic signaling pathways and prioritize drug targets for IgA nephropathy

Author

Kiryluk, Krzysztof, Sanchez-Rodriguez, Elena, Zhou, Xu-Jie, Zanoni, Francesca, Liu, Lili, Mladkova, Nikol, Khan, Atlas, Marasa, Maddalena, Zhang, Jun Y., Balderes, Olivia, Sanna-Cherchi, Simone, Bomback, Andrew S., Canetta, Pietro A., Appel, Gerald B., Radhakrishnan, Jai, Trimarchi, Hernan, Sprangers, Ben, Cattran, Daniel C., Reich, Heather, Pei, York, Ravani, Pietro, Galesic, Kresimir, Maixnerova, Dita, Tesar, Vladimir, Stengel, Benedicte, Metzger, Marie, Canaud, Guillaume, Maillard, Nicolas, Berthoux, Francois, Berthelot, Laureline, Pillebout, Evangeline, Monteiro, Renato, Nelson, Raoul, Wyatt, Robert J., Smoyer, William, Mahan, John, Samhar, Al-Akash, Hidalgo, Guillermo, Quiroga, Alejandro, Weng, Patricia, Sreedharan, Raji, Selewski, David, Davis, Keefe, Kallash, Mahmoud, Vasylyeva, Tetyana L., Rheault, Michelle, Chishti, Aftab, Ranch, Daniel, Wenderfer, Scott E., Samsonov, Dmitry, Claes, Donna J., Akchurin, Oleh, Goumenos, Dimitrios, Stangou, Maria, Nagy, Judit, Kovacs, Tibor, Fiaccadori, Enrico, Amoroso, Antonio, Barlassina, Cristina, Cusi, Daniele, Del Vecchio, Lucia, Battaglia, Giovanni Giorgio, Bodria, Monica, Boer, Emanuela, Bono, Luisa, Boscutti, Giuliano, Caridi, Gianluca, Lugani, Francesca, Ghiggeri, GianMarco, Coppo, Rosanna, Peruzzi, Licia, Esposito, Vittoria, Esposito, Ciro, Feriozzi, Sandro, Polci, Rosaria, Frasca, Giovanni, Galliani, Marco, Garozzo, Maurizio, Mitrotti, Adele, Gesualdo, Loreto, Granata, Simona, Zaza, Gianluigi, Londrino, Francesco, Magistroni, Riccardo, Pisani, Isabella, Magnano, Andrea, Marcantoni, Carmelita, Messa, Piergiorgio, Mignani, Renzo, Pani, Antonello, Ponticelli, Claudio, Roccatello, Dario, Salvadori, Maurizio, Salvi, Erica, Santoro, Domenico, Gembillo, Guido, Savoldi, Silvana, Spotti, Donatella, Zamboli, Pasquale, Izzi, Claudia, Alberici, Federico, Delbarba, Elisa, Florczak, Michał, Krata, Natalia, Mucha, Krzysztof, Pączek, Leszek, Niemczyk, Stanisław, Moszczuk, Barbara, Pańczyk-Tomaszewska, Malgorzata, Mizerska-Wasiak, Malgorzata, Perkowska-Ptasińska, Agnieszka, Bączkowska, Teresa, Durlik, Magdalena, Pawlaczyk, Krzysztof, Sikora, Przemyslaw, Zaniew, Marcin, Kaminska, Dorota, Krajewska, Magdalena, Kuzmiuk-Glembin, Izabella, Heleniak, Zbigniew, Bullo-Piontecka, Barbara, Liberek, Tomasz, Dębska-Slizien, Alicja, Hryszko, Tomasz, Materna-Kiryluk, Anna, Miklaszewska, Monika, Szczepańska, Maria, Dyga, Katarzyna, Machura, Edyta, Siniewicz-Luzeńczyk, Katarzyna, Pawlak-Bratkowska, Monika, Tkaczyk, Marcin, Runowski, Dariusz, Kwella, Norbert, Drożdż, Dorota, Habura, Ireneusz, Kronenberg, Florian, Prikhodina, Larisa, van Heel, David, Fontaine, Bertrand, Cotsapas, Chris, Wijmenga, Cisca, Franke, Andre, Annese, Vito, Gregersen, Peter K., Parameswaran, Sreeja, Weirauch, Matthew, Kottyan, Leah, Harley, John B., Suzuki, Hitoshi, Narita, Ichiei, Goto, Shin, Lee, Hajeong, Kim, Dong Ki, Kim, Yon Su, Park, Jin-Ho, Cho, BeLong, Choi, Murim, Van Wijk, Ans, Huerta, Ana, Ars, Elisabet, Ballarin, Jose, Lundberg, Sigrid, Vogt, Bruno, Mani, Laila-Yasmin, Caliskan, Yasar, Barratt, Jonathan, Abeygunaratne, Thilini, Kalra, Philip A., Gale, Daniel P., Panzer, Ulf, Rauen, Thomas, Floege, Jürgen, Schlosser, Pascal, Ekici, Arif B., Eckardt, Kai-Uwe, Chen, Nan, Xie, Jingyuan, Lifton, Richard P., Loos, Ruth J. F., Kenny, Eimear E., Ionita-Laza, Iuliana, Köttgen, Anna, Julian, Bruce A., Novak, Jan, Scolari, Francesco, Zhang, Hong, and Gharavi, Ali G.

Published
2023
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49. Adenosine A2A receptor blockade attenuates excitotoxicity in rat striatal medium spiny neurons during an ischemic-like insult

Author

Elisabetta Coppi, Federica Cherchi, and Alasdair J Gibb

Subjects
adenosine a2a receptors, anoxic depolarization, brain ischemia, glutamate excitotoxicity, medium spiny neurons, oxygen and glucose deprivation, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, RC346-429
Abstract

During brain ischemia, excitotoxicity and peri-infarct depolarization injuries occur and cause cerebral tissue damage. Indeed, anoxic depolarization, consisting of massive neuronal depolarization due to the loss of membrane ion gradients, occurs in vivo or in vitro during an energy failure. The neuromodulator adenosine is released in huge amounts during cerebral ischemia and exerts its effects by activating specific metabotropic receptors, namely: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. The A2A receptor subtype is highly expressed in striatal medium spiny neurons, which are particularly susceptible to ischemic damage. Evidence indicates that the A2A receptors are upregulated in the rat striatum after stroke and the selective antagonist SCH58261 protects from exaggerated glutamate release within the first 4 hours from the insult and alleviates neurological impairment and histological injury in the following 24 hours. We recently added new knowledge to the mechanisms by which the adenosine A2A receptor subtype participates in ischemia-induced neuronal death by performing patch-clamp recordings from medium spiny neurons in rat striatal brain slices exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation. We demonstrated that the selective block of A2A receptors by SCH58261 significantly reduced ionic imbalance and delayed the anoxic depolarization in medium spiny neurons during oxygen and glucose deprivation and that the mechanism involves voltage-gated K+ channel modulation and a presynaptic inhibition of glutamate release by the A2A receptor antagonist. The present review summarizes the latest findings in the literature about the possibility of developing selective ligands of A2A receptors as advantageous therapeutic tools that may contribute to counteracting neurodegeneration after brain ischemia.

Published
2024
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50. Effective N-body models of composite collisionless stellar systems

Author

Nipoti, Carlo, Cherchi, Giacomo, Iorio, Giuliano, and Calura, Francesco

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, 85A05, J.2
Abstract

Gas-poor galaxies can be modelled as composite collisionless stellar systems, with a dark matter halo and one or more stellar components, representing different stellar populations. The dynamical evolution of such composite systems is often studied with numerical N-body simulations, whose initial conditions typically require realizations with particles of stationary galaxy models. We present a novel method to conceive these N-body realizations, which allows one to exploit at best a collisionless N-body simulation that follows their evolution. The method is based on the use of an effective N-body model of a composite system, which is in fact realized as a one-component system of particles that is interpreted a posteriori as a multi-component system, by assigning in post-processing fractions of each particle's mass to different components. Examples of astrophysical applications are N-body simulations that aim to reproduce the observed properties of interacting galaxies, satellite galaxies and stellar streams. As a case study we apply our method to an N-body simulation of tidal stripping of a two-component (dark matter and stars) satellite dwarf galaxy orbiting in the gravitational potential of the Milky Way., Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS. Figures 3, 7 and 9 illustrate the method applied to tidal streams

Published
2020
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