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Having, in Part I, introduced the Math Ed Majors, the purpose of this article is to introduce a novel, unconventional, professional-golf-based author productivity index for those publishing their research and scholarship in the field of mathematics education. Once again, I look to men's professional golf, and men's major championships; however, this time, I focus on the perspective of the golfers and their major accomplishments. A discussion of one's major count (the total number of major golf championships won by an individual), the grand slam (a term for winning all of golf's major championships in one year), and variants to the grand slam (e.g., Career Grand Slam, Tiger Slam) in the world of professional golf reveals, for the world of mathematics education, the Math Ed Majors Index, which is denoted the MEM-Index in short. The MEM-Index (a count of the total number of articles published in the Math Ed Majors), then, provides a new lens with which to look at publication count, the mathematics education version of the grand slam, career grand slam, and its variants, which are based on authorship order (e.g., Solo Author or Any Author Slam), coauthors (e.g., Grand Student or PostDoc Slam), material published (e.g., Book Review or Research Paper Slam), and more. Ultimately, the MEM-Index, especially when combined with the many different versions of the Career Grand Slam, provides a new manner with which to frame success, in terms of publications and publication count, in the field of mathematics education.

Abstract We present a de novo mitogenome assembly from a specimen of Rhinichthys atratulus, the Eastern Blacknose Dace, collected in the Connecticut River drainage. R. atratulus is a fish species widely distributed across Atlantic slope drainages from Nova Scotia, Canada to the Roanoke River Drainage, Virginia, United States. The assembly has a total length of 16,646 bp; consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and a 974 bp D-loop; and has a GC content of 45.7%. We performed two phylogenetic analyses using the de novo assembly and 28 additional cyprinoid mitochondrial genomes: with and without the D-loop. The resulting phylogenetic trees showed the same branching patterns. However, inclusion of the D-loop resulted in nodes with equal or greater support. The trees largely match previously published analyses, while offering new insights into relationships among leuciscid genera. Our findings indicate that the inclusion of the D-loop in mitogenome phylogenetic analyses can help improve bootstrap support at otherwise unresolved nodes.

As a person obsessed, perhaps overly so, with preventing water damage, an ailing dishwasher led to a system whereby who did the dishes in our household became a matter of chance. What happened next, however, was besmirchment of my character from hockey teammates, close friends, and especially from a room full of future elementary school mathematics teachers. Most individuals, from those casting aspersions, were not even able to support their slander by, for example, providing me with a simple solution, the kind you would find in the back of a school mathematics textbook, demonstrating that the dishwasher system I had implemented was unfair. Making matters worse, data collected from a simulation of my system did not result in probabilistic discussions regarding order mattering, the number of outcomes, the assignment of labels, lists or diagrams; rather, a flimsily understanding of the data resulted in a rather raucous echo chamber where my fate was sealed. Unable to sit idly by any longer, I proposed a tweak to the system, which preyed on a school yard notion of fairness, that helped me regain my honour and perhaps proved that revenge is a dish best served cold.

Abstract: Variations in the geomagnetic field occur on a vast range of time scales, from milliseconds to millions of years. The advent of satellite measurements has allowed for detailed studies of short timescale geomagnetic field behaviour, but understanding its long timescale evolution remains challenging due to the sparsity of the paleomagnetic record. This paper introduces a field theory framework for studying magnetic field generation as a result of stochastic fluid motions. Starting from a stochastic kinematic dynamo model (the Kazantsev kinematic model), we derive statistical properties of the magnetic field that may be compared to observations from the paleomagnetic record. The fluid velocity is taken to be a Kraichnan field with general covariance, which acts as a random forcing obeying Gaussian statistics. Using the Martin-Siggia-Rose-Janssen-de Dominicis formalism, we compute the average magnetic field response function for fluid velocities with short correlation time. From this we obtain an estimate for the turbulent contribution to the magnetic diffusivity, and find that it is consistent with results from mean-field dynamo theory. This framework presents much promise for studying the geomagnetic field in a stochastic context.

The purpose of this article is to identify, from the plethora of journals dedicated to publishing research in the field of mathematics education, in general, and from mathematics education's 'Group of Seven', in particular, what I call the Math Ed Majors. In order to do so, I look to men's professional golf, and men's major golf championships. Worthy of note, there are only four majors in men's professional golf. As such, I pronounce only four journals as math ed majors. Recognizing that I may ruffle some feathers, I take into consideration, as has been done in men's golf, scenarios where there are only three or perhaps five majors. Also taking into consideration that I am constantly on the lookout for and have a vested interest in Canadian mathematics education matters, because if Canadian mathematics education matters then Canadian mathematics education matters, I provide an honourable mention by drawing parallels between a prominent journal and the Canadian Open. After a bit of translation, necessary for a brief aside where I speak Canadian, I allude to Part II of this manuscript, proclaiming the Math Ed Majors with the explicit purpose of introducing brand-new, unconventional, professional golf-based author productivity indexes.

BackgroundGymnastics requires intense year-round upper and lower extremity strength training typically starting from an early age. As such, the injury patterns observed in these athletes may be unique.PurposeTo characterize the types of injuries and provide return-to-sport data in male and female collegiate gymnasts.Study designDescriptive epidemiology study.MethodsA conference-specific injury database was utilized to perform a retrospective review of injuries for male and female National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I gymnasts within the Pacific Coast Conference between 2017 and 2020 (N = 673 gymnasts). Injuries were stratified by anatomic location, sex, time missed, and injury diagnoses. Relative risk (RR) was used to compare results between sexes.ResultsOf the 673 gymnasts, 183 (27.2%) experienced 1093 injuries during the study period. Injuries were sustained in 35 of 145 male athletes (24.1%) as compared with 148 of 528 female athletes (28.0%; RR, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.63-1.19]; P = .390). Approximately 66.1% (723/1093) of injuries occurred in a practice setting, compared with 84 of 1093 injuries (7.7%) occurring during competition. Overall, 417 of 1093 injuries (38.2%) resulted in no missed time. Shoulder injuries and elbow/arm injuries were significantly more common in male versus female athletes (RR, 1.99 [95% CI, 1.32-3.01], P = .001; and RR, 2.08 [95% CI, 1.05-4.13], P = .036, respectively). In total, 23 concussions affected 21 of 673 athletes (3.1%); 6 concussions (26.1%) resulted in the inability to return to sport during the same season.ConclusionFor the majority of musculoskeletal injuries, the gymnasts were able to return to sport during the same season. Male athletes were more likely to experience shoulder and elbow/arm injuries, likely because of sex-specific events. Concussions occurred in 3.1% of the gymnasts, highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring. This analysis of the incidence and outcomes of injuries observed in NCAA Division I gymnasts may guide injury prevention protocols as well as provide important prognostic information.

Constantly on the lookout for and with a vested interest in Canadian mathematics education matters, because if Canadian mathematics education matters then Canadian mathematics education matters, this article is an investigation into the Canadian lottery landscape. With apologies to the Atlantic Lottery, Loto-Québec and Ontario Lottery and Gaming, this article, based on where I live and have lived in Canada, is a deep dive into the British Columbia Lottery Corporation and the Western Canada Lottery Corporation (which includes Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, and where Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut participate as associate members). By detailing the chances of winning Lotto 6/49, Western 649, Lotto Max and Western Max, I attempt to call into question the aphorism that the lottery is a tax on the mathematically challenged. A cursory look into the psychology of one player of the Canadian lottery (read: me), including an analysis of former lottery slogans, pushes against the notion (read: aphorism) that the lottery is a tax on the stupid. Lastly, a nouveau comparison between Canadian income tax rate brackets and lottery tax rates and brackets reveals, without a doubt, that the lottery, in the grand scheme of taxes, is a regressive tax. As a result, and still recognizing you are (probably) not going to win the lottery, it is time, I contend, for a new Canadian-lottery-based aphorism: the lottery is a tax on the willing.

Objective: Food-restricted alcohol consumption (FRAC) is a growing concern among college students. We investigated demographic and lifestyle characteristics and psychiatric symptoms associated with FRAC. Participants: College students (n = 561) at a large southeastern university in the United States. Methods: Participants completed online self-reported questionnaires assessing past-year FRAC, demographic and lifestyle characteristics, and psychiatric symptoms. Results: The past-year prevalence of FRAC was 23.89%. In the bivariate analyses, students engaging in FRAC had higher mean scores of multiple psychiatric symptoms, reported more harmful or hazardous drinking and suicidality, and were more likely to report a history of an eating disorder than their peers without FRAC. In a hierarchical regression model, binge eating, cognitive restraint, self-reported history of an eating disorder, and harmful or hazardous drinking were significantly associated with FRAC (ps < 0.05) after other psychiatric symptoms were included in the model. Conclusion: Our findings stress the importance of heightened awareness of FRAC in college.

International mindedness (IM) is foundational to the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP) and in theory, meets the challenges of a diversified demographic. The implementation of IM may vary depending on where the IBDP is situated. Although a core concept in the IBDP, research suggests that IM may be difficult to implement. Systematic reviews included in this study offer empirical research on ways in which IM might meet the needs of a diversified population, although findings suggest there may be challenges with IM curriculum implementation. The purpose of this overview of reviews is to explore the role of IM as a component in the growth of the IBDP worldwide. Research is reviewed with respect to the reasons for IM's global relevance; the international needs, national concerns, and local tensions that exist with IM implementation; and the importance of a broader understanding of interculturalism and multilingualism within IM.

On the lookout for and with a vested interest in Canadian mathematics education matters, this article is dedicated to hockey cards. More specifically, the statistics found on the back of hockey cards. The combination of taking a trip down memory lane, thrifting in British Columbia, traipsing around Toronto, and having coffee (one cream) at Tim Hortons resulted in an investigation as to whether or not hockey card statistics have changed over the last half century. Long story short, they have not. The addition of power play goals and the plus/minus statistic are the only major developments. Although this can be considered an improvement, I consider it a shame. First, the statistics do not reflect changes to the game of hockey. Second, they do not include any of the plethora of statistics readily available at National Hockey League Stats (dot com) and Records (dot com). In other words, I contend that the standard statistics (Games Played, Goals, Assists, Points, Plus/Minus, Penalty in Minutes and Power Play Goals), found on the back of every type of hockey card, do not well enough paint a statistical picture of the hockey player photographed on the front of the card. To cement my contention, I detail my Build-a-Card exercise (akin to Build-a-Bear, yes), which is where one uses a blank back of the card as a canvas with which to paint a proper statistical portrait of a hockey player, albeit beer league hockey style.

Constantly on the lookout for Canadian mathematics education matters, because if Canadian mathematics education matters then Canadian mathematics education matters, three young university bookstore employees, university students, unable to make proper change when I handed them a five dollar bill for a sticker I was purchasing for my laptop, absolutely crushed my spirit. As they say though, it is not what happens to you, rather it is how you react to what happened to you. As such, rising from what I am now calling "the sticker incident," this article is a many part investigation into the oft-heard phrase "Damn kids these days cannot make change without a calculator." Under examination: the subtraction skills of a particular subset of adult employees not often asked to prove their arithmetic resolve; detailing a personal mistake I made while making change in a big spot; recounting a retelling of a mistake that has haunted someone for many years; detailing which particular customers cashiers need to be worried about when making change (old men with coin purses); wonderings as to why stories about making change do not reflect our now penniless country; and, a brief look at the future responsibilities of cashless immigrants. With this particular matter now in the rearview mirror, I am back in the wild looking for other Canadian mathematics education matters. Stay tuned.

Abstract Background The Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder – Genes and Environment (ARFID-GEN) study is a study of genetic and environmental factors that contribute to risk for developing ARFID in children and adults. Methods A total of 3,000 children and adults with ARFID from the United States will be included. Parents/guardians and their children with ARFID (ages 7 to 17) and adults with ARFID (ages 18 +) will complete comprehensive online consent, parent verification of child assent (when applicable), and phenotyping. Enrolled participants with ARFID will submit a saliva sample for genotyping. A genome-wide association study of ARFID will be conducted. Discussion ARFID-GEN, a large-scale genetic study of ARFID, is designed to rapidly advance the study of the genetics of eating disorders. We will explicate the genetic architecture of ARFID relative to other eating disorders and to other psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, and metabolic disorders and traits. Our goal is for ARFID to deliver “actionable” findings that can be transformed into clinically meaningful insights. Trial registration ARFID-GEN is a registered clinical trial: clinicaltrials.gov NCT05605067.

PurposeBlood flow (BF) of the retinal and choroidal vasculatures can be quantitatively imaged using MRI. This study sought to improve methods of data acquisition and analysis for MRI of layer-specific retinal and choroidal BF and then applied this approach to detect reduced ocular BF in a well-established mouse model of glaucoma from both eyes.MethodsQuantitative BF magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on glaucomatous DBA/2J and normal C57BL/6J mice. Arterial spin labeling MRI was applied to image retinal and choroidal BF using custom-made dual eye coils that could image both eyes during the same scan. Statistics using data from a single eye or two eyes were compared. BF values were calculated using two approaches. The BF rate per quantity of tissue was calculated as commonly done, and the peak BF values of the retinal and choroidal vasculatures were taken. Additionally, the BF rate per retinal surface area was calculated using a new analysis approach to attempt to reduce partial volume and variability by integrating BF over the retinal and choroidal depths.ResultsOcular BF of both eyes could be imaged using the dual coil setup without effecting scan time. Intraocular pressure was significantly elevated in DBA/2J mice compared to C57BL/6J mice (P

A number of memorable tasks have been revealed through collegial exchanges with underlying philosophical, theoretical, and potentially nefarious motivations. Such was the origin of the probability problem, and the various differences of opinion, presented herein. This article recounts how, together, we explored and disputed the probabilities stemming from a simple standard deck of cards sitting on a table. We have had moments of consensus spiralling into low-points of discontent and back again, as our actions and reactions created intriguing, yet disconcerting, insights, questions, and consequences. Opposing arguments that emerged from this exploration are presented here in hopes of arriving at a single answer, but maybe, just maybe, even consensus is not in the cards.

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent signaling is highly implicated in the pathophysiology of alcohol use disorder (AUD), with evidence supporting the efficacy of inhibiting the cAMP hydrolyzing enzyme phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) as a therapeutic strategy for drinking reduction. Off-target emetic effects associated with non-selective PDE4 inhibitors has prompted the development of selective PDE4 isozyme inhibitors for treating neuropsychiatric conditions. Herein, we examined the effect of a selective PDE4B inhibitor A33 (0-1.0 mg/kg) on alcohol drinking in both female and male mice from two genetically distinct C57BL/6 substrains. Under two different binge-drinking procedures, A33 pretreatment reduced alcohol intake in male and female mice of both substrains. In both drinking studies, there was no evidence for carry-over effects the next day; however, we did observe some sign of tolerance to A33's effect on alcohol intake upon repeated, intermittent, treatment (5 injections of 1.0 mg/kg, every other day). Pretreatment with 1.0 mg/kg of A33 augmented sucrose intake by C57BL/6NJ, but not C57BL/6J, mice. In mice with a prior history of A33 pretreatment during alcohol-drinking, A33 (1.0 mg/kg) did not alter spontaneous locomotor activity or basal motor coordination, nor did it alter alcohol's effects on motor activity, coordination or sedation. In a distinct cohort of alcohol-naïve mice, acute pretreatment with 1.0 mg/kg of A33 did not alter motor performance on a rotarod and reduced sensitivity to the acute intoxicating effects of alcohol. These data provide the first evidence that selective PDE4B inhibition is an effective strategy for reducing excessive alcohol intake in murine models of binge drinking, with minimal off-target effects. Despite reducing sensitivity to acute alcohol intoxication, PDE4B inhibition reduces binge alcohol drinking, without influencing behavioral sensitivity to alcohol in alcohol-experienced mice. Furthermore, A33 is equally effective in males and females and exerts a quantitatively similar reduction in alcohol intake in mice with a genetic predisposition for high versus moderate alcohol preference. Such findings further support the safety and potential clinical utility of targeting PDE4 for treating AUD.

While recovering from a major personal tipping point (see Part I), I was still able to keep on the lookout for Canadian mathematics education matters. After all, if Canadian mathematics education matters, Canadian mathematics education matters. In doing so, I ran into a number of other financial problems. Everywhere I turned was a financial problem: from tipping in the sharing (or platform) economy; to spending your way to savings with credit cards; the proliferation of sportsbooks and online casinos; trying to reconcile the Canadian cost of living with the seemingly high accepted standard level of consumption; and the outrageous fee to take $20 out of my very own bank account. Each taken on their own, I clearly have some financial problems. Taken together, I contend that 'Egan's Financial Problems', albeit unconventional, could, one day, be the impetus for financial education and literacy leaving math class and becoming a class of its own in Canadian schools. Until then, I guess we go with the School of Hard Knocks for our financial education. [For Part I, see EJ1334579.]

Abstract Noninflammatory nodules arising from the injection of biostimulatory fillers persist as an unwanted complication. Pathologically, noninflammatory nodules may arise from superficial injection, accidental boluses, or incorrect concentration of microparticles contained within the filler. This case report introduces a method for reversing calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA) using focused mechanical vibration. An in situ hyperdilution was created by injecting saline into the nodule core to prepare it for resuspension. Topical microneedling was subsequently applied to generate vibrations, aiming to disperse the accumulated CaHA particles. The outcome demonstrated a significant reduction in the size and visibility of the nodule. This combined saline-microneedling approach offers a potential noninvasive, nonpharmacologic solution for managing superficial CaHA nodules. Level of Evidence: 5

Abstract Objective Cardiovascular complications occur in up to 80% of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), yet the underlying mechanisms warrant further investigation. We assessed the genetic correlation (rg) between AN and cardiovascular disease (CVD) events to inform whether elevated cardiovascular risk among individuals with AN is due to shared genetic effects. Method We used genome‐wide association study summary statistics for AN (N = 72,517), AN with binge eating (N = 12,630), AN without binge eating (N = 12,516), and six CVD events (N = 390,142 to 977,323). We calculated the rgs via linkage disequilibrium score regression and corrected for multiple testing using false discovery rate. Results Significant rgs emerged between AN with heart failure (rg = –0.11, SE = 0.05, q = .04) and myocardial infarction (rg = –0.10, SE = 0.03, q = .01). AN with binge eating had a significant rg with myocardial infarction (rg = –0.15, SE = 0.06, q = .02). No significant rg emerged between AN without binge eating and any CVD event. Discussion Some loci affect the liability to AN and CVD in opposite directions and the shared genetic effects may not be consistent across all CVD events. Our results provide further evidence suggesting that the elevated cardiovascular risk in AN may not be due to shared genetic underpinnings, but more likely a downstream consequence of the disease.

Neurofibromatosis type 2 is a genetic disorder that results in the formation and progressive growth of schwannomas, ependymomas, and/or meningiomas. The NF2 gene encodes the Merlin protein, which links cell cortical elements to the actin cytoskeleton and regulates a number of key enzymes including Group I p21-activated kinases (PAKs), the Hippo-pathway kinase LATS, and mTORC. While PAK1 and PAK2 directly bind Merlin and transmit proliferation and survival signals when Merlin is mutated or absent, inhibition of Group 1 PAKs alone has not proven sufficient to completely stop the growth of NF2-deficient meningiomas or schwannomas in vivo, suggesting the need for a second pathway inhibitor. As the Hippo pathway is also activated in NF2-deficient cells, several inhibitors of the Hippo pathway have recently been developed in the form of YAP-TEAD binding inhibitors. These inhibitors prevent activation of pro-proliferation and anti-apoptotic Hippo pathway effectors. In this study, we show that PAK inhibition slows cell proliferation while TEAD inhibition promotes apoptotic cell death. Finally, we demonstrate the efficacy of PAK and TEAD inhibitor combinations in several NF2-deficient Schwannoma cell lines.