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There are major differences in the prevalence and management of patients with atherothrombotic disease including coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and peripheral artery disease (PAD) across different geographical regions. There is, however, little data allowing comparisons of management and outcomes across broad geographic regions. We aimed to describe geographical differences in baseline characteristics, management and outcomes in stable outpatients with established atherothrombotic disease.From the REACH Registry of atherothrombosis, patients with documented CAD, PAD or CVD and with 4-year follow-up were included. Baseline characteristics, treatments and 4-year outcomes were recorded. Event rates were compared between geographical regions and were adjusted for risk scores predicting ischemic and bleeding events. The analyses of baseline characteristics and medications according to geographical region showed marked differences. For the composite primary outcome (cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and non-fatal stroke), rates ranged from 12.1% in Japan to 18.2% in Eastern Europe. After adjustment, substantial variations remained: taking North America as a reference, patients from Western Europe and Japan had a lower risk of primary outcome event (hazard ratio (HR) 0.93; p = 0.045, and HR = 0.67; p 0.001 respectively) whereas patients from Eastern Europe had a higher risk (HR = 1.24; p 0.001). There were no obvious differences between patients from North America and those from Latin America, the Middle East and Asia.There are important variations in the outcomes of patients with atherothrombotic across geographic regions. These observations have important implications for public health and clinical research.

Given the favorable impact of α1-blockers on lipid and glucose metabolism, this study was designed to compare the efficacy of two extended-release α1-blockers (bunazosin and doxazosin) as an add-on treatment in subjects with stage 1 or 2 essential hypertension which was inadequately controlled by valsartan 80 mg/day.After a 5-week treatment of valsartan monotherapy, subjects with inadequately controlled hypertension were randomized to receive either extended-release bunazosin (n = 47) or doxazosin (n = 46) after breakfast for 8 weeks. Office sitting blood pressure (BP), 24-hour ambulatory BP, and metabolic profiles were measured at baseline, start of study drug, and study end.In the intention-to-treat population (n = 93), the average daily doses of bunazosin and doxazosinwere 2.8 mg and 3.6 mg, respectively. The two add-on treatments achieved significant and similar BP reductions from monotherapy (bunazosin, 13.2/9.3 mmHg; doxazosin, 9.2/8.5 mmHg, all p0.001). However, in patients with stage 2 hypertension, patients randomized to the bunazosin group, compared to those in the doxazosin group, achieved a significantly greater reduction in sitting systolic BP (14.4 ± 8.1 vs. 6.6 ± 13.8 mmHg, p = 0.015). In addition, patients who received bunazosin had significant changes in night-day systolic and diastolic BP ratios compared with those who received doxazosin (-0.02 vs. 0.02, p = 0.04 and 0 vs. 0.04, p = 0.04). No significant changes in metabolic profiles were observed in both add-on groups. Both drugs were well-tolerated, but adverse events related to the study drugs were marginally more frequent in the doxazosin group than in the bunazosin group (20% vs. 6%, p = 0.058).Both extended-release bunazosin and doxazosinwerewell-tolerated and similarly effective as add-on therapy in hypertensive patients uncontrolled by valsartan monotherapy. However, add-on treatment with bunazosin seemed to be associated with favorable night-day BP ratio and greater sitting systolic BP reductions in stage 2 hypertensive patients.Combination therapy; Hypertension; α1-blocker.

We used the National Health Insurance Claim data in Taiwan to evaluate determinants for nontraumatic lower extremity amputation (LEA) or peripheral revascularization procedures (PRP) in patients with peripheral artery diseases (PAD). We identified 14 241 patients. Sex-specific odds ratios of age, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebral vascular accident (CVA), or using cilostazol for LEA or PRP were explored. In patients with PAD, 14.3% of male and 7.4% of female had LEA; whereas 7.1% of male and 4.6% of female had PRP. Among male patients, HTN and CAD were significant risk factors for LEA, whereas DM and using cilostazol had protective roles. Findings in female patients were similar. For PRP, elderly patients had less such procedures. The risk/protective factors were similar. In conclusion, PAD patients having DM and using cilostazol had less LEA or PRP, whereas those having HTN and CAD had more LEA or PRP.

Shiftwork has been associated with elevated blood pressure (BP) and decreased heart-rate variability (HRV), factors that may increase the long-term risk of cardiovascular-related mortality and morbidity. This study explored the effect of shiftwork on dynamic changes in autonomic control of HRV (cardiac stress), systolic BP and diastolic BP, i.e., SBP and DBP (vascular stress), and recovery in the same subjects working different shifts. By studying the same subjects, the authors could reduce the effect of possible contribution of between-subject variation from genetic predisposition and environmental factors. The authors recruited 16 young female nurses working rotating shifts—day (08:00–16:00 h), evening (16:00–00:00 h), and night (00:00–08:00 h)—and 6 others working the regular day shift. Each nurse received simultaneous and repeated 48-h ambulatory electrocardiography and BP monitoring during their work day and the following off-duty day. Using a linear mixed-effect model to adjust for day shift, the results of the repeated-measurements and self-comparisons found significant shift differences in vascular stress. While working the night shift, the nurses showed significant increases in vascular stress, with increased SBP of 9.7 mm Hg. The changes of SBP and DBP seemed to peak during waking time at the same time on the day off as they did on the working day. Whereas HRV profiles usually returned to baseline level after each shift, the SBP and DBP of night-shift workers did not completely return to baseline levels the following off-duty day (p

The aim of the study is to examine the relationships between 4 anthropometric indices and metabolic risk factors (hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance) in different Asian ethnic groups of patients at risk of atherothrombosis. We analyzed the baseline data of 11 017 Asian patients with established atherothrombotic cardiovascular diseases or at least 3 atherothrombotic risk factors. In East and South Asians, the graded relationships of body mass index (BMI) with the presence of at least 2 metabolic risk factors remained significant after adjustment for waist circumference (top vs bottom quartile—East Asians: odds ratio, 2.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.67-2.45; South Asians: 3.24, 1.18-8.95), whereas the graded relationships of waist circumference decreased or became nonsignificant after adjustment for BMI (East Asians: 1.64, 1.35-1.99; South Asians: 0.68, 0.20-2.30). In Southeast Asian men, the graded relationship of waist circumference with metabolic risk factors (2.27, 1.42-3.63) was stronger than that of BMI (1.34, 0.84-2.12), whereas in Southeast Asian women, there was a trend toward a stronger association between BMI and metabolic risk factors. In East Asians and in Southeast Asian women, the waist-to-BMI ratio decreased with the number of metabolic risk factors. The optimal cutoff points for BMI and waist circumference with regard to the presence of at least 2 metabolic risk factors were lowest in East Asians (men: 24 kg/m2 and 86 cm; women: 24 kg/m2 and 82 cm). Our findings suggest that both BMI and waist circumference, rather than waist circumference alone, should be included in metabolic risk assessment in this high-risk multiethnic Asian population. Uniform anthropometric cutoff values for all Asian ethnic groups are not appropriate to assess obesity-related metabolic complications, even in patients with established atherothrombotic disease.

Aims To determine 3-year event rates in outpatients with vascular disease enrolled in the REduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) Registry. Methods and results REACH enrolled 67 888 outpatients with atherothrombosis [established coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebrovascular disease, or peripheral arterial disease (PAD)], or with at least three atherothrombotic risk factors, from 44 countries. Among the 55 499 patients at baseline with symptomatic disease, 39 675 were eligible for 3-year follow-up, and 32 247 had data available (81% retention rate). Among the symptomatic patients at 3 years, 92% were taking an antithrombotic agent, 91% an antihypertensive, and 76% were on lipid-lowering therapy. For myocardial infarction (MI)/stroke/vascular death, 1- and 3-year event rates for all patients were 4.2 and 11.0%, respectively. Event rates (MI/stroke/vascular death) were significantly higher for patients with symptomatic disease vs. those with risk factors only at 1 year (4.7 vs. 2.3%, P < 0.001) and at 3 years (12.0 vs. 6.0%, P < 0.001). One and 3-year rates of MI/stroke/vascular death/rehospitalization were 14.4 and 28.4%, respectively, for patients with symptomatic disease. Rehospitalization for a vascular event other than MI/stroke/vascular death was common at 3 years (19.0% overall; 33.6% for PAD; 23.0% for CAD). For patients with symptomatic vascular disease in one vascular bed vs. multiple vascular beds, 3-year event rates for MI/stroke/vascular death/rehospitalization were 25.5 vs. 40.5% ( P < 0.001). Conclusion Despite contemporary therapy, outpatients with symptomatic atherothrombotic vascular disease experience high rates of recurrent vascular events and rehospitalizations.

Aims To evaluate the influence of achieving secondary prevention target treatment goals for cardiovascular (CV) risk factors on clinical outcomes in patients with prior coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Methods and results Accordingly, we analysed treatment to target goals in patients with prior CABG and atherothrombotic disease or known risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, smoking, obesity) enrolled in the global REduction in Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) Registry, and their association with 1 year outcomes. A total of 13 907 of 68 236 patients (20.4%) in REACH had a history of prior CABG, and 1 year outcomes data were available for 13 207 of these. At baseline 75% risk factors at goal, respectively; P for trend 0.059). Conclusion Risk-factor control varied greatly in CABG patients. Although CABG patients are frequently treated with appropriate therapies, these treatments fail to achieve an adequate level of prevention in many. This failure was associated with a trend for worse age-, gender-, and region-adjusted clinical outcomes. Thus, perhaps secondary prevention after CABG needs to focus on more comprehensive modification of risk factors to target goals in the hope of preventing subsequent CV events, and represents an opportunity to improve CV health.

A consensus meeting of leading Asian hypertension experts was held in January 2007 in Seoul, Korea, to discuss how to address the growing challenge of hypertension management in the region. This report summarises key recommendations from the group, including: raising public awareness about the impact of hypertension; improving physician education and training; increasing early detection, for example through routine blood pressure measurement; and development and adoption of pan-Asian treatment guidelines, which would greatly facilitate research into hypertension and its management. The group conclude that these challenges can only be met through a collaborative effort of government, healthcare professionals, food and healthcare industries, and patients and the public. Food and healthcare industries need to develop healthy foods and support healthy living programmes, while increasing research into antihypertensive medications in Asia. Government officials and policy makers need to be made aware of the value of investing in hypertension awareness, prevention and management programmes.

We investigated the genetic contributions to carotid atherosclerosis and insulin resistance in Chinese patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. A family study of probands from the outpatient clinics in patients with high low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels was conducted. A total of 62 families (360 subjects) underwent carotid ultrasonography and insulin resistance measurement. The correlation coefficients of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were high among spouse, parent-offspring, and sibling pairs (0.39, 0.38 and 0.35, respectively). All insulin indices and IMT had significant estimates of heritability, of which fasting insulin had the highest heritability (0.410 +/- 0.104, P = 0.0001), followed by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) (0.395 +/- 0.108, P = 0.0001). The estimated heritability of IMT was significant (0.185 +/- 0.103, P = 0.025) but not of plaque score. Bivariate genetic coefficient between IMT and HOMA was 0.569 +/- 0.292, while the environmental coefficient was 0.028 +/- 0.103. The study confirms a relationship between insulin resistance and atherosclerosis and, in particular, between insulin resistance and the thickening of the arterial wall. Moreover, it shows that genetics influence both insulin resistance and atherosclerosis, implying that the management of insulin resistance may benefit the prevention of atherosclerotic disease in familial hypercholesterolemia.

Background Chronic infection has been proposed to increase the risk of atherosclerosis in several experimental and epidemiological studies. However, the relationship of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and atherosclerosis remains controversial. We conducted this cross-sectional study to evaluate the association of carotid atherosclerosis with hepatitis B seropositivity. Methods and results In this cross-sectional study, we collected data from subjects undergoing health examination, including B-mode carotid ultrasonography, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) status and assessment of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, at our institutes in Taiwan between 2002 and 2003. Cases with chronic hepatitis C had been excluded. Of the 508 eligible subjects, 87 (17.1%) were positive for HBsAg and only six of them were positive for HBeAg. Compared with HBsAg negative subjects, the ORs (and 95% CIs) for the subjects with chronic hepatitis B to have carotid atherosclerosis were 1.24 (0.73–2.10) indexed by the presence of carotid atherosclerotic plaque (Intima-media thickness, IMT ≥ 1.3 mm), 0.74 (0.38–1.42) by maximal common carotid artery IMT ≥ 75th percentile, and 1.09 (0.62–1.90) by extracranial carotid artery atherosclerotic score ≥ 2, with the use of multivariate logistic regression analyses. Conclusion Hepatitis B virus seropositivity was not associated with an increased severity of carotid atherosclerosis in Taiwanese.

Summary Objectives: Extracranial carotid artery (ECCA) atherosclerosis is well known to be associated with cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to investigate the difference of ECCA atherosclerosis between patients with xanthelasma and control subjects in normolipidaemia. Methods: Carotid atherosclerosis (CA) of 41 (8 males and 33 females) patients with xanthelasma and normolipidaemia, defined as levels of cholesterol below 6.21 mmol/l and triglyceride below 2.26 mmol/l, recruited from Department of Dermatology was compared with that of 85 age- and gender-matched control subjects. The extent and severity of CA were measured by high-resolution B-mode ultrasound and expressed as the mean intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA) and ECCA plaque score. Mixed-effects model and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the association between xanthelasma and CA. Results: Patients with xanthelasma showed significantly higher levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and higher body mass index (BMI) compared with the control group. Mixed models identified age, male gender, smoking and subjects of hypertension with medication, but not the presence of xanthelasma, were associated with an increase of CCA IMT. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed subjects of male gender, and hypertension with medication, but not the presence of xanthelasma, associated with thicker IMT, defined as IMT ≥ 75th percentile, or ECCA plaque score ≥ 3. Conclusions: Normolipidaemia with xanthelasma is not significantly associated with CA, but did relate with adverse cardiovascular profiles, such as higher BMI, waist circumference and LDL-C levels.

Background/Purpose Drug eluting stents (DES) have been shown to reduce in-stent restenosis rate and target vessel revascularization in large clinical trials. However, the safety and efficacy of DES use in the Taiwanese population has not been reported. We designed this trial to analyze the clinical results in patients using DES in a single tertiary center. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of all patients treated at National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, with sirolimus- or paclitaxel-eluting stents between September 2003 and January 2005. Results A total of 585 patients (466 men, 119 women; mean age, 64.5 ± 11.2 years) were enrolled. Meanwhile, 205 sirolimus- and 717 paclitaxel-eluting stents were implanted, with a mean of 1.6 stents per patient. Half (50.2%) of the stents were placed in the left anterior descending artery. Among the enrolled patients, 41.8% had diabetes mellitus, 25% had a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome, and 10.7% was treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Overall 8-month target vessel revascularization, major adverse cardiac event rate, and cardiac death rate were 8.8%, 9.7% and 2.5%, respectively. There was no difference in clinical events between sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting stents. The overall subacute stent thrombosis rate was 1.36%, significantly lower than that in patients who presented with acute coronary syndrome (4%). Conclusion The use of DES in the Taiwanese population yielded comparable results as those in large clinical trials. Subacute stent thrombosis rate was higher in acute coronary syndrome. The safety of DES in these situations should be further clarified.

Several large-scale epidemiological and intervention studies strongly indicate that postchallenge hyperglycaemia is the main factor associated with increasing the risk of morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanisms that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease remain unclear. We aimed to study the relationship between postchallenge hyperglycaemia and arterial stiffness. We recruited 40 healthy subjects from a physical examination in 2005. Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) was automatically calculated by VaSera VS-1000. For the reliability study, we performed the baseline study in the first 20 subjects who were returned to receive repeated measurements of CAVI 2 weeks later. The determinants of mean CAVI at different timings of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) study were analysed by constructing multivariate linear regression models. In reliability test, the inter-observer correlation coefficient was 0.82 for right CAVI, 0.87 for left CAVI and 0.85 for mean CAVI. Age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), glucose levels at 60 min (Glu60) and glucose area under the curve of OGTT (GluAUC) are found to be significantly and positively correlated to right CAVI, left CAVI and mean CAVI (p < 0.05). After adjustment for age, gender and SBP, Glu60 and GluAUC are still independent determinants of CAVI. In subjects without clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, postchallenge hyperglycaemic spike is highly associated with CAVI, a good parameter of aortic stiffness, independent of age, gender and blood pressure.

Obesity is associated with vascular endothelial cell dysfunction (ECD). Studies on nitric oxide (NO) production of vascular system in these subjects may help delineate the pathogenesis of obesity-associated ECD. In this study, we recruited 69 severely obese patients who were treated with gastric partition surgery for weight reduction and 69 matched healthy controls for comparison. The following parameters were obtained in the healthy control subjects and in the obese subjects both before and after gastric partition surgery: body mass index, blood pressure, serum lipids, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), adiponectin, total nitrite and nitrate (NO(x)), and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha (8-iso-PGF2alpha), and insulin resistance index (as measured by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). At baseline, serum lipids, glucose, insulin, hs-CRP and 8-iso-PGF2alpha and HOMA-IR were all higher while adiponectin lower in the obese group than in the control group. The serum NO(x) levels were not different between the two groups. In the obese subjects, the adiponectin levels were significantly elevated but NO(x) markedly decreased after surgery. All other measurements, except for systolic blood pressure, were decreased after surgery. For healthy controls, the serum NO(x) levels were negatively associated with HOMA-IR and positively associated with serum adiponectin levels as analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis. In obese patients, the baseline serum NO(x) was positively associated with the serum TG levels. The changes of serum NO(x) levels after weight reduction surgery were positively associated with the changes of body mass index and serum TG levels. These observations suggested that, in the extremely obese patients, there might be excessive production and/or inactivation of NO and, after weight reduction surgery, the NO production was down-regulated. In conclusion, in the severely obese patients, the apparently normal NO production might be due to over-expression of iNOS. After gastric partition surgery, the NO production was significantly decreased which might be reflecting the usual status of NO production in obese subjects. The positive correlation between NO(x) and serum TG level might suggest that the metabolism of TG plays a role in the regulation of NO production.

Early detection and management of preclinical atherosclerotic disease is the mainstream strategy in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Increased intima-media thickness (IMT) and presence of atherosclerotic plaque of extracranial carotid artery (ECCA) have been identified as important markers for prediction of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The use of carotid ultrasound in noninvasive cardiology also gains much attention because of the advantage of high reproducibility in the measurements of IMT and ECCA atherosclerotic plaque scores. The superior role of carotid IMT as a good index of preclinical atherosclerosis in association with cardiovascular risk factors leads to worldwide application, not only in epidemiologic observations but also in pharmacologic intervention studies. Regarding the measurements of IMT, common carotid artery has been demonstrated to be highly reliable and easily accessible as compared with those measured at other segments in carotid arteries. Considering the nature of noninvasive, repeatability and reliability, we have demonstrated the feasibility of the measurements of carotid atherosclerosis in community-based, occupational and clinical studies in Taiwan. Thus, this review focuses on the rational and practical use of carotid ultrasound as a window for cardiovascular disease.

The principal application of echocardiography is to provide a noninvasive and cost-effective method to answer the clinical questions about cardiac morphology and function, which may have impacts on the treatment strategy for many clinical conditions. However, due to inevitable geometric assumptions in assessing the morphology of the left ventricle (LV), both M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography are suffering from inaccuracy in the measurements and drawbacks of conspicuous inter- and intraobserver variability. Although time-consuming and difficult in reconstruction, three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography was developed years ago to partly address these limitations. Previously, 3D echocardiographic images were marginal in quality and the acquisition was cumbersome. In recent years, as a result of the advances in computer processing and transducer construction techniques, a quantum leap in 3D imaging means that real-time transthoracic 3D echocardiography is now available from certain major ultrasound system manufacturers. Software programs to analyze the 3D datasets of LV are also readily on hand. The combination of new instrumentation and software has been shown to provide highly accurate analysis of LV morphology and function compared with cardiac magnetic resonance such that this methodology is likely to ensure echocardiography as the first-choice technique for non-invasive evaluation of LV.

Background and Purpose— Whether a history of carotid endarterectomy influences patient compliance with medical treatments and physician attitude toward treatments after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) is not well known. Methods— We studied the baseline data of 18 467 ischemic stroke and TIA patients from the international REduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) Registry and investigated the impact of a history of endarterectomy on the secondary medical prevention measured by the use of antiplatelet agents and statins, and by the control of cholesterol level, glucose level, and blood pressure. Results— Among the patients with a history of ischemic stroke or TIA, those with a history of endarterectomy (n=1474) were more likely to receive antiplatelet agents and statins, to have a blood pressure P P P Conclusions— Carotid endarterectomy is associated with a higher use of antiplatelet agents and statins in stroke/TIA patients. The absence of such an association with blood pressure and blood glucose control suggests that the individual determinants of the quality of the secondary medical prevention vary from one risk factor to another and from one class of drugs to another.

Decreased serum adiponectin is associated with dyslipidemia. However, serum adiponectin status has never before been studied in patients with familial-related severe primary hypercholesterolemia (FRSPH). The aim of this study is to measure serum adiponectin level in a group of young patients with FRSPH and determine its correlation with insulin-resistant status. Twenty-three patients with FRSPH [average LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) = 250.8 (190-610) mg/dL] without clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome as well as 46 healthy (control) adolescents and young adults (30 yr old) were included. The serum adiponectin, fasting sugar, insulin, lipids, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and anthropometrical indices such as body mass index and waist circumference were obtained. The homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) was calculated to estimate the insulin resistant status. Compared with healthy controls, patients with FRSPH had a significantly lower mean serum adiponectin level (7.7+/-1.8 microg/mL vs. 10.1+/-4.3 microg/mL, P= 0.013). After adjustment for HOMA and associated covariates, multiple linear regression analysis showed that patients with FRSPH are significantly associated with hypoadiponectinemia. Compared with healthy controls, patients with FRSPH had a significantly lower mean serum adiponectin level (7.7 +/-1.8 microg/mL vs. 10.1+/-4.3 microg/mL, P = 0.013). After adjustment for HOMA and associated covariates, multiple linear regression analysis showed that patients with FRSPH are significantly associated with hypoadiponectinemia. The serum adiponectin levels are lower in young patients with FRSPH without clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome. The mechanism of hypoadiponectinemia in patients with FRSPH is probably independent of insulin resistance.

Background— The activated local atrial renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been reported to play an important role in the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF). We hypothesized that RAS genes might be among the susceptibility genes of nonfamilial structural AF and conducted a genetic case-control study to demonstrate this. Methods and Results— A total of 250 patients with documented nonfamilial structural AF and 250 controls were selected. The controls were matched to cases on a 1-to-1 basis with regard to age, gender, presence of left ventricular dysfunction, and presence of significant valvular heart disease. The ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism, the T174M, M235T, G-6A, A-20C, G-152A, and G-217A polymorphisms of the angiotensinogen gene, and the A1166C polymorphism of the angiotensin II type I receptor gene were genotyped. In multilocus haplotype analysis, the angiotensinogen gene haplotype profile was significantly different between cases and controls (χ 2 =62.5, P =0.0002). In single-locus analysis, M235T, G-6A, and G-217A were significantly associated with AF. Frequencies of the M235, G-6, and G-217 alleles were significantly higher in cases than in controls ( P =0.000, 0.005, and 0.002, respectively). The odds ratios for AF were 2.5 (95% CI 1.7 to 3.3) with M235/M235 plus M235/T235 genotype, 3.3 (95% CI 1.3 to 10.0) with G-6/G-6 genotype, and 2.0 (95% CI 1.3 to 2.5) with G-217/G-217 genotype. Furthermore, significant gene-gene interactions were detected by the multifactor-dimensionality reduction method and multilocus linkage disequilibrium tests. Conclusions— This study demonstrates the association of RAS gene polymorphisms with nonfamilial structural AF and may provide the rationale for clinical trials to investigate the use of ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II antagonist in the treatment of structural AF.

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a leading limiting factor to long-term survival after cardiac transplantation. We investigated the prevalence of CAV and its associated factors in Chinese heart transplant recipients. From July 1987 to July 2000, we performed 140 consecutive heart transplantations at the National Taiwan University Hospital. Of the 140 patients, 98 who were 17-yr old at the time of transplantation, had survived for more than 1 yr after transplantation, and who had normal findings at the 1-month coronary angiogram study, were included in this study. Group I consisted of 25 patients who eventually developed CAV in the follow-up, and group II consisted of 73 patients who were free from CAV in the follow-up. CAV was defined by coronary angiogram study.The donor and recipient characteristics were not statistically different between the two groups except the older donor age (p = 0.02), higher first-year mean rejection score (p = 0.03) and more prevalent cytomegalovirus infection rate (p = 0.03) in group I. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that only higher first-year mean rejection score (p = 0.01), and older donor age (p = 0.04) were important risk factors for developing CAV. The 1–5 yr of actuarial freedom from the presence of CAV were 97, 93, 86, 80 and 69% in our study patients. In summary, these data show that CAV occurred later in Chinese heart transplant recipients in comparison with their western counterparts, but the risk factors for developing CAV were not different.

Objective To investigate both the use of immediate or elective double-balloon pericardiotomy (DBP) in patients with a large amount of malignancy-related pericardial effusion, and the prognosis of this subgroup. Design Observational study after DBP intervention. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patients and interventions Fifty patients with malignancy, mainly lung and breast cancer, who were admitted to our critical care unit with a large amount of pericardial effusion. All received echocardiographic-guided pericardiocentesis. Group 1 consisted of 12 patients (24%) who received immediate DBP, and group 2 consisted of 38 patients (76%) who received delayed DBP 2.5 ± 1.7 days later (mean ± SD) after emergency pericardiocentesis with pigtail catheter drainage. Measurements After the procedure, and at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months, echocardiography and chest radiography were performed to check for pneumothorax, pericardial effusion reaccumulation, or the appearance of pleural effusion after pigtail catheter removal. Main results The procedure was successful and without recurrence in 44 patients (88%). Procedural complications were fever in 4 patients (33%) and 10 patients (26%) in group 1 and group 2, respectively (p = 0.72), and mild pneumothorax in 2 patients (17%) and 1 patient (3%) in group 1 and group 2, respectively (p = 0.14). Fifty percent of the patients died within 4 months, while 25% survived to 11 months. High serum calcium, a low albumin/globulin ratio, and positive results on pericardial effusion cytology were poor prognostic factors for long-term survival. Conclusion Both immediate and delayed DBP are a safe and effective method of relieving large pericardial effusions in patients with cancer. Successful DBP without recurrence of pericardial effusion was achieved in 88% of all patients. Survival was related to the extent of the disease.

Summary: Cyclic coronary flow variation (CCFV), a phenomenon related to repetitive accumulation of platelet aggregates at sites with endothelial injury, was reported to predict the acute ischemic complication after percutaneous coronary intervention. Platelet activation also stimulates neointimal proliferation, which is essential in the late restenosis process. Abciximab, a nonspecific antagonist to the platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa as well as other integrins, may eliminate CCFV. A randomized study was conducted to evaluate the effect of abciximab on CCFV and restenosis in morphologically high-risk lesions. Forty-six coronary arteries with objective ischemia on the corresponding vascular territories were successfully treated. The use of abciximab successfully suppressed the occurrence of CCFV (p ≤ 0.001) after balloon dilatation. In the follow-up study 3 months later, the use of abciximab predicted a lower loss index and less clinical recurrence (p = 0.008 and 0.03, respectively). The occurrence of CCFV, however, did not affect the angiographic or clinical outcome. The reduction of restenosis and clinical recurrence by the use of abciximab may thus be related to its nonglycoprotein IIb/IIIa effects, in addition to platelet inhibition.

Purpose: To propose a simple guidewire technique to resolve the problem of difficulty in advancing catheters or guidewires during vascular and cardiac catheterization. Methods: A 0.035-inch J-tip guidewire was reshaped manually at the distal 7- to 8-cm portion, including the flexible part and 2–3 cm of the stiff part, into zigzag shape. With this modification, the guidewire became much more trackable and could be advanced to the right position. Results: In the past 2 years, this ‘zigzag wire technique’ was applied in cardiac catheterization with high success rates for cases with difficulty in advancing either catheters or guidewires. This wire technique was applied in peripheral arterial tortuosity or stenosis (18 cases, with success in 17), aortic aneurysm (successful in all 7 cases), aortic stenosis (11 cases, successful in 8), and dilated right heart chambers (successful in all 6 cases). No complications resulted from the use of this guidewire technique. Conclusion: This simple method of guidewire modification would be very helpful in difficult vascular and cardiac catheterization when difficulty in advancing catheters or wires was encountered.

In this study, we assessed the efficacy of various lipid and lipoprotein measurements at baseline for predicting the risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and determined the associated risk of CHD in subgroups stratified by different lipid and lipoprotein screening strategies to evaluate the adequacy of current total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol-based approaches in lipid management. We analyzed data from the Chin-Shan Community Cardiovascular Cohort study, a Chinese population-based prospective cohort study that began in 1990. During an 8-year follow-up period, 213 of 3,159 participants (6.7%) without CHD (agedor =35 years) developed CHD. The total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio was the most powerful lipoprotein predictor of future CHD (hazard ratio 1.21 for a 1.0 increment in ratio; p0.001). Subjects with "high-risk" LDL cholesterol levels (160 mg/dl) and low total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratios (or =5) had an incidence of CHD similar to those with low levels of both LDL cholesterol (or =130 mg/dl) and total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratios (4.9% vs 4.6%). In contrast, subjects with "low-risk" LDL cholesterol levels (or =130 mg/dl) and high total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratios (5) had a 2.5-fold higher incidence of CHD than those with similar LDL cholesterol levels but low total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratios (p0.001). Compared with using an LDL cholesterol level of 130 mg/dl as the cut-off point, using a total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio of 5 was associated with superior specificity (73% vs 59%, p0.001) and accuracy (72% vs 58%, p0.001), and similar sensitivity (50% vs 53%). Our data indicate that current guidelines for lipid management may misclassify subjects with high levels of HDL and LDL cholesterol as well as those with low levels of HDL and LDL cholesterol. Using the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol as the initial screening tool can obviate this discrepancy.

Aortic dissection complicated with limb and visceral ischemia is a clinical dilemma since surgical intervention carries high risk of morbidity and mortality. The management is further complicated when renal perfusion is impaired and thus associated with severe renovascular hypertension. As catheterization techniques advanced over the past decade, percutaneous endovascular intervention provides a less invasive alternative for management of such cases. We report a case of chronic Stanford type B aortic dissection complicated with visceral and limb ischemia presenting with marked renovascular hypertension, which was successfully treated with percutaneous endovascular aortic stenting.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a motor neuron disease involving both the upper and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. Although it is well known that various central nervous system disorders can produce a ‘pseudo-infarction’ pattern on the electrocardiogram, there have been no reports of this particular pattern in ALS patients. This report concerns an ALS patient who presented with an ECG pattern of S–T elevation followed by biphasic T and inverted T without any detectable myocardial abnormality. Data from the present case suggest that this pattern may be an inherent characteristic of ALS.

Large-scale clinical trials have shown that long-term treatment with lipid-lowering therapy results in a significant reduction in the occurrence of heart failure among patients with coronary artery disease without previous evidence of congestive heart failure, suggesting dyslipidemia may have an adverse effect on left ventricular performance. To examine whether dyslipidemia has a detrimental effect on left ventricular systolic function and whether this effect is dependent on the corresponding severity of coronary atherosclerosis, 114 consecutive patients with stable angina and a positive exercise thallium-201 myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography were studied. All patients underwent measurement of serum lipid profiles, right-sided heart catheterization, left ventriculography, and selective coronary arteriography. Mean serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides were 4.5 and 1.4 mmol/l, respectively. In univariate analysis, a significant positive correlation between serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (r = 0.49, P

Congenital aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva is a rare cardiovascular anomaly. It is usually silent until rupture occurs. The natural history of unruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva is still not clear, and the therapeutic strategy is uncertain. Here we reported a case of unruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva which was correctly diagnosed before invasive diagnostic procedures. A 30-year-old female noted mild palpitation and dyspnea for 1 month. Physically, a grade 3/6 systolic ejection murmur at upper left sternal border was detected. Echocardiography revealed dilatation and irregular protrusion of the right sinus of Valsalva encroaching on right ventricular outflow tract to cause obstruction. With these findings, unruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva with pulmonary stenosis was diagnosed. Cardiac catheterization and angiography confirmed the diagnosis. The aneurysm was repaired with a Dacron patch with good results. It is concluded that sinus of Valsalva aneurysm can be diagnosed by echocardiography before its rupture so as to render a proper management for this potentially life-threatening anomaly. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 46:210–213, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Cardiac myxoma is the most common form of primary heart tumor and often treated with surgical resection without a preoperative angiographic examination for fear of potential risk of sudden death. During the last 14 years, 24 of 38 patients with myxoma underwent coronary angiography. Coronary artery disease (CAD) and other abnormalities were found in 5. Our findings indicated that CAD is not uncommon among the myxoma patients, and coronary angiography should be performed preoperatively in all cases.

In order to study the health status and prevalence of diseases in elderly Chinese people in Taiwan, a hospital-based, physician-conducted epidemiological survey was undertaken. Study subjects were people aged ≥65 years who were randomly selected from four regions of Taiwan. A total of 2600 subjects were studied. Most of the study subjects visited the hospitals for detailed history taking, physical examination and laboratory tests, including urinalysis, blood chemistry, electrocardiography, and chest and lumbar spine radiography. The cardiovascular data of 2518 subjects (males 1283) comprised this report. The prevalence of hypertension in the aged Chinese in Taiwan was high in both males and females (males 33.2%, females 40.9%, combined 37%). Coronary artery disease was also common (11.4%), but the prevalence was relatively low compared with Western people. Other cardiovascular diseases such as aortic aneurysm and valvular heart disease were rare. About 70% of the electrocardiograms were found abnormal. This well-organized, large-scale epidemiological survey not only presents useful information for local medical care for the elderly but also provides important data for comparison between different people in the world.

The predictors for coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with delayed systolic blood pressure (SBP) recovery after graded exercise are unclear. We studied 672 patients with preceding positive symptom-limited exercise treadmill testing (ETT) and underwent their first coronary angiography within 90 days to determine the high-risk profiles for angiographic CAD in patients with paradoxical SBP elevation (the SBP at 3-min of recovery was equal to or higher than that at 1-min of recovery). Among them, 356 patients were diagnosed as CAD, of which 173 were severe CAD. Among 208 patients with paradoxical SBP elevation, 158 (76%) were CAD, and 101 (48.6%) were severe CAD. Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified male gender and hyperlipidemia as positive predictors and maximal heart rate and exercise time as negative predictors for CAD or severe CAD. In conclusion, patients with both positive ETT for ischemia and paradoxical SBP elevation during recovery have a high prevalence of CAD and severe CAD. The high-risk patients for the presence of CAD or severe CAD were those of male, with hyperlipidemia, low achievable maximal heart rate, and short exercise time after graded exercise.

The effects of vitamin E supplementation in a dose of 450 mg/1000 g chow on the myointimal proliferation of the abdominal aorta after balloon injury were studied in 4 groups of rabbits (24 each). The animals were fed regular diet, regular diet plus vitamin E, 1% cholesterol-enriched diet, and 1% cholesterol-enriched diet plus vitamin E. Each animal underwent a balloon injury of the abdominal aorta and left common iliac artery after 2 weeks of feeding. The animals remained on their respective diets thereafter. In 8 balloon-injured and 8 sham-operated animals of each group, the abdominal aortas were harvested 3 days after the procedure for the analysis of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 synthesis, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, enzyme activities of glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GP) as well as reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione levels, 3H-thymidine uptake, cholesterol as well as vitamin E contents. In the other 8 balloon-injured rabbits of each group, the tissue was harvested 3 weeks later for the morphometric study. In dependent of high cholesterol feeding, the vitamin E-treated rabbits had lower aortic production of thromboxane B2, higher 6-keto-PGF1α and higher 6-keto-PGF1α/thromboxane B2 ratios in both procedures. The aortic TBARS levels of the rabbits treated high cholesterol alone were significantly higher than the other three groups in both procedures. Balloon injury had a trend to increase TBARS levels and had significantly higher 3H-thymidine uptake (each p < 0.001) than sham operation in each group. Vitamin E supplement to high cholesterol diet or regular chow reduced aortic TBARS levels (p < 0.005 and 0.01, respectively) and 3H-thymidine uptake (p < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively), as well as attenuated myointimal proliferation of the abdominal aorta and left common iliac artery after balloon injury; but only supplement to high cholesterol diet reached statistical significances (both p < 0.05 compared to rabbits fed high cholesterol alone). These results suggest that vitamin E supplement changes prostanoid metabolism to a favorable pattern and reduces lipid peroxidation of the abdominal aortic wall, thus attenuates myointimal proliferation after balloon injury; these presentations are particularly obvious in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rabbits.

The goal of this study was to investigate the possible role of transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of patients with clinical pacemaker syndrome.Several reports on transthoracic echocardiographic features of ventricular pacing were described; however, no previous study of transesophageal echocardiography has been undertaken in patients at the severe end of pacemaker syndrome who need reprogramming of dual-chamber pacing for symptom relief.Twelve patients with ventricular-inhibited pacemakers (VVI) with clinical symptomatic pacemaker syndrome (group I) and 10 patients with VVI without pacemaker syndrome (group II) were prospectively studied. The two groups were pacemaker dependent and had persistent ventriculoatrial conduction. Transesophageal echocardiographic parameters were assessed in group II and within 6 hours before reprogramming to the DDD mode in group I. Follow-up transesophageal echocardiographic study was performed 28+/-5 days after reprogramming in group I.All patients in group I had subjective improvements of symptoms after DDD reprogramming. The atrial reverse flow velocities of pulmonary veins in group I before reprogramming were significantly higher in group II (39.3+/-11.4 versus 15.7+/-13.5 cm/sec, p0.0001). Spontaneous echo contrast in the descending aorta was detected in all patients from group I before reprogramming. The prevalence of significant mitral regurgitation (or = moderate) was significantly higher in group I before reprogramming than in group II (67% versus 8%, p = 0.01). Significant mitral regurgitation and spontaneous echo contrast in the descending aorta in group I disappeared after reprogramming to the DDD mode.Transesophageal echocardiography provides physiologic, pacemaker-related hemodynamic changes in paced patients. Significantly higher atrial reverse flow velocities of pulmonary veins, increased frequency of spontaneous echo contrast in the descending aorta, and significant mitral regurgitation are peculiar echocardiographic findings in patients with VVI with clinical pacemaker syndrome.

Summary In addition to drug therapy, there are important measures for the promotion of nationwide blood pressure control for hypertensive patients. Among these measures are: education programs for both patients and doctors, periodic blood pressure monitoring by the patients, and the incorporation of nurses, pharmacists and dietitians into the working team for blood pressure control. To disseminate the knowledge about hypertension for patients and their families and also the general population, public media such as television, radio broadcasting, newspaper, magazine and internet can be used. It is also important to educate the younger generation about the importance of cardiovascular disease prevention and to take actions early.

Summary Much of the principles found in guidelines and perceptible improvements in therapies are all based on clinical guidelines. Before any hypertension guideline for Asia can be drafted, it is important to take a look at the clinical studies performed, especially those that involve Asian subjects and evaluate its implications and suitability. This article will recall the different clinical studies performed in China or those that involve Asian subjects and find out what conclusions can be inferred from these studies.

Summary Hypertensive patients with additional risk factors such as diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, and obesity require much more aggressive goals and powerful drug therapies than uncomplicated hypertensives. In addition, elderly hypertensive patients at high risk are most often predisposed to left ventricular dysfunction. To date no guidelines for the management of these patients are available in Asia. This article reviews the findings of the Chin-Shan Community Cardiovascular Cohort study, a longitudinal cohort study from Taiwan, which revealed that the incidence of cardiovascular events increases as the patient's hypertension becomes severe. The article suggests routine monitoring of microalbuminuria and a complete lipid profile on patients should be done in order to identify possible risk factors and the course of treatment.

Summary The guidelines issued by the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VII) and the European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension (ESC/ESH) have allowed for a standard course of treatment for American or European hypertensives, respectively. In Asia, some countries like Japan or China have their own country guidelines, some countries decidedly adopt the JNC VII or ESC/ESH guidelines while some countries may not even have clear guidelines at all. While available country guidelines as well as data from clinical trials indicate that angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) plus calcium channel blockers are the effective treatment combination for Asians, experts suggest that basically, treatment decisions should be evidence based and drug combinations should present the least side effects.

Summary Although hypertension is recognised as one of the major health hazards in the developed world, compliance with antihypertensive regimens is still low. Hypertension brings about unnecessary costs to patients in the form of increased morbidity and mortality and to society in the form of hospitalisations and lost productivity. What are the major challenges in getting patients to the optimal blood pressure goal? This article will attempt to understand how patients and doctors perceive hypertension, understand the different ways medical daily practice is depicted as well as the attitude towards the symptoms, to see whether there is any miscommunication between them, and try to explore the possibilities of enhancing their quality of life by bridging this gap.

This study was performed to evaluate whether left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) can influence the diagnostic accuracy of coronary artery disease (CAD) using the dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) in hypertensive patients. In addition to the detection of CAD, the relationship between systolic dysfunction and the quantitation wall motion scoring system of DSE was studied also. DSE was performed in 101 patients. There were 45 (45%) patients with a history of acute myocardial infarction. Twenty-eight patients (28%) had electrocardiographic LVH and 59 patients (58%) had echocardiographic LVH. A total of 74 patients (73%) had angiographically documented CAD defined as ≧50% diameter stenosis. For the 56 patients without history of myocardial infarction, the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in detecting CAD were not influenced by LVH defined by either electrocardiography or echocardiography. For the total patients, the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy in detecting multivessel disease were also not influenced by LVH defined by either method. The resting global wall motion score was correlated well with the left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with and without LVH (r = –0.70, p < 0.001 vs. r = –0.70, p < 0.001). When using the resting wall motion score of 24 as a cutoff value, the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of systolic dysfunction (defined by left ventricular ejection fraction

A 46-year-old female with bilateral pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas was treated with Gianturco coil occlusion. The small right lung fistula was closed with a 6 mm coil, whereas the huge left lung fistula was occluded with three coils (one 10-mm and two 8-mm). Angiography 3 d later demonstrated recanalization of the left fistula. Two 8 mm coils were inserted to achieve complete obstruction again. She developed pulmonary infarction in the left lung 2 d later, which recovered without sequelae. We conclude that coil embolization for huge pulmonary arteriovenous fistula is feasible but may result in pulmonary infarction.

Purpose: Local compression has been advocated for the treatment of femoral artery pseudoaneurysms. Although it is effective and has a high success rate, this method bears some limitations; among them are prolonged procedure time, discomfort for patients, and recurrence. As a potent thrombosis-inducing agent, thrombin has been used topically, and occasionally intravascularly, for hemostasis. Pseudoaneurysms with a narrow connecting tract to the native artery may be suitable for treatment with thrombin injection to induce intracavitary coagulation. Methods: Patients with pseudoaneurysms of the femoral artery were evaluated by ultrasonography. Under ultrasound guidance, an intravenous catheter was introduced percutaneously into the pseudoaneurysm, with the catheter position confirmed by contrast ultrasonography. One thousand units of thrombin dissolved in normal saline solution was then injected slowly into the pseudoaneurysm through the catheter to induce thrombosis. The patients were monitored closely for any adverse effects after thrombin injection. Results: A total of five patients with femoral artery pseudoaneurysms were treated with direct percutaneous thrombin injection under ultrasound guidance. Within seconds of thrombin injection thrombus formation was evident, and blood flow in the pseudoaneurysm soon ceased when the thrombosis extended to the connecting tract. All procedures were uneventful and successful. No recurrence was noted during follow-up periods of 1 to 28 months. Conclusion: Our initial experience with the small number of patients demonstrates the simplicity, lack of morbidity, and high success rate for ultrasound-guided percutaneous thrombin injection for the treatment of femoral artery pseudoaneurysms. (J Vasc Surg 1997;26:18-23.)

This study investigates the mechanisms of exaggerated acute luminal loss after successful coronary angioplasty in patients with recent myocardial infarction compared with stable angina by angiography and intracoronary ultrasound (ICUS). We studied 15 consecutive patients (group 1) who, after a successful thrombolysis for myocardial infarction, underwent delayed (8 +/- 2 days after the myocardial infarction) successful balloon coronary angioplasty. Group 1 patients were individually matched with 15 stable angina patients (group 2). The percentage of stenosis and acute luminal loss were measured by quantitative coronary analysis. The ultrasound characteristics of lumen pathology were described as soft, hard, calcified, eccentric, concentric, thrombotic, and dissection lesions. Matching by stenosis location, reference diameter, sex, and age resulted in 2 comparable groups of 15 lesions with identical baseline characteristics. Immediately after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), the minimal luminal diameter increased from 0.5 +/- 0.3 mm to 2.4 +/- 0.3 mm and from 0.5 +/- 0.2 mm to 2.4 +/- 0.3 mm in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Similar balloon sizes were used in both groups. The acute luminal loss (the difference between the maximal dilated balloon diameter and the minimal luminal diameter) immediately after PTCA was 0.4 +/- 0.2 mm and 0.3 +/- 0.3 mm (14 +/- 8% and 10 +/- 11% of balloon size) (P = not significant [NS]) in groups 1 and 2, respectively. After ICUS (mean 24 min after the last balloon deflation), the acute luminal loss was 0.9 +/- 0.3 mm and 0.5 +/- 0.4 mm (29 +/- 11% and 17 +/- 8% of balloon size) (P = 0.01) in groups 1 and 2, respectively. There was a significantly higher prevalence of intracoronary thrombus formation as detected by ICUS in group 1 compared with group 2 (80% vs. 20%; P < 0.001). In matched groups of successfully treated coronary angioplasty, patients with recent myocardial infarction had a similar magnitude of acute gained luminal loss immediately after the procedure. However, an exaggerated luminal loss a few minutes after the last balloon deflation in patients with recent myocardial infarction was noted because of mural thrombus formation compared with patients with stable angina.