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Among Asian countries, India has a vast potential to adopt a public bicycle-sharing system (PBSS) as a sustainable mode of transport after China. However, various barriers pose as hindrances in the implementation of PBSS in Indian urban areas. The primary objective of this paper is to identify and prioritise PBSS barriers, which inhibit the implementation of PBSS. For this study, a total of 31 barriers out of 41 reported barriers worldwide are shortlisted and ranked using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. A group of experts assisted in ranking the barriers by using a pair-wise comparison survey. The main contribution of this paper is to identify critical barriers and to rank them according to the Indian scenario. These findings can help practitioners, municipal engineers, urban planners and decision makers to formulate PBSS planning policy, which will overcome the PBSS implementation issues.

Most of the cities in developing countries are found to have non-uniform distribution of urban space, complex land use patterns, mixed traffic conditions, extensive use of non-motorized vehicles and lack of traffic discipline. In comparision to the developed countries, it is more complicated to manage urban freight transport in developing countries due to the lack of sufficient infrastructure, wide socio-economic gaps between urban and non-urban areas and haphazard peripheral developments. Therefore the methods and strategies used to manage urban freight transport in developed countries cannot be directly used for cities in developing countries. It is necessary to devise distinctive solutions to improve the efficieny of urban freight transport in these cities, which may otherwise, inhibit the economic growth of these cities as well as hamper the overall momentum of country’s GDP growth gathered over decades. In recent years some studies focussing on urban freight transport are carried out in India, China and Brazil. This paper reviews urban freight studies carried out for Indian cities. India, world’s second most populous country to China, has 39 cities with a million plus population. Most of its cities are facing problems like congestion and air quality degradation due to inefficient freight movement practices. Review of urban freight studies is carried out based on different parameters influencing efficiency of freight movement. Various challenges and limitations faced by the researchers and administrators are discussed. Based on the review results, suggestions and future scope for research in different aspects of urban freight are presented in the paper.

Public bicycle sharing system (PBSS) has been adopted around the globe to reduce traffic congestion, CO2 emissions and for positive health effects. The first system was initially started in the year 1965 at Amsterdam and now it has been expanded almost in all the continents of the globe. The adoption of this concept was initially seen in developed countries. Now in the past decade various developing countries also have implemented the PBSS in their urban areas. However, the developing countries are facing many implementations and less ridership issues due to various barriers. This paper identifies the barriers which are hinders in the way of implementation of PBSS. An identified 31 barrier was categorized under six groups for ranking. The Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchical Process (FAHP) is applied to examine the relevance and prioritize them with the help of different stakeholders. Total 31 stakeholders were selected as experts from different working backgrounds for this study. The experts were grouped into six namely decision makers, academicians, consultants, scientists and researchers, operators, and users. The perspective of each group is also examined and checked using Kendall' coefficient. The majority of experts opine that City infrastructure barrier and travel characteristics barriers are most influential barriers for successful implementation of PBSS while technological and geographical barriers are least influential barriers. The overall results and opinions by different group of experts will help the decision makers to formulate effective policy to tackle all the barriers prior to implementation of PBSS in Indian urban areas. With the help of this framework, time and financial resources of the government can be utilized in an optimum way and the savings can be utilized for improving necessary city infrastructure.

COVID-19 has been a severe threat to city’s dense ecosystem and has collapsed the urban life. These spread has raised question on urban health infrastructure and coping capacity. To maintain social distance and providing community with essentials is a challenging task for government and city planners in dense urban area. Spatial mapping of resources, patients, medical infrastructure, potential open space, places which can be turned to quarantine centers, etc. has been done using GIS for city of Surat. Larger open spaces within the urban fabric are identified to implement emergency services and evacuation protocols. This tool will defiantly be helpful to the city administration in maintaining the cluster, quarantine tracking of the infected community and flow of daily essential, supply chain in cities with restriction in the infected cluster. Even having better technology to fight against any pandemic, geospatial technology will help to prevent the pandemic to spread further and hence, it is known as prevention is better then cure.

Any unwanted harmful material is known as contaminant. Contaminant can be natural or manmade origin. Pollutants which were not previously or not regularly present in environment are known as emerging contaminations. They are categorized according to their properties, utility or sources. Emerging contaminations include personal health care products, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, biocides, surfactants, gasoline additives, flame retardants etc., which are harmful at above their tolerance level to living systems. By various activities or discharge of effluent, these emerging pollutants enter to the water body. So, their elimination is compulsive as they are toxic if present inside of human, animal or other living creatures. Various filtration methods are used for their removal like, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. This chapter mainly comprises study of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis for removal of various toxics. As microfiltration and ultrafiltration has limitations for removal of impurities nowadays, reverse osmosis, and nanofiltration techniques are used to overcome these barriers. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis are mainly influenced by pressure, temperature, viscosity, transmembrane pressure, osmotic pressure, flux rate, concentration polarization, pore size of the membrane, and fouling. Both of these methods have some advantages and limitations over others. However, due to more advantages, one can use these methods for treatment of landfill leachate or emerging contaminations containing waste water to make it potable.

Surat, a city located in western part of India is known for its textile industries. The city produces 40% of the total man-made fabric production in the country. There are close to 700,000 weaving machines producing approximately 30 million meters of raw fabric every day. Almost 650,000 of these weaving machines are powerlooms or shuttled looms. Powerlooms are widely used because they are cheaper, needs lesser space and offers variety of weaving options. A large variety of raw fabric is produced based on its utility which is sent for its further processing works to the processing units. A textile market area located on the ring road is a hub for trading of various textile goods. A large number of goods movement trips occur from various powerloom units to the market and other processing units in the city. With 25000 weaving units located in different parts of the urban area, 320 processing units and 140 wholesale trading market complexes, the internal or intra-city textile goods movement becomes very complex. In this study freight trip generation characteristics of powerloom industry is studied here and a model is developed to forecast the number of freight trips from various powerloom units clusters so as to estimate the overall flow of freight vehicles at the network level

In recent years cycling has seen a new beginning, triggered by the thrust towards greater environmental consciousness. In cities where cycling shares are low, efforts are being made to promote cycling as a viable mode of transport. As an emerging economy, Surat is now facing urban challenges that are more complex than Delhi and Mumbai especially in the central zone, CBD area of Surat. Due to congested streets and other limitations, it is not feasible for the provision of other transportation modes in the center area of it and for this reason city planners are planning for providing Public Bicycle Sharing System (PBSS) in Center zone. To understand factors starring to bike sharing adoption and hindrance to adoption, the IUTI-SVNIT Team conducted an intercept survey in the Central zone between January to March 2017. The HH survey reveals that about 75% two-wheeler users and 78% car users are willing to use PBSS if implemented. The results from analysis give an idea about if PBS system is launch then daily commuters, Pedestrian etc get benefits & willing to use this types of NMT facility in their daily trips. The study identify total 81 potential docking station with 1920 fleet size using maximum coverage area method and minimum impedance method in three phase in GIS environment. Author expect that practitioner and researchers will find study useful to overcome the various issues such as short-term parking problem, reducing vehicular congestion, increase livability etc. of dense urban areas.

In cities with an industrial growth background, the transport infrastructure has to cater to the needs of industrial freight in addition to the domestic needs of its inhabitants. It becomes more challenging for cities in developing countries that may have limited resources at hand. To study the impact of industrial freight on cities' overall traffic, a case study of the textile industry of Surat is taken up. Surat houses one of the biggest textile industries in India and it has grown organically across the city. In this study, freight trip generation models are developed based on the data collected from establishment surveys at the textile manufacturing units and commercial vehicle drivers' survey. Textile industry induced freight trips are estimated from the models and validated with field data. The impedance of the textile freight movement on the overall traffic flow is also measured using traffic volume studies. The study presents a ready-reckoner to forecast the number of freight trips based on floor area and employees, which can enable policymakers to plan the city's infrastructure for its sustainable growth and co-existence with the textile industry. City logistics would improve considerably if the textile freight traffic is gradually reduced from the city center and ring road area.

Stimuli-responsive di-block copolymers viz. poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)m-block-poly(butyl-3-vinylimidazolium bromide)n [abbreviated as PNIPAMm-b-PBVIBn m = 50 and 100, n = 54 and 115] were synthesized using RAFT (Reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer) polymerization. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy were used to characterize the block copolymer. Turbidity data shows that the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAM is independent of the molecular weight. No LCST behavior was estimated for PBVIB58 in an aqueous media. The addition of 2.75 M NaCl brings LCST of PBVIB58 to room temperature. The cloud point temperature (CPT) of both the block copolymers increases with an increase in the degree of polymerization of PBVIB. Scattering techniques confirm the molecular state of all the homopolymers at 28 °C in the dissolved condition. With an increase in temperature and the presence of sodium chloride (NaCl), both the copolymers remain as aggregates with PNIPAM as a core and PBVIB as a shell. The reverse structure is formed via the addition of 10 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) into PNIPAM100-b-PBVIB54 solution.

The present study discusses the historical overview of the Public bicycle sharing program from way back to its introduction in Amsterdam in the year 1965 to the present fourth-generation systems in developed and developing countries. In this paper, it is highlighted the various PBS system operated and popularly known for bringing radical changes in transportation systems. In India, due to smart city mission, most of the city has the PBS project. The analysis of the performance evaluation of existing PBS system and best practices definitely brings research insight for PBSS projects in India. This compendium of the research will help the planners and researchers to open the new avenue in the recent era of climate change also. At the concluding remark, this study analysis brings the interesting facts about the PBS system which one should know being a transport planner.

The present study is an empirical investigation in the behaviour of mixed traffic stream speed and flow rate on an access controlled urban arterial in Surat city in Gujarat state of India. Field traffic surveys are carried out to capture the classified volume and speed data through manual as well as videographic technique. Multi regime speed – flow relation is developed based on the 5 min. data extracted from the field survey. Unobserved data is simulated by artificial neural network model. Thresholds of level of service based on volume to capacity ratio are established by cluster analysis approach. The results are very useful for evaluation of traffic quality for access controlled urban arterials in mixed traffic condition.

Present study is carried out on six lane divided urban arterial road in Patna and Pune city of India. Both the road having distinct differences in terms of the vehicle composition and the road side parking. Arterial road in Patan city has 33% of non-motorized mode, whereas Pune arterial road dominated by 65% of Two wheeler. Also road side parking is observed in Patna city. The field studies using videography techniques are carried out for traffic data collection. Data are extracted for one minute duration for vehicle composition, speed variation and flow rate on selected arterial road of the two cities. Speed flow relationship is developed and capacity is determine. Equivalency factor in terms of dynamic car unit is determine to represent the vehicle is single unit. The variation in the capacity due to side friction, presence of non motorized traffic and effective utilization of lane width is compared at concluding remarks., {"references":["Greenshields, B.D. \"A Study of Traffic Capacity.\" Proceedings of\nHighway Research Board, Washington D.C.,1935, Vol. 14, 458-467.","Ramanayya, T.V, \"Highway capacity under mixed traffic conditions\".\nTraffic Engineering and Control. Vol. 29 (5), 1988, pp 284-287.","IRC: 106-1990, \"Guidelines for Capacity of Urban Roads in Plain\nAreas\", Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi, 1990.","Kumar, V.M., and Rao, S.K., \"Simulation modeling of traffic operations\non two-lane highways.\" Highway Research Bulletin, No. 54, Indian\nRoads Congress, Highway Research Board, 1996, pp 211 – 237.","Chandra, S., \"Capacity of Urban Roads - Towards Review of IRC: 106-\n1990\", Highway Research Bulletin, Highway Research Board, Indian\nRoads Congress, New Delhi, 1997, pp. 43-70.","Chandra, S., and Sikdar, P. K, \"Factors affecting PCU in mixed traffic\nsituations on urban roads\". Road and Transport Research, Vol.9, No.3,\n2000, pp 40-50.","Chandra, S., and Kumar, U, \"Effect of Lane Width on Capacity under\nMixed Traffic Conditions in India\". Journal of Transportation\nEngineering, Vol. 129, ASCE, 2003, pp 155-160","Arasan V.T, Koshy, \"Simulation of heterogeneous traffic to derive\ncapacity and service volume standards for urban roads\" Journal of\nIndian Roads Congress (IRC), paper no. 500, vol. 65(2), 2004, 219-242.","Velmurugan, S. Errampalli, M. & Ravinder, K., \"Critical evaluation of\nroadway capacity of multi-lane high-speed corridors under\nheterogeneous traffic condition through traditional and microscopic\nsimulation models\". Journal of Indian Road Congress, paper no. 566,\nOct.-Dec. 2010.\n[10] Joshi, Gaurang, Sinha, V.K. and Patel, Jignesh, \"Heterogenous traffic\ncharacterisation and flow behaviour modelling for metropolitan arterial\nin India\". Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation\nStudies,Vol. 8, 2011.\n[11] Patel C. R, Joshi G.J \"Capacity and LOS for urban arterial road in Indian\nmixed traffic condition\". Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences.\n2012, pp 527-534."]}

This study compared Major Adverse Cardiac Event in patient with Acute Coronary Syndromes undergoing PCI with Drug Eluting Stents Vs Bare Metal Stents. A retrospective, observational study was carried out in an inpatient setting of the private tertiary care hospital. Patients with >18 years, diagnosed for Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS), required intervention in coronary artery with implantation of Drug Eluting Stents (DES) or Bare Metal Stents (BMS) were recruited in the study. The data had been collected from file or database of the hospital. All subjects were followed for major adverse cardiac event. Result. A total of 202 patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were enrolled into DES group (N=101) and BMS group (N=101). All patients were followed up at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months & 12 months for Major Adverse Cardiac Events (MACE). Clinical outcomes during 12 months were compared between DES group & BMS group. There was no significant difference in baseline parameters including demographic, risk factors of ACS, diagnosis, angiographic parameters between both groups. Overall MACE rates were reported non-significantly high in BMS group patients (14.85%) compare to DES group patients (8.91%) (P=0.458). However, DES group had lower rates of death (0.99% vs 1.98%, P=0.57), rate of MI (3.96% vs 4.95% P=0.73), rate of revascularization (1.98% vs 3.96% p=0.42) & rate of sub acute thrombosis (1.98% vs 3.96% P=0.42) and higher rate of bleeding (1.98% vs 0.99% p=0.57) compare to cohort-II. Conclusion. The use of DES in the setting of Acute Coronary Syndrome is associated with lower Major Adverse Cardiac Event (MACE) rate compared to BMS without compromising the overall safety over the course of one-year follow-up. The long-term safety of drug-eluting stents needs to be ascertained in large, randomized trials. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v1i2.1252

Background: This study compared clinical outcome of Drug Eluting Stents (DES) versus Bare Metal Stents (BMS) in coronary arteries in patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes. Methods: A retrospective, observational study was carried out in an inpatient setting of the private tertiary care hospital. Patients with >18 years, diagnosed for Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS), required intervention in coronary artery with implantation of Drug Eluting Stents (DES) or Bare Metal Stents (BMS) were recruited in the study. The data had been collected from file or database of the hospital. All subjects were followed for major adverse cardiac event. Results: A total of 202 patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were enrolled into DES group ( n =101) and BMS group ( n =101). All patients were followed up at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months & 12 months for Major Adverse Cardiac Events (MACE). Clinical outcomes during 12 months were compared between DES group & BMS group. Overall MACE rates were reported non-significantly high in BMS group patients (14.85%) compare to DES group patients (8.91%) (p=0.458). However, DES group had lower rates of death (0.99% vs 1.98%, p=0.57), rate of MI (3.96% vs 4.95% p=0.73), rate of revascularization (1.98% vs 3.96% p=0.42) & rate of sub acute thrombosis (1.98% vs 3.96% p=0.42) and higher rate of bleeding (1.98% vs 0.99% p=0.57) compare to cohort-II. Conclusions: The use of DES in the setting of Acute Coronary Syndrome is associated with lower Major Adverse Cardiac Event (MACE) rate compared to BMS without compromising the overall safety over the course of one-year follow-up. The long-term safety of drug-eluting stents needs to be ascertained in large, randomized trials.