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5. Identifying nootropic drug targets via large-scale cognitive GWAS and transcriptomics.

Author

Lam, Max, Chen, Chia-Yen, Ge, Tian, Xia, Yan, Hill, David W, Trampush, Joey W, Yu, Jin, Knowles, Emma, Davies, Gail, Stahl, Eli A, Huckins, Laura, Liewald, David C, Djurovic, Srdjan, Melle, Ingrid, Christoforou, Andrea, Reinvang, Ivar, DeRosse, Pamela, Lundervold, Astri J, Steen, Vidar M, Espeseth, Thomas, Räikkönen, Katri, Widen, Elisabeth, Palotie, Aarno, Eriksson, Johan G, Giegling, Ina, Konte, Bettina, Hartmann, Annette M, Roussos, Panos, Giakoumaki, Stella, Burdick, Katherine E, Payton, Antony, Ollier, William, Chiba-Falek, Ornit, Koltai, Deborah C, Need, Anna C, Cirulli, Elizabeth T, Voineskos, Aristotle N, Stefanis, Nikos C, Avramopoulos, Dimitrios, Hatzimanolis, Alex, Smyrnis, Nikolaos, Bilder, Robert M, Freimer, Nelson B, Cannon, Tyrone D, London, Edythe, Poldrack, Russell A, Sabb, Fred W, Congdon, Eliza, Conley, Emily Drabant, Scult, Matthew A, Dickinson, Dwight, Straub, Richard E, Donohoe, Gary, Morris, Derek, Corvin, Aiden, Gill, Michael, Hariri, Ahmad R, Weinberger, Daniel R, Pendleton, Neil, Bitsios, Panos, Rujescu, Dan, Lahti, Jari, Le Hellard, Stephanie, Keller, Matthew C, Andreassen, Ole A, Deary, Ian J, Glahn, David C, Huang, Hailiang, Liu, Chunyu, Malhotra, Anil K, and Lencz, Todd

Subjects
Humans, Nootropic Agents, Cognition, Schizophrenia, Genome-Wide Association Study, Transcriptome, Psychiatry, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences
Abstract

Broad-based cognitive deficits are an enduring and disabling symptom for many patients with severe mental illness, and these impairments are inadequately addressed by current medications. While novel drug targets for schizophrenia and depression have emerged from recent large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of these psychiatric disorders, GWAS of general cognitive ability can suggest potential targets for nootropic drug repurposing. Here, we (1) meta-analyze results from two recent cognitive GWAS to further enhance power for locus discovery; (2) employ several complementary transcriptomic methods to identify genes in these loci that are credibly associated with cognition; and (3) further annotate the resulting genes using multiple chemoinformatic databases to identify "druggable" targets. Using our meta-analytic data set (N = 373,617), we identified 241 independent cognition-associated loci (29 novel), and 76 genes were identified by 2 or more methods of gene identification. Actin and chromatin binding gene sets were identified as novel pathways that could be targeted via drug repurposing. Leveraging our transcriptomic and chemoinformatic databases, we identified 16 putative genes targeted by existing drugs potentially available for cognitive repurposing.

Published
2021

6. Pleiotropic Meta-Analysis of Cognition, Education, and Schizophrenia Differentiates Roles of Early Neurodevelopmental and Adult Synaptic Pathways.

Author

Lam, Max, Hill, W David, Trampush, Joey W, Yu, Jin, Knowles, Emma, Davies, Gail, Stahl, Eli, Huckins, Laura, Liewald, David C, Djurovic, Srdjan, Melle, Ingrid, Sundet, Kjetil, Christoforou, Andrea, Reinvang, Ivar, DeRosse, Pamela, Lundervold, Astri J, Steen, Vidar M, Espeseth, Thomas, Räikkönen, Katri, Widen, Elisabeth, Palotie, Aarno, Eriksson, Johan G, Giegling, Ina, Konte, Bettina, Hartmann, Annette M, Roussos, Panos, Giakoumaki, Stella, Burdick, Katherine E, Payton, Antony, Ollier, William, Chiba-Falek, Ornit, Attix, Deborah K, Need, Anna C, Cirulli, Elizabeth T, Voineskos, Aristotle N, Stefanis, Nikos C, Avramopoulos, Dimitrios, Hatzimanolis, Alex, Arking, Dan E, Smyrnis, Nikolaos, Bilder, Robert M, Freimer, Nelson A, Cannon, Tyrone D, London, Edythe, Poldrack, Russell A, Sabb, Fred W, Congdon, Eliza, Conley, Emily Drabant, Scult, Matthew A, Dickinson, Dwight, Straub, Richard E, Donohoe, Gary, Morris, Derek, Corvin, Aiden, Gill, Michael, Hariri, Ahmad R, Weinberger, Daniel R, Pendleton, Neil, Bitsios, Panos, Rujescu, Dan, Lahti, Jari, Le Hellard, Stephanie, Keller, Matthew C, Andreassen, Ole A, Deary, Ian J, Glahn, David C, Malhotra, Anil K, and Lencz, Todd

Subjects
Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Schizophrenia, Synaptic Transmission, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Adult, Educational Status, Genome-Wide Association Study, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, GWAS, cognitive ability, educational attainment, genetic correlation, pathways, pleiotropy, schizophrenia, Serious Mental Illness, Neurosciences, Biotechnology, Mental Health, Genetics, Brain Disorders, Prevention, Human Genome, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Mental health, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Genetics & Heredity
Abstract

Susceptibility to schizophrenia is inversely correlated with general cognitive ability at both the phenotypic and the genetic level. Paradoxically, a modest but consistent positive genetic correlation has been reported between schizophrenia and educational attainment, despite the strong positive genetic correlation between cognitive ability and educational attainment. Here we leverage published genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in cognitive ability, education, and schizophrenia to parse biological mechanisms underlying these results. Association analysis based on subsets (ASSET), a pleiotropic meta-analytic technique, allowed jointly associated loci to be identified and characterized. Specifically, we identified subsets of variants associated in the expected ("concordant") direction across all three phenotypes (i.e., greater risk for schizophrenia, lower cognitive ability, and lower educational attainment); these were contrasted with variants that demonstrated the counterintuitive ("discordant") relationship between education and schizophrenia (i.e., greater risk for schizophrenia and higher educational attainment). ASSET analysis revealed 235 independent loci associated with cognitive ability, education, and/or schizophrenia at p < 5 × 10-8. Pleiotropic analysis successfully identified more than 100 loci that were not significant in the input GWASs. Many of these have been validated by larger, more recent single-phenotype GWASs. Leveraging the joint genetic correlations of cognitive ability, education, and schizophrenia, we were able to dissociate two distinct biological mechanisms-early neurodevelopmental pathways that characterize concordant allelic variation and adulthood synaptic pruning pathways-that were linked to the paradoxical positive genetic association between education and schizophrenia. Furthermore, genetic correlation analyses revealed that these mechanisms contribute not only to the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia but also to the broader biological dimensions implicated in both general health outcomes and psychiatric illness.

Published
2019

7. Multi-Trait Analysis of GWAS and Biological Insights Into Cognition: A Response to Hill (2018)

Author

Lam, Max, Trampush, Joey W, Yu, Jin, Knowles, Emma, Djurovic, Srdjan, Melle, Ingrid, Sundet, Kjetil, Christoforou, Andrea, Reinvang, Ivar, DeRosse, Pamela, Lundervold, Astri J, Steen, Vidar M, Espeseth, Thomas, Räikkönen, Katri, Widen, Elisabeth, Palotie, Aarno, Eriksson, Johan G, Giegling, Ina, Konte, Bettina, Roussos, Panos, Giakoumaki, Stella, Burdick, Katherine E, Payton, Antony, Ollier, William, Chiba-Falek, Ornit, Attix, Deborah K, Need, Anna C, Cirulli, Elizabeth T, Voineskos, Aristotle N, Stefanis, Nikos C, Avramopoulos, Dimitrios, Hatzimanolis, Alex, Arking, Dan E, Smyrnis, Nikolaos, Bilder, Robert M, Freimer, Nelson A, Cannon, Tyrone D, London, Edythe, Poldrack, Russell A, Sabb, Fred W, Congdon, Eliza, Conley, Emily Drabant, Scult, Matthew A, Dickinson, Dwight, Straub, Richard E, Donohoe, Gary, Morris, Derek, Corvin, Aiden, Gill, Michael, Hariri, Ahmad R, Weinberger, Daniel R, Pendleton, Neil, Bitsios, Panos, Rujescu, Dan, Lahti, Jari, Le Hellard, Stephanie, Keller, Matthew C, Andreassen, Ole A, Glahn, David C, Malhotra, Anil K, and Lencz, Todd

Subjects
Reproductive Medicine, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Human Genome, Genetics, Mental Health, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Cognition, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Nootropic Agents, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, GWAS, general cognitive ability, nootropics, gene expression, neurodevelopment, synapse, calcium channel, potassium channel, cerebellum, Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine, Cognitive Sciences, Genetics & Heredity, Clinical sciences, Reproductive medicine
Abstract

Hill (Twin Research and Human Genetics, Vol. 21, 2018, 84-88) presented a critique of our recently published paper in Cell Reports entitled 'Large-Scale Cognitive GWAS Meta-Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Neural Expression and Potential Nootropic Drug Targets' (Lam et al., Cell Reports, Vol. 21, 2017, 2597-2613). Specifically, Hill offered several interrelated comments suggesting potential problems with our use of a new analytic method called Multi-Trait Analysis of GWAS (MTAG) (Turley et al., Nature Genetics, Vol. 50, 2018, 229-237). In this brief article, we respond to each of these concerns. Using empirical data, we conclude that our MTAG results do not suffer from 'inflation in the FDR [false discovery rate]', as suggested by Hill (Twin Research and Human Genetics, Vol. 21, 2018, 84-88), and are not 'more relevant to the genetic contributions to education than they are to the genetic contributions to intelligence'.

Published
2018

8. Genome-wide association meta-analysis in 269,867 individuals identifies new genetic and functional links to intelligence

Author

Savage, Jeanne E, Jansen, Philip R, Stringer, Sven, Watanabe, Kyoko, Bryois, Julien, de Leeuw, Christiaan A, Nagel, Mats, Awasthi, Swapnil, Barr, Peter B, Coleman, Jonathan RI, Grasby, Katrina L, Hammerschlag, Anke R, Kaminski, Jakob A, Karlsson, Robert, Krapohl, Eva, Lam, Max, Nygaard, Marianne, Reynolds, Chandra A, Trampush, Joey W, Young, Hannah, Zabaneh, Delilah, Hägg, Sara, Hansell, Narelle K, Karlsson, Ida K, Linnarsson, Sten, Montgomery, Grant W, Muñoz-Manchado, Ana B, Quinlan, Erin B, Schumann, Gunter, Skene, Nathan G, Webb, Bradley T, White, Tonya, Arking, Dan E, Avramopoulos, Dimitrios, Bilder, Robert M, Bitsios, Panos, Burdick, Katherine E, Cannon, Tyrone D, Chiba-Falek, Ornit, Christoforou, Andrea, Cirulli, Elizabeth T, Congdon, Eliza, Corvin, Aiden, Davies, Gail, Deary, Ian J, DeRosse, Pamela, Dickinson, Dwight, Djurovic, Srdjan, Donohoe, Gary, Conley, Emily Drabant, Eriksson, Johan G, Espeseth, Thomas, Freimer, Nelson A, Giakoumaki, Stella, Giegling, Ina, Gill, Michael, Glahn, David C, Hariri, Ahmad R, Hatzimanolis, Alex, Keller, Matthew C, Knowles, Emma, Koltai, Deborah, Konte, Bettina, Lahti, Jari, Le Hellard, Stephanie, Lencz, Todd, Liewald, David C, London, Edythe, Lundervold, Astri J, Malhotra, Anil K, Melle, Ingrid, Morris, Derek, Need, Anna C, Ollier, William, Palotie, Aarno, Payton, Antony, Pendleton, Neil, Poldrack, Russell A, Räikkönen, Katri, Reinvang, Ivar, Roussos, Panos, Rujescu, Dan, Sabb, Fred W, Scult, Matthew A, Smeland, Olav B, Smyrnis, Nikolaos, Starr, John M, Steen, Vidar M, Stefanis, Nikos C, Straub, Richard E, Sundet, Kjetil, Tiemeier, Henning, Voineskos, Aristotle N, Weinberger, Daniel R, Widen, Elisabeth, Yu, Jin, Abecasis, Goncalo, Andreassen, Ole A, Breen, Gerome, and Christiansen, Lene

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Genetics, Brain Disorders, Mental Health, Human Genome, Biotechnology, Neurosciences, Underpinning research, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Mental health, Neurological, Adolescent, Brain, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Middle Aged, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Quantitative Trait Loci, Medical and Health Sciences, Developmental Biology, Agricultural biotechnology, Bioinformatics and computational biology
Abstract

Intelligence is highly heritable1 and a major determinant of human health and well-being2. Recent genome-wide meta-analyses have identified 24 genomic loci linked to variation in intelligence3-7, but much about its genetic underpinnings remains to be discovered. Here, we present a large-scale genetic association study of intelligence (n = 269,867), identifying 205 associated genomic loci (190 new) and 1,016 genes (939 new) via positional mapping, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping, chromatin interaction mapping, and gene-based association analysis. We find enrichment of genetic effects in conserved and coding regions and associations with 146 nonsynonymous exonic variants. Associated genes are strongly expressed in the brain, specifically in striatal medium spiny neurons and hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Gene set analyses implicate pathways related to nervous system development and synaptic structure. We confirm previous strong genetic correlations with multiple health-related outcomes, and Mendelian randomization analysis results suggest protective effects of intelligence for Alzheimer's disease and ADHD and bidirectional causation with pleiotropic effects for schizophrenia. These results are a major step forward in understanding the neurobiology of cognitive function as well as genetically related neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Published
2018

9. Large-Scale Cognitive GWAS Meta-Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Neural Expression and Potential Nootropic Drug Targets

Author

Lam, Max, Trampush, Joey W, Yu, Jin, Knowles, Emma, Davies, Gail, Liewald, David C, Starr, John M, Djurovic, Srdjan, Melle, Ingrid, Sundet, Kjetil, Christoforou, Andrea, Reinvang, Ivar, DeRosse, Pamela, Lundervold, Astri J, Steen, Vidar M, Espeseth, Thomas, Räikkönen, Katri, Widen, Elisabeth, Palotie, Aarno, Eriksson, Johan G, Giegling, Ina, Konte, Bettina, Roussos, Panos, Giakoumaki, Stella, Burdick, Katherine E, Payton, Antony, Ollier, William, Chiba-Falek, Ornit, Attix, Deborah K, Need, Anna C, Cirulli, Elizabeth T, Voineskos, Aristotle N, Stefanis, Nikos C, Avramopoulos, Dimitrios, Hatzimanolis, Alex, Arking, Dan E, Smyrnis, Nikolaos, Bilder, Robert M, Freimer, Nelson A, Cannon, Tyrone D, London, Edythe, Poldrack, Russell A, Sabb, Fred W, Congdon, Eliza, Conley, Emily Drabant, Scult, Matthew A, Dickinson, Dwight, Straub, Richard E, Donohoe, Gary, Morris, Derek, Corvin, Aiden, Gill, Michael, Hariri, Ahmad R, Weinberger, Daniel R, Pendleton, Neil, Bitsios, Panos, Rujescu, Dan, Lahti, Jari, Le Hellard, Stephanie, Keller, Matthew C, Andreassen, Ole A, Deary, Ian J, Glahn, David C, Malhotra, Anil K, and Lencz, Todd

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Genetics, Mental Health, Aging, Brain Disorders, Biotechnology, Autoimmune Disease, Neurosciences, Human Genome, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Underpinning research, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Mental health, Neurological, Cefotaxime, Cognition, Female, Genetic Loci, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome-Wide Association Study, Humans, Male, Nootropic Agents, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Synapses, GWAS, calcium channel, cerebellum, gene expression, general cognitive ability, neurodevelopment, nootropics, potassium channel, synapse, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Physiology, Biological sciences
Abstract

Here, we present a large (n = 107,207) genome-wide association study (GWAS) of general cognitive ability ("g"), further enhanced by combining results with a large-scale GWAS of educational attainment. We identified 70 independent genomic loci associated with general cognitive ability. Results showed significant enrichment for genes causing Mendelian disorders with an intellectual disability phenotype. Competitive pathway analysis implicated the biological processes of neurogenesis and synaptic regulation, as well as the gene targets of two pharmacologic agents: cinnarizine, a T-type calcium channel blocker, and LY97241, a potassium channel inhibitor. Transcriptome-wide and epigenome-wide analysis revealed that the implicated loci were enriched for genes expressed across all brain regions (most strongly in the cerebellum). Enrichment was exclusive to genes expressed in neurons but not oligodendrocytes or astrocytes. Finally, we report genetic correlations between cognitive ability and disparate phenotypes including psychiatric disorders, several autoimmune disorders, longevity, and maternal age at first birth.

Published
2017

16. Contributors

Author

Acun, Aylin, primary, Anam, Mohammad Badrul, additional, Brice, Ryan, additional, Cabral, Joaquim M.S., additional, Cha, Young, additional, Chiba-Falek, Ornit, additional, de Peppo, Giuseppe Maria, additional, Garone, Maria Giovanna, additional, Ishtiyaq Ahmad, Shah Adil, additional, Istiaq, Arif, additional, Ito, Naofumi, additional, Jacobson, Elena F., additional, Jang, Hyunsoo, additional, Kantor, Boris, additional, Kehler, Joshua, additional, Kim, Chun-Hyung, additional, Kim, Nam-Shik, additional, Kim, Kwang-Soo, additional, Kudo, Mikiko, additional, Leblanc, Pierre, additional, Mondeh-Lowor, Rhoda, additional, Moon, Jihoon, additional, Nakayama, Shintaro, additional, Nogueira, Diogo E.S., additional, Ohta, Kunimasa, additional, Rodrigues, Carlos A.V., additional, Rosa, Alessandro, additional, Saleh, Fawaz, additional, Sanal, Madhusudana Girija, additional, Schweitzer, Jeffrey S., additional, Stoukides, Demetrios M., additional, Tzanakakis, Emmanuel S., additional, Uygun, Basak E., additional, Yamoah, Megan A., additional, Yao, Li, additional, Yoon, Ki-Jun, additional, and Zhang, Xiao-Dong, additional

Published
2021
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18. The APOE-TOMM40 Humanized Mouse Model: Characterization of Age, Sex, and PolyT Variant Effects on Gene Expression

Author

Gottschalk, William K, primary, Mahon, Scott, additional, Hodgson, Dellila, additional, Barrera, Julio, additional, Hill, Delaney, additional, Wei, Angela, additional, Kumar, Manish, additional, Dai, Kathy, additional, Anderson, Lauren, additional, Mihovilovic, Mirta, additional, Lutz, Michael W., additional, and Chiba-Falek, Ornit, additional

Published
2023
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25. Sex-specific effects of scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-BI) gene variants on serum lipid levels and hepatic gene expression

Author

Chiba-Falek, Ornit, Nichols, Marshall, Suchindran, Sunil, Guyton, John, Ginsburg, Geoffrey S, Barrett-Connor, Elizabeth, and McCarthy, Jeanette J

Abstract

Abstract Background Several studies have noted that genetic variants of SCARB1, a lipoprotein receptor involved in reverse cholesterol transport, are associated with serum lipid levels in a sex-dependent fashion. However, the mechanism underlying this gene by sex interaction has not been explored. Methods We utilized both epidemiological and molecular methods to study how estrogen and gene variants interact to influence SCARB1 expression and lipid levels. Interaction between 35 SCARB1 haplotype-tagged polymorphisms and endogenous estradiol levels was assessed in 498 postmenopausal Caucasian women from the population-based Rancho Bernardo Study. We further examined associated variants with overall and SCARB1 splice variant (SR-BI and SR-BII) expression in 91 human liver tissues using quantitative real-time PCR. Results Several variants on a haplotype block spanning intron 11 to intron 12 of SCARB1 showed significant gene by estradiol interaction affecting serum lipid levels, the strongest for rs838895 with HDL-cholesterol (p = 9.2 × 10-4) and triglycerides (p = 1.3 × 10-3) and the triglyceride:HDL cholesterol ratio (p = 2.7 × 10-4). These same variants were associated with expression of the SR-BI isoform in a sex-specific fashion, with the strongest association found among liver tissue from 52 young women

Published
2010

26. Expansion of the Parkinson disease-associated SNCA- Rep1 allele upregulates human α-synuclein in transgenic mouse brain

Author

Cronin, Kenneth D, Ge, Dongliang, Manninger, Paul, Linnertz, Colton, Rossoshek, Anna, Orrison, Bonnie M, Bernard, David J, El-Agnaf, Omar MA, Schlossmacher, Michael G, Nussbaum, Robert L, and Chiba-Falek, Ornit

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Genetics, Acquired Cognitive Impairment, Neurodegenerative, Parkinson's Disease, Neurosciences, Aging, Dementia, Prevention, Brain Disorders, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Neurological, Alleles, Animals, Brain, Female, Humans, Male, Mice, Mice, Transgenic, Microsatellite Repeats, Parkinson Disease, Polymorphism, Genetic, Up-Regulation, alpha-Synuclein, Medical and Health Sciences, Genetics & Heredity
Abstract

Alpha-synuclein (SNCA) gene has been implicated in the development of rare forms of familial Parkinson disease (PD). Recently, it was shown that an increase in SNCA copy numbers leads to elevated levels of wild-type SNCA-mRNA and protein and is sufficient to cause early-onset, familial PD. A critical question concerning the molecular pathogenesis of PD is what contributory role, if any, is played by the SNCA gene in sporadic PD. The expansion of SNCA-Rep1, an upstream, polymorphic microsatellite of the SNCA gene, is associated with elevated risk for sporadic PD. However, whether SNCA-Rep1 is the causal variant and the underlying mechanism with which its effect is mediated by remained elusive. We report here the effects of three distinct SNCA-Rep1 variants in the brains of 72 mice transgenic for the entire human SNCA locus. Human SNCA-mRNA and protein levels were increased 1.7- and 1.25-fold, respectively, in homozygotes for the expanded, PD risk-conferring allele compared with homozygotes for the shorter, protective allele. When adjusting for the total SNCA-protein concentration (endogenous mouse and transgenic human) expressed in each brain, the expanded risk allele contributed 2.6-fold more to the SNCA steady-state than the shorter allele. Furthermore, targeted deletion of Rep1 resulted in the lowest human SNCA-mRNA and protein concentrations in murine brain. In contrast, the Rep1 effect was not observed in blood lysates from the same mice. These results demonstrate that Rep1 regulates human SNCA expression by enhancing its transcription in the adult nervous system and suggest that homozygosity for the expanded Rep1 allele may mimic locus multiplication, thereby elevating PD risk.

Published
2009

27. Expansion of the Parkinson disease-associated SNCA-Rep1 allele upregulates human alpha-synuclein in transgenic mouse brain.

Author

Cronin, Kenneth D, Ge, Dongliang, Manninger, Paul, Linnertz, Colton, Rossoshek, Anna, Orrison, Bonnie M, Bernard, David J, El-Agnaf, Omar MA, Schlossmacher, Michael G, Nussbaum, Robert L, and Chiba-Falek, Ornit

Subjects
Brain, Animals, Mice, Transgenic, Humans, Mice, Parkinson Disease, Up-Regulation, Microsatellite Repeats, Polymorphism, Genetic, Alleles, Female, Male, alpha-Synuclein, Transgenic, Polymorphism, Genetic, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Genetics & Heredity
Abstract

Alpha-synuclein (SNCA) gene has been implicated in the development of rare forms of familial Parkinson disease (PD). Recently, it was shown that an increase in SNCA copy numbers leads to elevated levels of wild-type SNCA-mRNA and protein and is sufficient to cause early-onset, familial PD. A critical question concerning the molecular pathogenesis of PD is what contributory role, if any, is played by the SNCA gene in sporadic PD. The expansion of SNCA-Rep1, an upstream, polymorphic microsatellite of the SNCA gene, is associated with elevated risk for sporadic PD. However, whether SNCA-Rep1 is the causal variant and the underlying mechanism with which its effect is mediated by remained elusive. We report here the effects of three distinct SNCA-Rep1 variants in the brains of 72 mice transgenic for the entire human SNCA locus. Human SNCA-mRNA and protein levels were increased 1.7- and 1.25-fold, respectively, in homozygotes for the expanded, PD risk-conferring allele compared with homozygotes for the shorter, protective allele. When adjusting for the total SNCA-protein concentration (endogenous mouse and transgenic human) expressed in each brain, the expanded risk allele contributed 2.6-fold more to the SNCA steady-state than the shorter allele. Furthermore, targeted deletion of Rep1 resulted in the lowest human SNCA-mRNA and protein concentrations in murine brain. In contrast, the Rep1 effect was not observed in blood lysates from the same mice. These results demonstrate that Rep1 regulates human SNCA expression by enhancing its transcription in the adult nervous system and suggest that homozygosity for the expanded Rep1 allele may mimic locus multiplication, thereby elevating PD risk.

Published
2009

30. Author Correction: Study of 300,486 individuals identifies 148 independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function

Author

Davies, Gail, Lam, Max, Harris, Sarah E., Trampush, Joey W., Luciano, Michelle, Hill, W. David, Hagenaars, Saskia P., Ritchie, Stuart J., Marioni, Riccardo E., Fawns-Ritchie, Chloe, Liewald, David C. M., Okely, Judith A., Ahola-Olli, Ari V., Barnes, Catriona L. K., Bertram, Lars, Bis, Joshua C., Burdick, Katherine E., Christoforou, Andrea, DeRosse, Pamela, Djurovic, Srdjan, Espeseth, Thomas, Giakoumaki, Stella, Giddaluru, Sudheer, Gustavson, Daniel E., Hayward, Caroline, Hofer, Edith, Ikram, M. Arfan, Karlsson, Robert, Knowles, Emma, Lahti, Jari, Leber, Markus, Li, Shuo, Mather, Karen A., Melle, Ingrid, Morris, Derek, Oldmeadow, Christopher, Palviainen, Teemu, Payton, Antony, Pazoki, Raha, Petrovic, Katja, Reynolds, Chandra A., Sargurupremraj, Muralidharan, Scholz, Markus, Smith, Jennifer A., Smith, Albert V., Terzikhan, Natalie, Thalamuthu, Anbupalam, Trompet, Stella, van der Lee, Sven J., Ware, Erin B., Windham, B. Gwen, Wright, Margaret J., Yang, Jingyun, Yu, Jin, Ames, David, Amin, Najaf, Amouyel, Philippe, Andreassen, Ole A., Armstrong, Nicola J., Assareh, Amelia A., Attia, John R., Attix, Deborah, Avramopoulos, Dimitrios, Bennett, David A., Böhmer, Anne C., Boyle, Patricia A., Brodaty, Henry, Campbell, Harry, Cannon, Tyrone D., Cirulli, Elizabeth T., Congdon, Eliza, Conley, Emily Drabant, Corley, Janie, Cox, Simon R., Dale, Anders M., Dehghan, Abbas, Dick, Danielle, Dickinson, Dwight, Eriksson, Johan G., Evangelou, Evangelos, Faul, Jessica D., Ford, Ian, Freimer, Nelson A., Gao, He, Giegling, Ina, Gillespie, Nathan A., Gordon, Scott D., Gottesman, Rebecca F., Griswold, Michael E., Gudnason, Vilmundur, Harris, Tamara B., Hartmann, Annette M., Hatzimanolis, Alex, Heiss, Gerardo, Holliday, Elizabeth G., Joshi, Peter K., Kähönen, Mika, Kardia, Sharon L. R., Karlsson, Ida, Kleineidam, Luca, Knopman, David S., Kochan, Nicole A., Konte, Bettina, Kwok, John B., Le Hellard, Stephanie, Lee, Teresa, Lehtimäki, Terho, Li, Shu-Chen, Lill, Christina M., Liu, Tian, Koini, Marisa, London, Edythe, Longstreth, Jr, Will T., Lopez, Oscar L., Loukola, Anu, Luck, Tobias, Lundervold, Astri J., Lundquist, Anders, Lyytikäinen, Leo-Pekka, Martin, Nicholas G., Montgomery, Grant W., Murray, Alison D., Need, Anna C., Noordam, Raymond, Nyberg, Lars, Ollier, William, Papenberg, Goran, Pattie, Alison, Polasek, Ozren, Poldrack, Russell A., Psaty, Bruce M., Reppermund, Simone, Riedel-Heller, Steffi G., Rose, Richard J., Rotter, Jerome I., Roussos, Panos, Rovio, Suvi P., Saba, Yasaman, Sabb, Fred W., Sachdev, Perminder S., Satizabal, Claudia L., Schmid, Matthias, Scott, Rodney J., Scult, Matthew A., Simino, Jeannette, Slagboom, P. Eline, Smyrnis, Nikolaos, Soumaré, Aïcha, Stefanis, Nikos C., Stott, David J., Straub, Richard E., Sundet, Kjetil, Taylor, Adele M., Taylor, Kent D., Tzoulaki, Ioanna, Tzourio, Christophe, Uitterlinden, André, Vitart, Veronique, Voineskos, Aristotle N., Kaprio, Jaakko, Wagner, Michael, Wagner, Holger, Weinhold, Leonie, Wen, K. Hoyan, Widen, Elisabeth, Yang, Qiong, Zhao, Wei, Adams, Hieab H. H., Arking, Dan E., Bilder, Robert M., Bitsios, Panos, Boerwinkle, Eric, Chiba-Falek, Ornit, Corvin, Aiden, De Jager, Philip L., Debette, Stéphanie, Donohoe, Gary, Elliott, Paul, Fitzpatrick, Annette L., Gill, Michael, Glahn, David C., Hägg, Sara, Hansell, Narelle K., Hariri, Ahmad R., Ikram, M. Kamran, Jukema, J. Wouter, Vuoksimaa, Eero, Keller, Matthew C., Kremen, William S., Launer, Lenore, Lindenberger, Ulman, Palotie, Aarno, Pedersen, Nancy L., Pendleton, Neil, Porteous, David J., Räikkönen, Katri, Raitakari, Olli T., Ramirez, Alfredo, Reinvang, Ivar, Rudan, Igor, Dan Rujescu, Schmidt, Reinhold, Schmidt, Helena, Schofield, Peter W., Schofield, Peter R., Starr, John M., Steen, Vidar M., Trollor, Julian N., Turner, Steven T., Van Duijn, Cornelia M., Villringer, Arno, Weinberger, Daniel R., Weir, David R., Wilson, James F., Malhotra, Anil, McIntosh, Andrew M., Gale, Catharine R., Seshadri, Sudha, Mosley, Jr, Thomas H., Bressler, Jan, Lencz, Todd, and Deary, Ian J.

Published
2019
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37. Study of 300,486 individuals identifies 148 independent genetic loci influencing general cognitive function

Author

Davies, Gail, Lam, Max, Harris, Sarah E., Trampush, Joey W., Luciano, Michelle, Hill, W. David, Hagenaars, Saskia P., Ritchie, Stuart J., Marioni, Riccardo E., Fawns-Ritchie, Chloe, Liewald, David C. M., Okely, Judith A., Ahola-Olli, Ari V., Barnes, Catriona L. K., Bertram, Lars, Bis, Joshua C., Burdick, Katherine E., Christoforou, Andrea, DeRosse, Pamela, Djurovic, Srdjan, Espeseth, Thomas, Giakoumaki, Stella, Giddaluru, Sudheer, Gustavson, Daniel E., Hayward, Caroline, Hofer, Edith, Ikram, M. Arfan, Karlsson, Robert, Knowles, Emma, Lahti, Jari, Leber, Markus, Li, Shuo, Mather, Karen A., Melle, Ingrid, Morris, Derek, Oldmeadow, Christopher, Palviainen, Teemu, Payton, Antony, Pazoki, Raha, Petrovic, Katja, Reynolds, Chandra A., Sargurupremraj, Muralidharan, Scholz, Markus, Smith, Jennifer A., Smith, Albert V., Terzikhan, Natalie, Thalamuthu, Anbupalam, Trompet, Stella, van der Lee, Sven J., Ware, Erin B., Windham, B. Gwen, Wright, Margaret J., Yang, Jingyun, Yu, Jin, Ames, David, Amin, Najaf, Amouyel, Philippe, Andreassen, Ole A., Armstrong, Nicola J., Assareh, Amelia A., Attia, John R., Attix, Deborah, Avramopoulos, Dimitrios, Bennett, David A., Böhmer, Anne C., Boyle, Patricia A., Brodaty, Henry, Campbell, Harry, Cannon, Tyrone D., Cirulli, Elizabeth T., Congdon, Eliza, Conley, Emily Drabant, Corley, Janie, Cox, Simon R., Dale, Anders M., Dehghan, Abbas, Dick, Danielle, Dickinson, Dwight, Eriksson, Johan G., Evangelou, Evangelos, Faul, Jessica D., Ford, Ian, Freimer, Nelson A., Gao, He, Giegling, Ina, Gillespie, Nathan A., Gordon, Scott D., Gottesman, Rebecca F., Griswold, Michael E., Gudnason, Vilmundur, Harris, Tamara B., Hartmann, Annette M., Hatzimanolis, Alex, Heiss, Gerardo, Holliday, Elizabeth G., Joshi, Peter K., Kähönen, Mika, Kardia, Sharon L. R., Karlsson, Ida, Kleineidam, Luca, Knopman, David S., Kochan, Nicole A., Konte, Bettina, Kwok, John B., Le Hellard, Stephanie, Lee, Teresa, Lehtimäki, Terho, Li, Shu-Chen, Lill, Christina M., Liu, Tian, Koini, Marisa, London, Edythe, Longstreth, Jr, Will T., Lopez, Oscar L., Loukola, Anu, Luck, Tobias, Lundervold, Astri J., Lundquist, Anders, Lyytikäinen, Leo-Pekka, Martin, Nicholas G., Montgomery, Grant W., Murray, Alison D., Need, Anna C., Noordam, Raymond, Nyberg, Lars, Ollier, William, Papenberg, Goran, Pattie, Alison, Polasek, Ozren, Poldrack, Russell A., Psaty, Bruce M., Reppermund, Simone, Riedel-Heller, Steffi G., Rose, Richard J., Rotter, Jerome I., Roussos, Panos, Rovio, Suvi P., Saba, Yasaman, Sabb, Fred W., Sachdev, Perminder S., Satizabal, Claudia L., Schmid, Matthias, Scott, Rodney J., Scult, Matthew A., Simino, Jeannette, Slagboom, P. Eline, Smyrnis, Nikolaos, Soumaré, Aïcha, Stefanis, Nikos C., Stott, David J., Straub, Richard E., Sundet, Kjetil, Taylor, Adele M., Taylor, Kent D., Tzoulaki, Ioanna, Tzourio, Christophe, Uitterlinden, André, Vitart, Veronique, Voineskos, Aristotle N., Kaprio, Jaakko, Wagner, Michael, Wagner, Holger, Weinhold, Leonie, Wen, K. Hoyan, Widen, Elisabeth, Yang, Qiong, Zhao, Wei, Adams, Hieab H. H., Arking, Dan E., Bilder, Robert M., Bitsios, Panos, Boerwinkle, Eric, Chiba-Falek, Ornit, Corvin, Aiden, De Jager, Philip L., Debette, Stéphanie, Donohoe, Gary, Elliott, Paul, Fitzpatrick, Annette L., Gill, Michael, Glahn, David C., Hägg, Sara, Hansell, Narelle K., Hariri, Ahmad R., Ikram, M. Kamran, Jukema, J. Wouter, Vuoksimaa, Eero, Keller, Matthew C., Kremen, William S., Launer, Lenore, Lindenberger, Ulman, Palotie, Aarno, Pedersen, Nancy L., Pendleton, Neil, Porteous, David J., Räikkönen, Katri, Raitakari, Olli T., Ramirez, Alfredo, Reinvang, Ivar, Rudan, Igor, Dan Rujescu, Schmidt, Reinhold, Schmidt, Helena, Schofield, Peter W., Schofield, Peter R., Starr, John M., Steen, Vidar M., Trollor, Julian N., Turner, Steven T., Van Duijn, Cornelia M., Villringer, Arno, Weinberger, Daniel R., Weir, David R., Wilson, James F., Malhotra, Anil, McIntosh, Andrew M., Gale, Catharine R., Seshadri, Sudha, Mosley, Jr, Thomas H., Bressler, Jan, Lencz, Todd, and Deary, Ian J.

Published
2018
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38. Infection and inflammation: New perspectives on Alzheimer's disease

Author

Whitson, Heather E., primary, Colton, Carol, additional, El Khoury, Joseph, additional, Gate, David, additional, Goate, Alison, additional, Heneka, Michael T., additional, Kaddurah-Daouk, Rima, additional, Klein, Robyn S., additional, Shinohara, Mari L., additional, Sisodia, Sangram, additional, Spudich, Serena S., additional, Stevens, Beth, additional, Tanzi, Rudolph, additional, Ting, Jenny P., additional, Garden, Gwenn, additional, Aiello, Alison, additional, Chiba-Falek, Ornit, additional, Heitman, Joseph, additional, Johnson, Kim G., additional, Luftig, Micah, additional, Moseman, Ashley, additional, Rawls, Jonathan, additional, Swanstrom, Ronald, additional, and Terrando, Niccolo, additional

Published
2022
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48. Additional file 2 of Sex dependent glial-specific changes in the chromatin accessibility landscape in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease brains

Author

Barrera, Julio, Song, Lingyun, Gamache, Julia E., Garrett, Melanie E., Safi, Alexias, Yun, Young, Premasinghe, Ivana, Sprague, Daniel, Chipman, Danielle, Li, Jeffrey, Fradin, Hélène, Soldano, Karen, Gordân, Raluca, Ashley-Koch, Allison E., Crawford, Gregory E., and Chiba-Falek, Ornit

Abstract

Additional file 2 : Supplementary Fig. 1: Pearson correlations of all potential numerical covariates and the first ten principal components of the potential numerical covariates. Supplementary Fig. 2. Association of meta variables with case-control status at a Bonferroni significance level of q

Published
2021
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