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"The Philippines has two characteristics which differentiate if from other countries in Southeast Asia. It is the only predominantly Christian country in the region and it has one of the highest rates of population growth. Non-Catholic Christians make up only about 9 per cent of the population compared with around 82 per cent for Roman Catholics. Given the Catholic Church objections to both contraception and abortion, it is not illogical to hypothesize a relation between the religious composition of the population and its rate of population growth."

The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program, CARP, is the latest of several land reform programmes to be enacted in the Philippines. As with previous plans, CARP is based on the theory that traditional market mechanisms can be replaced by bureaucratic entities. CARP is also constrained by population growth, which has made it impossible for the majority of peasants to get adequate-sized farms under any system. The only realistic hope for rural improvement lies in industrialization and population limitation: Political pressures towards land reform are irresistible, but such measures will do less harm and offer more benefit if they utilize market forces and traditional structures.

The Philippines has been one of the greatest exporters of professional personnel to the United States, and nurses outnumber any other category. Although some problems have been reported, their experience in the United States has been generally good. A comparison of samples of Filipino nurses who never left the Philippines with those who had either remained for a long time in the United States or who had returned to the U.S. after a short period found little difference in socioeconomic background. Nurses remaining for long periods in the United States did receive lower scores on scales designed to test anchorage and perceived relative opportunities in the Philippines. The supply of Philippine nurses is growing and migration will continue at a high level if U.S. immigration policies permit.

This paper is based on a study of the practice of polyandry among the Shirishana, a Yanomama tribe in the Amazon forest area of northwest Brazil. Its purpose is to compare the factors related to Shirishana polyandry with those indicated by the general literature on the subject. The literature frequently associates polyandry with a simple horticultural economy, with a heavy importance upon family life identity, and with a population with a low sex ratio. These assumptions were borne out in the Shirishana case study. Other common assumptions, evidenced in reseach, however, were not sustained. These included the hypothesis that plural marriage is a minority practice in any society; that polyandry is used by a wealthy class to maintain its status; that polyandry is associated with extremely adverse economic conditions; that polyandry increases female status;that polyandry is the preferred marriage form by either men or women.

T HIS article is based upon a study of the modification of culture pattems occurring as a result of the marriage of Filipino women and American army personnel stationed in the Philippines. It is not directly concerned with the happiness of the marital partners nor does it attempt to estimate the "success" of marriages of this kind. Thus it is one of the few studies which consider the marital partners primarily in the role of "culture bearers" and endeavors to appraise the impact of culture contact in the family setting. Although intermarriage is obviously a situation which leads to culture conflict as well as culture diffusion and modification, most studies of intermarriage consider the cultural elements only indirectly and focus attention on the problem of individual adjustment. One study somewhat similar to the present one was made in the Canal Zone by Biesanz and Smith.' Another study which focused on changes in the role of the wife dealt with marriages in northern California between Poma Indian females and Filipino males.2 These two studies are the only ones of this type which could be located in the literature. In common with the Philippine study they focus on cultural change and they consider marriages in which one of the mates came from a cultural background reflecting the influence of a Spanish colonial culture. The specific settings, however, are quite different, and a comparison of these studies should throw some light on the influence of intermarriage on cultural accommodation. The Philippine study was focused on the vicinity of an American military installation which is economically important to the surrounding area but not completely dominant. The base is a nearly self-contained military unit, and, except for local employees and taverns catering to military trade, there is little direct contact between American personnel and the surrounding Philippine population. This study is based on an interview sample of the husbands of twenty families; this included all of the mixed families in the vicinity of the installation who had been married for two years or more. All of the families lived either on the base or close by, and in all cases the husband was a Caucasian American employed by the United States armed forces in either a civilian or a military capacity. The interviews were conducted by a graduate student in sociology at the University of the Philippines who was a military physician at the time and utilized his military contacts to obtain the interviews, which were held in his office. The interviews might be described as modified-directive since, although they covered a definite schedule, the respondent was encouraged to describe the family relationships in a narrative style using his own nomenclature.

The functions of myths, rites, and status symbols were to integrate advertising men into a cohesive social group, give each participant a respectable conception of his occupation, and raise the status of advertising men in the business community. Ceremonial behavior gave collective representation to the desired relations of advertising men with one another and, as an occupational group, with the community. They were most elaborate and occurred most frequently during the critical phase in the history of the advertising industry after problems arose that could not be satisfactorily controlled through individual effort and while voluntary controls were being established through collective action. Ceremonial behavior integrated advertising men for collective attack on the various technical problems that faced them, such as resistance to the use of advertising on the part of consumers, merchants, and some manufacturers, methods of compensating agents, and unreliable data on circulations of newspapers and periodicals. These problems were solved through the efforts of specialized trade associations which mobilized advertising men, neutralized the opposition, and established and maintained new trade practices that stabilized the contingencies of successful business.10 The prestige of advertising men in the opinions of other businessmen may have been increased directly by the development of an impressive ceremonial system. But more important in raising their status was the indirect effect of ceremonial behavior which created a solidarity that enabled advertising men to deal with other businessmen as peers when establishing new trade practices by collective action.

Most of the research on interracial housing has been carried on in large cities with a large and rapidly growing Negro population. The findings usually indicate a bitter struggle between Negro and white for exclusive possession of city blocks with Negro blocks rapidly being converted to overcrowded multiple housing.* This article is built on the hypothesis that such development is not an inherent feature of race relations in the current

pletely lacking and most of the population is illiterate. In others, there is at least a sizeable minority of literate people but education has failed either to encourage attitudes which make for innovation or to provide the type of skilled manpower needed for an industrial complex. Usually the need for skilled manpower is immediately apparent but the role of the educational institution in setting the values which direct and stimulate economic activity may not be recognized. In recent years, increasing attention has been focussed on the role of education in providing an achievement orientation as well as a particular set of skills or body of information. The attention is fully warranted as it is apparent that nations with comparable resource endowments and similar manpower units in terms of age, skill, knowledge and health can develop in widely different directions and speeds. The will to achieve, either individually or collectively, is frequently more important than any other factor in the development equation. Neff has recently provided a cogent summary of the general problem of economic development in areas where reliance on traditional ascriptive status tends to freeze the status quo in contrast to more developed countries where an achievement motivation released creative activities

In the struggle for the allegiance of the uncommitted masses of Asia and Africa, the West has been prone to rely on the instruments of mass communication and community organization which have been effective in other areas. This approach is expensive but relatively simple since pamphlets, radio programs, and movie shorts may be produced and placed in distribution channels with a minimum of manpower. Country-wide organizations are often led by men sympathetic to the Western viewpoint who will commit their organizations to participate in information programs. For mass media, this approach assumes both exposure and the ability to understand the message conveyed by the media. Similarly, the effort to work with formal community organizations is based on the premise that such organizations really occupy an influential position in the local community.

7 HILE THE PHILIPPINES is often described as the only Christian nation in the Orient, it has a strong Moslem minority comprising about three quarters of a million people (roughly four percent of the population) and concentrated in the southern portion of the islands. The economic potential of the Moslem area has attracted a number of Christian settlers so that this region is now an interesting example of the adjustment of two drastically different social systems. Before the coming of the Spaniards in the sixteenth century, Filipino Moslems-known locally as Moros-were the strongest military group in the Philippines. Their ships terrorized the coast from south to north and the establishment of outposts in many areas indicated that eventually the entire territory might be under Moslem rule. The arrival of Spaniards brought a stronger military power to the country and pushed the Moros back to the islands of Mindanao and Sulu where they have remained until this time. The Moros are of the same racial stock as other Filipinos and are distinguished by cultural rather than physical differences. The southern tip of the Philippine archipelago was often visited by Arab traders and tradition has it that one of these, Sariph Kabungsuan, began the work of conversion to Islam in the fifteenth century. Since then, the SuluMindanao area, with its various sultans and subordinate datus (chiefs), has been dominated by a social structure in which the Koran is supposedly the basis of the legal system. While the Spaniards were able to turn back the Moro attacks on the northern islands, they were never able to Hispanicize the Moslem area and their influence in that region was confined to the maintenance of a few strategic garrisons. The American regime and later the government of an independent Philippines brought increased contact between Moros and other Filipinos, but the former still remain a distinct group with a definite consciousness of a separate identity. Relationships have been marred by frequent

The present paper refutes the ideas that students on a given campus are a relatively homogeneous population and that socioeconomic differences disappear when a student enters college. Interviews were conducted with 282 married college students living in university housing to test the hypotheses that (1) the marriage rate of college students will vary inversely by social class background and (2) family and college adjustment patterns of married students living on a college campus will vary by social class background. Married students had a social class background slightly lower than single students, but the difference was too small to firmly support the first hypothesis. Important differences by social class background were found for the education and employment of the wives, the curriculum, career choice, employment patterns, and the trend of grades in college for the husband, and the number, planning, effect of children on adjustment, and the advising of other students to marry in college.