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Background: Slow pathway (SP) ablation is the cornerstone for atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) treatment, and a low-voltage bridge offers a good target during mapping using low x-ray exposure. We aimed to assess a new tool to identify SP by activation mapping using the last CARTO3® version, i.e., CARTO PRIME® V7 (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, USA)., Methods and Results: Right atrial septum and triangle of Koch 3D-activation map were obtained from intracardiac contact mapping during low x-ray CARTO 3® procedure. In 60 patients (mean age 60.3 ± 14.7, 61% females) undergoing ablation for AVNRT, an automatic activation map using a DECANAV® mapping catheter and CARTO® Confidense™, Coherent, and FAM DX software modules were obtained. The SP was identified in all patients as the latest atrioventricular node activation area; RF catheter ablation (RFCA) in that region elicited junctional beats. The mean procedural time was 150.3 ± 48.3 min, the mean fluoroscopy time exposure was 2.9 ± 2 min, the mean dose-area product (DAP) was 16.5 ± 2.7 cGy/cm 2 . The mean number of RF applications was 3.9 ± 2, the mean ablation index was 428.6 ± 96.6, and the mean contact force was 8 ± 2.8 g. There were no adverse event during the procedure, and no AVNRT recurrences occurred during a mean follow-up of 14.3 ± 8.3 months., Conclusion: Ablation of the SP by automatic mapping using Confidense™, Coherent, and FAM DX software modules is an innovative, safe, and effective approach to AVNRT ablation. The CARTO3® V7 system shows on a 3D map the latest AV node activation area during sinus rhythm allowing low fluoroscopy time and highly effective RFCA., Competing Interests: ML is a member of speaker bureau of Medtronic and Boston Scientific. CF and PD are employed by Biosense Webster Corporation, a Johnson and Johnson Company. CF and PD did not have access to study results. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer GM declared a past co-authorship with the author ML to the handling editor., (© 2023 Chieffo, D’Amore, De Regibus, Dossena, Frigerio, Taravelli, Ferrazzano, De Iuliis, Cacucci and Landolina.)

Interventional cardiologists are significantly exposed to X- rays and no dose of radiation may be considered well tolerated or harmless. Leaded aprons protect the trunk and the thyroid gland, leaded glasses protect the eyes. The operator's legs, arms, neck and head are, instead, not fully protected. In fact, the operator's brain remains the closest part to the primary X-ray beam and scatter in most interventional procedures and specifically the physician's front head is the most exposed region during device implantation performed at the patient's side. After the initial description of cases of brain and neck tumours, additional reports on head and neck malignancies have been published. Although a direct link between operator radiation exposure and brain cancer has not been established, these reports have heightened awareness of a potential association. The use of lead-based cranial dedicated shields may help reduce operator exposure but upward scattered radiation, weight and poor tolerability have raised concerns and hindered widespread acceptance. The purpose of this review is to describe current knowledge on occupational X-ray exposure of interventional cardiologists, with a special focus on the potential risks for the head and neck and efficacy of available protection devices., (Copyright © 2022 Italian Federation of Cardiology - I.F.C. All rights reserved.)

A young male with β-thalassemia major was implanted with a single-chamber Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) for a cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. He received multiple inappropriate shocks due to atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) treated with radiofrequency catheter ablation and then to high-rate atrial tachycardia refractory to amiodarone and not inducible during electrophysiological study. He refused empirical pulmonary vein isolation. Upgrading to biventricular ICD and performing atrioventricular node ablation avoided further inappropriate shocks., (Copyright © 2021 Italian Federation of Cardiology - I.F.C. All rights reserved.)

Aims: Radiation use in medicine has significantly increased over the last decade, and cardiologists are among the specialists most responsible for X-ray exposure. The present study investigates a broad range of aspects, from specific European Union directives to general practical principles, related to radiation management among a national cohort of cardiologists., Methods and Results: A voluntary 31-question survey was run on the Italian Arrhythmology and Pacing Society (AIAC) website. From June 2019 to January 2020, 125 cardiologists, routinely performing interventional electrophysiology, participated in the survey. Eighty-seven (70.2%) participants are aware of the recent European Directive (Euratom 2013/59), although only 35 (28.2%) declare to have read the document in detail. Ninety-six (77.4%) participants register the dose delivered to the patient in each procedure, in 66.1% of the cases both as fluoroscopy time and dose area product. Years of exposition (P = 0.009) and working in centers performing pediatric procedures (P = 0.021) related to greater degree of X-ray equipment optimization. The majority of participants (72, 58.1%) did not recently attend radioprotection courses. The latter is related to increased awareness of techniques to reduce radiation exposure (96% vs. 81%, P = 0.022), registration of the delivered dose in each procedure (92% vs. 67%, P = 0.009), and X-ray equipment optimization (50% vs. 36%, P = 0.006)., Conclusion: Italian interventional cardiologists show an acceptable level of radiation awareness and knowledge of updated European directives. However, there is clear space for improvement. Comparison to other health professionals, both at national and international levels, is needed to pursue proper X-ray management and protect public health., (Copyright © 2021 Italian Federation of Cardiology - I.F.C. All rights reserved.)

Background: Temporary transvenous cardiac pacing (TTCP) is a standard procedure in current practice, despite limited coverage in consensus guidelines. However, many authors reported several complications associated with TTCP, especially development of infections of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED). The aim of this survey was to provide a country-wide picture of current practice regarding TTCP., Methods: Data were collected using an online survey that was administered to members of the Italian Association of Arrhythmology and Cardiac Pacing., Results: We collected data from 102 physicians, working in 81 Italian hospitals from 17/21 regions. Our data evidenced that different strategies are adopted in case of acute bradycardia with a tendency to limit TTCP mainly to advanced atrioventricular block. However, some centers reported a greater use in elective procedures. TTCP is usually performed by electrophysiologists or interventional cardiologists and, differently from previous reports, mainly by a femoral approach and with nonfloating catheters. We found high inhomogeneity regarding prevention of infections and thromboembolic complications and in post-TTCP management, associated with different TTCP volumes and a strategy for management of acute bradyarrhythmias., Conclusion: This survey evidenced a high inhomogeneity in the approaches adopted by Italian cardiologists for TTCP. Further studies are needed to explore if these divergences are associated with different long-term outcomes, especially incidence of CIED-related infections.

Aims: We tested the hypothesis that atrioventricular (AV) junction ablation in conjunction biventricular pacing [cardiac resynchronization (CRT)] pacing is superior to pharmacological rate-control therapy in reducing heart failure (HF) and hospitalization in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation (AF) and narrow QRS., Methods and Results: We randomly assigned 102 patients (mean age 72 ± 10 years) with severely symptomatic permanent AF (>6 months), narrow QRS (≤110 ms), and at least one hospitalization for HF in the previous year to AV junction ablation and CRT (plus defibrillator according to guidelines) or to pharmacological rate-control therapy (plus defibrillator according to guidelines). After a median follow-up of 16 months, the primary composite outcome of death due to HF, or hospitalization due to HF, or worsening HF had occurred in 10 patients (20%) in the Ablation+CRT arm and in 20 patients (38%) in the Drug arm [hazard ratio (HR) 0.38; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18-0.81; P = 0.013]. Significantly fewer patients in the Ablation+CRT arm died from any cause or underwent hospitalization for HF [6 (12%) vs. 17 (33%); HR 0.28; 95% CI 0.11-0.72; P = 0.008], or were hospitalized for HF [5 (10%) vs. 13 (25%); HR 0.30; 95% CI 0.11-0.78; P = 0.024]. In comparison with the Drug arm, Ablation+CRT patients showed a 36% decrease in the specific symptoms and physical limitations of AF at 1 year follow-up (P = 0.004)., Conclusion: Ablation+CRT was superior to pharmacological therapy in reducing HF and hospitalization and improving quality of life in elderly patients with permanent AF and narrow QRS., Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02137187 (May 2018, date last accessed).

Background: Despite an intensive search for predictors of the response to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), the QRS duration remains the simplest and most robust predictor of a positive response. QRS duration of ≥ 130 ms is considered to be a prerequisite for CRT; however, some studies have shown that CRT may also be effective in heart failure (HF) patients with a narrow QRS (<130 ms). Since CRT can now be performed by pacing the left ventricle from multiple vectors via a single quadripolar lead, it is possible that multipoint pacing (MPP) might be effective in HF patients with a narrow QRS. This article reports the design of the MPP Narrow QRS trial, a prospective, randomized, multicenter, controlled feasibility study to investigate the efficacy of MPP using two LV pacing vectors in patients with a narrow QRS complex (100-130 ms)., Methods: Fifty patients with a standard ICD indication will be enrolled and randomized (1:1) to either an MPP group or a Standard ICD group. All patients will undergo a low-dose dobutamine stress echo test and only those with contractile reserve will be included in the study and randomized. The primary endpoint will be the percentage of patients in each group that have reverse remodeling at 12 months, defined as a reduction in left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) of >15% from the baseline., Discussion: This feasibility study will determine whether MPP improves reverse remodeling, as compared with standard ICD, in HF patients who have a narrow QRS complex (100-130 ms)., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02402816 . Registered on 25 March 2015.

Background: Accuracy in left atrial (LA) anatomical reconstruction is crucial to the safe and effective performance of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of LA reconstruction performed with intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) as compared to fast anatomical mapping (FAM) both integrated in the CARTO mapping system (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, USA)., Methods: A multislice computed tomography (MSCT) was preacquired from 29 patients with AF who underwent catheter ablation and 3D-LA geometry was reconstructed using both ICE and FAM separately. The accuracy of the LA anatomical definition was evaluated by comparing LA volumes, LA and pulmonary vein (PV) diameters obtained using ICE and FAM versus MSCT (gold standard)., Results: Anterior-posterior and superior-inferior LA diameters were shorter in ICE versus MSCT (32 ± 10 vs 46 ± 9 mm and 48 ± 7 vs 53 ± 7 mm, P < 0.01) but similar in FAM versus MSCT (45 ± 9 vs 46 ± 9 mm and 52 ± 10 vs 53 ± 7 mm). Latero-septal LA diameter was similar in ICE versus MSCT (63 ± 11 vs 63 ± 9 mm) but larger in FAM versus MSCT (69 ± 9 vs 63 ± 9 mm, P < 0.001). LA volume was lower in ICE versus MSCT (73 ± 30 mL vs 116 ± 45 mL, P < 0.0001) and slightly larger in FAM versus MSCT (132 ± 45 vs 116 ± 45 mL, P = 0.06). PV diameters were similar in FAM versus MSCT but significantly underestimated with ICE., Conclusions: Overall accuracy in the LA and PV anatomical reconstruction was found to be superior with FAM compared to ICE-guided approach. ICE resulted in a significant underestimate of both LA and PV dimensions, while FAM slightly overestimated LA geometry., (© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Background: Small-diameter implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) Sprint Fidelis and Riata leads have been recalled owing to an increased risk of lead failure, thus arousing the suspicion that lead size might be a critical issue., Objective: To compare the incidence of failure of small-diameter (≤8 F) and standard-diameter (>8 F) ICD leads implanted in a single center., Methods: From January 2003 to December 2010, 190 Sprint Fidelis, 182 Riata/Riata ST, 99 Optim (Riata Optim/Durata), and 419 standard-diameter leads were implanted in our center., Results: During a median follow-up of 33 months, the overall failure rate was 6.3%. Follow-up duration was similar for Sprint Fidelis, Riata, and standard-diameter leads but shorter for the Optim group. The failure rate was significantly higher in Sprint Fidelis leads than in both standard-diameter (4.8%/year vs 0.8%/year; P<.001) and Riata/Riata ST (4.8%/year vs 2.6%/year; P = .03) leads. The incidence of lead failure in Riata/Riata ST leads proved significantly higher than in standard-diameter leads (2.6%/year vs 0.8%/year; P = .001). No cases of lead failure were recorded in the Optim group. On multivariable analyses, small-diameter (hazard ratio [HR] 5.03, 2.53-10.01, P<.001), Sprint Fidelis (HR 6.3, 3.1-13.3, P<.001), or Riata/Riata ST (HR 4.5, 1.9-10.5, P = .001) leads and age<60 years (HR 2.3, 1.3-4.3, P = .005) were found to independently increase the risk of lead failure., Conclusions: Compared with standard-diameter leads, both Sprint Fidelis and Riata/Riata ST small-diameter ICD leads are at an increased risk of failure, although the incidence of events is significantly lower in the Riata than in the Sprint Fidelis group., (Copyright © 2013 Heart Rhythm Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Unlabelled: Aim Conflicting evidence exists as to whether the mitral E/E' ratio can be a reliable predictor of the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). Our aim was to assess the value of the mitral E/E' ratio for the estimation of left ventricular diastolic pressures (LVDP) in patients without heart failure (HF)., Methods and Results: Echo-Doppler examination and left heart catheterization were carried out in 100 consecutive patients to assess the correlation between echo-Doppler parameters and the LVDP. The E/A ratio showed the best correlation with the pre-a LVDP and the LVEDP, whereas septal and mean E/E' ratios were significantly correlated with pre-a LVDP but not with the LVEDP. No difference in the echo-Doppler parameters was found between patients with normal and elevated LVEDP. Mitral E/E' ratio was significantly higher in patients with an ejection fraction (EF) <50% compared with those with the EF ≥ 50% and in patients with a dilated left ventricular (LV) compared with those with a normal LV. No significant difference in mean LVEDP was found among the three groups with E/E' ratios of <8, 8-15, and >15. The best cut-off values identified by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for septal, lateral, and mean E/E' had sensitivities of 53, 68, and 54% and specificities of 66, 51, and 69% for identifying a >15 mmHg LVEDP., Conclusion: In patients without HF mitral E/E' ratio is influenced by EF and LV volumes and is better correlated with the pre-a LVDP than with the LVEDP. The suboptimal sensitivity and specificity of E/E' for predicting increased LVDP suggest that the mitral E/E' ratio is of limited clinical value in patients without HF.

Objectives: We assessed the clinical profile of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and nonobstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in a real world setting, focusing on pattern of care and on prognosis., Methods: Each nonobstructive CAD (<50% stenosis in any epicardial coronary artery) patient was matched with an obstructive CAD patient; adjusted estimates of prescription of guideline-recommended drugs at discharge and of long-term prognosis were evaluated., Results: Among 2995 consecutive ACS patients who underwent coronary angiography, 125 (4.2%) had nonobstructive CAD. Nonobstructive CAD patients had significantly lower odds of receiving aspirin [odds ratio (OR) 0.31, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.14-0.68], thienopyridines (OR 0.01, 95% CI: 0.00-0.07), statins (OR 0.31, 95% CI: 0.17-0.58), beta-blockers (OR 0.32, 95% CI: 0.17-0.63) and angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitors /angiotensin receptor blockers (OR 0.36, 95% CI: 0.17-0.91) compared with matched patients. During a 3-year follow-up, nonobstructive CAD patients had significantly fewer cardiovascular deaths and myocardial infarctions but numerically more episodes of unstable angina., Conclusions: The prevalence of nonobstructive CAD appears lower (4.2%) compared with published data. After extensive adjustment, patients with nonobstructive CAD were significantly less likely to be treated with guideline-recommended therapy, including aspirin and statins. Multicenter prospective studies targeting this specific population and the potential benefit of guideline-recommended therapies appear warranted.

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between non invasive echo-Doppler parameters of diastolic function and invasively measured end-diastolic left ventricular (LV) filling pressures in patients with normal or depressed LV function., Methods: The patient population was composed of 44 subjects, (34 men and 10 women) 52% with normal ventricular function, who underwent echo-Doppler and hemodynamic evaluation within 24 hours between the two exams., Results: LV end-diastolic pressure was statistically different (P=0.022) in the 4 subgroups divided on the basis of the mitral flow pattern in the overall population and in the patients with depressed LV function, but not in those with normal LV function. In the overall population LV end-diastolic pressure was significantly correlated with: 1) E/A ratio of mitral flow (r=0.45, P=0.002); 2) mitral E wave peak velocity (r=0.39, P=0.017); 3) isovolumic relaxation time (r=-0.34, P=0.01); 4) left atrial diameter (r=0.33, P=0.037); 5) duration of retrograde A wave of pulmonary venous flow (r=0.33, P=0.03); 6) Pulmonary vein D wave peak velocity (r=0.29, P=0,05). Multivariate analysis showed that the correlation between the echo-Doppler variables and LV end-diastolic pressure was statistically significant only in patients with depressed LV function, but not in those with normal function., Conclusion: Among the echo-Doppler variables examined, those derived from transmitral flow and pulmonary vein flow show the best correlation with left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; however, the correlation is statistically significant only in patients with depressed LV function. Thus, the echo-Doppler evaluation of LV diastolic function should take into account this limitation and should be based on a multiparametric approach.