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Abstract Background To evaluate prognostic factors that may influence local control (LC) of T1N0 glottic cancer treated by primary radiotherapy (RT) with 6 MV photons. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 433 consecutive patients with T1N0 glottic cancer treated between 1983 and 2005 by RT in our institution. All patients were treated with 6 MV photons. One hundred and seventy seven (41%) patients received 52.5 Gy in 23 fractions with 2.5 Gy/fraction, and 256 (59%) patients received 66 Gy in 33 fractions with 2 Gy/fraction. Results The median follow-up time was 10.5 years. The 10-year LC rates were 91% and 87% for T1a and T1b respectively. Multivariate analysis showed LC rate was adversely affected by poorly differentiated histology (Hazard Ratio [HR]: 7.5, p = 0.035); involvement of anterior commissure (HR: 2.34, p = 0.011); fraction size of 2.0 Gy (HR: 2.17, p = 0.035) and tumor biologically effective dose (BED) < 65 Gy15 (HR: 3.38, p = 0.017). Conclusions The negative impact of anterior commissure involvement could be overcome by delivering a higher tumor BED through using fraction size of > 2.0 Gy. We recommend that fraction size > 2.0 Gy should be utilized, for radiation schedules with five daily fractions each week.

Background: There is a lack of real-world data on the use of cabozantinib in Asian patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma., Methods: We conducted a retrospective study to investigate the toxicity and efficacy of cabozantinib in this patient population who progressed on tyrosine kinase inhibitors and/or immune-checkpoint inhibitors from six oncology centres in Hong Kong. The primary endpoint was the incidence of serious adverse events (AEs) attributed to cabozantinib. Secondary safety endpoints included dose reductions and AE-led treatment terminations. Secondary effectiveness endpoints included overall survival, progression-free survival, and objective response rate., Results: A total of 24 patients were included. Half received cabozantinib as a third-line or later-line treatment, whilst 50% received prior immune-checkpoint inhibitors, primarily nivolumab. Overall, 13 (54.2%) patients reported at least one cabozantinib-related AE of grades 3-4. The most commonly reported AEs were hand-foot skin reactions (9; 37.5%) and anaemia (4; 16.7%). Fifteen (65.2%) patients required dose reductions. Three patients discontinued treatment because of AEs. The median progression-free survival and overall survival were 10.3 months and 13.2 months, respectively; 6 (25%) patients achieved partial responses, and 8 (33.3%) achieved stable disease., Conclusion: Cabozantinib was generally well tolerated and efficacious in Asian patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who were heavily pretreated., Competing Interests: Disclosure and potential conflicts of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest relevant to this manuscript. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) Potential Conflicts of Interests form for the authors is available for download at: https://www.drugsincontext.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/dic.2023-4-1-COI.pdf, (Copyright © 2023 Poon DMC, Chan K, Leung AKC, Ng B, Cheung FY, Siu SWK, Hong Kong Society of Uro-Oncology.)

Aim: To investigate the age differences in the risk factors, clinicopathological characteristics and patterns of treatment of female breast cancer patients., Methods: Seven thousand one hundred and fifty-two women with primary breast cancer from the Hong Kong Breast Cancer Registry were recruited after receiving patients' consent, they were asked to complete standardized questionnaires which captured their sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors associated with breast cancer development. Among them, clinicopathological data and patterns of treatment were further collected from medical records of 5523 patients with invasive breast cancers. Patients were divided into two groups according to the age at diagnosis: younger (< 40 years old) vs older patients (≥ 40 years old) for subsequent analyses., Results: Analysis on the sociodemographic characteristics and exposure to risk factors were performed on 7152 women with primary breast cancer and the results revealed that younger patients were more likely to have unhealthy lifestyles; these include a lack of exercise (85.4% vs 73.2%, P < 0.001), having high stress in life (46.1% vs 35.5%, P < 0.001), having dairy/meat-rich diets (20.2% vs 12.9%, P < 0.001), having alcohol drinking habit (7.7% vs 5.2%, P = 0.002). Younger patients were also more likely to have hormone-related risk factors including nulliparity (43.3% vs 17.8%, P < 0.001) and an early age at menarche (20.7% vs 13.2%, P < 0.001). Analyses on clinicopathological characteristics and patterns of treatment were performed on 5523 women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. The invasive tumours in younger patients showed more aggressive pathological features such as having a higher percentage of grade 3 histology (45.7% vs 36.5%, P < 0.001), having a higher proportion of tumours with lymphovascular invasion (39.6% vs 33.2%, P = 0.003), and having multifocal disease (15.7% vs 10.3%, P < 0.001); they received different patterns of treatment than their older counterparts., Conclusion: Younger patients in Hong Kong are more likely to encounter risk factors associated with breast cancer development and have more aggressive tumours than their older counterparts.