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Spray impingement cooling is the major method currently used to cool steel after the hot-rolling process. In this study, dual nozzles are used to investigate the cooling character of the flat plate using for the spray impingement cooling process. Based on an experimental temperature measurement, a three-dimensional numerical model is set up to calculate the transient heat transfer coefficient of the cooling plate by solving the inverse heat conduction problem with the conjugate gradient method. Both the experimental and numerical results indicated that an interference region appeared between the two jet spray impingement regions. The interference pitch varied with the flow rates, the height from the plane to the jet outlet, and the distance between the two jets. As water spread over the plate, the heat dissipation region gradually stretched from the impingement region to the interference and flow regions. A peak in the heat flux curve was observed when the water arrived at the wet front of the flow. Meanwhile, the peak in the heat flux decreased as the distance from the impingement region increased. A maximum local heat transfer coefficient 23,000 W/(m2K) was observed in this experiment. The global average heat transfer coefficient increased with increases in the water flow rate, but it decreased with increases in the pitch.

A novel family of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-incorporated Se–Fe–Cu compounds, bis-1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene (bis-Me2-imy)-containing compound [(μ4-Se)Fe3(CO)9{Cu(Me2-imy)}2] (2), bis-N-methyl- or bis-N-isopropyl-substituted benzimidazol-2-ylidene (bis-Me2-bimy or bis-iPr2-bimy)-incorporated compounds [(μ4-Se)Fe3(CO)9{Cu(Me2-bimy)}2] (3) or [(μ4-Se)Fe3(CO)9{Cu(iPr2-bimy)}2] (4), and a bis-1,3-dimethyl-4,5-dichloroimidazol-2-ylidene (bis-Me2-Cl2-imy)-containing compound [(μ3-Se)Fe3(CO)9{Cu(Me2-Cl2-imy)}2] (5), were synthesized in moderate yields in facile one-pot reactions of the ternary pre-designed compound [(μ3-Se)Fe3(CO)9{Cu(MeCN)}2] (1) with the corresponding imidazolium salts and KOtBu in THF in an ice-water bath. Single-crystal X-ray analyses revealed that the Me2-imy compound 2 or the Me2-bimy compound 3 each exhibited a trigonal bipyramidal SeFe3(CO)9Cu geometry with an Fe2Cu plane further capped by a Cu(Me2-imy) or Cu(Me2-bimy) fragment, respectively, with one long Cu–Cu covalent bond. In addition, compound 4 also comprised a trigonal bipyramidal SeFe3(CO)9Cu core structure, but the second Cu(iPr2-bimy) group bridged the equatorial Fe–Fe edge with two unbonded Cu atoms, due to the presence of a sterically bulky iPr2-bimy fragment. On the other hand, the strong electron-withdrawing chloro-containing NHC compound 5 showed a comparatively open tetrahedral SeFe3(CO)9 metal core, where two Fe–Fe edges each were further bridged by a Cu(Me2-Cl2-imy) fragment. Due to the nonclassical C–H⋯O(carbonyl) hydrogen bonds between the CO groups of the SeFe3(CO)9Cu2 core and CH moieties of the neighboring NHC ligands, both compounds 2 and 3 comprised a one-dimensional network, while compounds 4 and 5 each were made up of a two-dimensional framework in the solid state, which efficiently enhanced the stability of these Se–Fe–Cu NHC compounds. Importantly, all of these synthesized Se–Fe–Cu NHC compounds 2–5 had pronounced catalytic activities for the homocoupling of arylboronic acids with high catalytic yields. Finally, these Se-containing Fe–Cu NHC compounds further represented excellent models for studying chalcogen effects in comparison to their Te analogs, as demonstrated by their catalytic performances and electrochemical behaviors, and by DFT calculations.

Two novel TeFe 3 (CO) 9 -containing functionalized NHC dicopper complexes, [TeFe 3 (CO) 9 {Cu(Me 2 -bimy)} 2 ] ( 1 ) and [TeFe 3 (CO) 9 {Cu( i Pr 2 -bimy)} 2 ] ( 2 ), were prepared from the reaction of the ternary Te−Fe−Cu complex [TeFe 3 (CO) 9 {Cu(MeCN)} 2 ] with bis- N -methyl- or bis- N -isopropyl-substituted benzimidazol-2-ylidene (Me 2 -bimy or i Pr 2 -bimy) under appropriate conditions, respectively. X-ray analysis showed that Me 2 -bimy-introduced complex 1 displayed a TeFe 3 (CO) 9 Cu(Me 2 -bimy) trigonal-bipyramidal core geometry having the Fe 2 Cu face capped by a Cu(Me 2 -bimy) fragment with the two bonded Cu atoms, whereas the bulkier i Pr 2 -bimy-incorporated complex 2 exhibited a similar TeFe 3 (CO) 9 Cu( i Pr 2 -bimy) core having the Fe 3 triangle coordinated by a Cu( i Pr 2 -bimy) fragment with the two unbonded Cu atoms. On the other hand, when [TeFe 3 (CO) 9 {Cu(MeCN)} 2 ] reacted with the 4,5-dichloro-substituted 1,3-dimethylimidazolium salt (Me 2 -Cl 2 -imy·HI) in the presence of KO t Bu, a different type of [TeFe 3 (CO) 9 {Cu(Me 2 -Cl 2 -imy)} 2 ] ( 3 ) was produced in good yields. Cluster 3 was shown to possess a tetrahedral TeFe 3 core geometry in which the two Fe−Fe edges were each bridged by a Cu(Me 2 -Cl 2 -imy) group. According to solid-state packings, complex 1 revealed a cluster-based 3D-supramolecular framework and complexes 2 and 3 each formed a 1D-supramolecular chain, which was stabilized by intermolecular C−H … O interactions between COs and CH moieties of the corresponding NHC ligands. Further, these di-Cu(I) based complexes 1−3 exhibited catalytic activities toward the homocoupling of arylboronic acid with high yields. Importantly, the catalytic efficiencies of this series of functionalized NHC-incorporated TeFe 3 (CO) 9 Cu 2 -based complexes perfectly paralleled the ease of their first oxidation and the greater electron density of the carbene atom in the NHC ligands, which was elucidated by electrochemistry, 13 C NMR, and DFT calculations.

Three-dimensional numerical simulation is performed to predict the heat transfer performance in a walking-beam reheating furnace. The furnace uses a mixture of coke oven gas as a heat source to reheat the slabs. The fuel is injected into the furnace at four zones: preheating zone, first heating zone, second heating zone, and soaking zone. This numerical model considers turbulent reactive flow coupled with radiative heat transfer in the furnace; meanwhile, the conductive heat transfer dominates the energy balance inside the slabs. An initial iterative method is proposed to estimate the fuel mass flow rate at each zone of the reheating furnace, while the required heating curve of the slabs is specified. In addition, a simplified two-dimensional numerical model is performed to estimate the fuel mass flow rate for the consideration of computational time consummation. The results of the two-dimensional numerical simulations are compared with those of three-dimensional numerical simulation and the in si...

Summary The permeances of two palladium (Pd) membranes in pure H2, binary and ternary gas mixtures are investigated experimentally. With 10% of gas impurities (N2, CO2, or CO) in H2, the profiles of dimensionless permeance suggest that H2 permeation rate is lessened by approximately 50% to 90%, and the permeance reduced by the gas impurities is ranked as CO > CO2 > N2. By introducing a parameter of permeance resistance, which is the reciprocal of permeance, the permeance resistance in a ternary gas mixture can be predicted from the summation of individual permeance resistances in binary gas mixtures, revealing no synergistic effect exhibited from the interaction of contaminants. At least 75% and up to 100% of H2 in the gas mixtures can be recovered in the membrane system, and the maximum H2 recovery develops at the H2 partial pressure difference of 2 or 3 atm. In the Arrhenius-type equation describing the relationship between the permeance and temperature, the activation energy is between approximately 2 and 18 kJ mole−1. In general, the permeances of the membranes in gas mixtures, especially in ternary gas mixtures, are more sensitive to temperature when compared with those in pure H2, stemming from lower activation energy exhibited. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In this paper we combined the hotspot pattern library and the rule-based scoring system into a modularized hotspot-checking rule deck running on an automatic flow. Several DFM (design for manufacture) properties criteria will be defined to build a “score board” for hotspot candidates. When hotspots in the input design are highlighted, the scoring system can identify whether a hotspot is a high risk hotspot or not, and define the severity of the hotspots by extracted DFM properties. The automatic flow will detect which layers are contained in the design then generate a modular rule deck with several corresponding hotspot check modules. The flow also takes snapshots of the high risk hotspots according to the score board automatically. After all the essential hotspot data is collected, the flow will automatically create an HTML-format report which has histograms of properties and overview graph that shows the distribution of hotspots. The aforementioned HTML report containing scored DFM properties and snapshots can help result-viewers to identify the high risk hotspots on the design quickly; namely, users can examine hotspots by snapshots without loading the whole design into layout viewer tools. By comparing the hotspot checking result with real defects from wafer data, a true hotspot’s values of DFM properties can be obtained. We believe this is helpful for users to improve their hotspot rules in accuracy.

Klebsiella pneumoniae (strain 43816, K2 serotype) induces interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion, but neither the bacterial factor triggering the activation of these inflammasome-dependent responses nor whether they are mediated by NLRP3 or NLRC4 is known. In this study, we identified a capsular polysaccharide (K1-CPS) in K. pneumoniae (NTUH-K2044, K1 serotype), isolated from a primary pyogenic liver abscess (PLA K. pneumoniae ), as the Klebsiella factor that induces IL-1β secretion in an NLRP3-, ASC-, and caspase-1-dependent manner in macrophages. K1-CPS induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, and NF-κB activation. Inhibition of both the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition and mitochondrial ROS generation inhibited K1-CPS-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, IL-1β secretion in macrophages infected with PLA K. pneumoniae was shown to depend on NLRP3 but also on NLRC4 and TLR4. In macrophages infected with a K1-CPS deficiency mutant, an lipopolysaccharide (LPS) deficiency mutant, or K1-CPS and LPS double mutants, IL-1β secretion levels were lower than those in cells infected with wild-type PLA K. pneumoniae . Our findings indicate that K1-CPS is one of the Klebsiella factors of PLA K. pneumoniae that induce IL-1β secretion through the NLRP3 inflammasome.

This study investigates numerically the drag force on the Optimal dinghy, which is one of the official classes of international sailing regatta. The drag force is affected by the forward and backward tilt angles and the heels angles. The results revealed that the minimum drag force on the dinghy occurred under the flat dinghy and zero tilt angle condition. The drag force decreases with increasing backward tilt angle. Meanwhile the minimum drag force occurred at the 10 degree of the heeling angle under low velocity condition, and it occurred at the 5 degree while the sailing velocity exceeded 2 m/s. The correlation of the drag force and the sailing velocity can be expressed as FD = 13.87V2 for flat dinghy sailing.

Piezoelectric fans are an effective device for heat transfer enhancement in low convective regions due to their low power consumption, low noise, and operational simplicity. This study performs a numerical and experimental investigation into the effects of a piezoelectric fan on the velocity and temperature fields near a cylindrical heat source with a constant heat flux on the sidewalls and upper flat surface. In performing the investigation, the blade is placed at various locations along the cylindrical axis and is arranged such that it vibrates in either the vertical direction or the horizontal direction. The results show that the airstream induced by the vibrating fan covers a broader area of the heated surface when the blade vibrates in the vertical direction, and therefore yields a better heat transfer performance than that achieved when the fan vibrates in the horizontal direction. In addition, it is found that the maximum heat transfer augmentation ratio is obtained at dimensionless fan positions r...

Piezoelectric fan has been considering as an enhanced heat transfer device since the size of modern electric products continues to decrease and the heat dissipation per unit volume is growing rapidly. The present study analyzed the flow mechanism and heat transfer performance of dual fans installed on the both opposite sides of a heated cylinder. Three different vibration phases; the in-phase, counter-phase and perpendicular-phase were proposed to evaluate the suitable dual piezoelectric fans arrangement for getting the effective heat transfer enhancement. The numerical results showed the detailed streamlines and velocity vectors around the piezoelectric fans and heated cylinder. In addition, the average surface temperatures with the position of piezoelectric fan for three phases were sketched to indicate the heat transfer performance. A maximum heat transfer augmentation ratio of 3.20 is achieved for the dual fans vibrated in-phase at the installed position of y / H = 0.625.

This paper studies the chemical combustion reaction of coke oven gas coupled with radiation heat transfer in the slab reheating furnace. Three dimensional temperature distributions of the produced gases and slabs in the combustion furnace are investigates numerically. Numerical results reveal that the radiation heat transfer dominates the heating process in the combustion furnace; it is around 95% of total input heating energy. The heating efficiency is examined for the sake of energy saving in the combustion furnace.

A two-dimensional mathematical heat transfer model for the prediction of temperature distribution within the slab has been developed by considering the thermal radiation in the walking-beam-type reheating furnace chamber and transient heat conduction in the slab, respectively. The steel slabs are heated up through the preheating, heating, and soaking zones in the furnace. Heat transfer characteristics and temperature uniformity of the slab is investigated by changing hot gas temperature. Comparison with the in-situ experimental data show that the present heat transfer model works well for the prediction of thermal behavior of the slab in the reheating furnace. The skid mark severity decreases with an increase in hot gas temperature. Keywords: Reheating Furnace, Thermal Radiation, Transient heat conduction

This mini-review covers the systematic survey of our previous research on chromium- and manganesecontaining chalcogenide clusters in terms of synthetic strategies, reactivities, and special properties. In addition, mixed chromium-manganese carbonyl chalcogenide clusters were also synthesized rationally via several facile routes, which resulted in the generation of a series of mixed-metal clusters possessing expanded frameworks with enhanced electrochemical and magnetic properties.

Many electronic components have a cylinder form. However when force convection is applied to a cylindrical tube, a low heat transfer performance occurs in the wake area behind the tube. Accordingly, in the present study, a piezoelectric fan is used to enhance the heat transfer performance. The flow fields around the fan tip and cylindrical surface are examined using a flow visualization technique. Furthermore, three-dimensional numerical simulations are performed to examine the detailed characteristics of the heat and fluid flow fields generated by the vibrating fan. The numerical and experimental results show that the vibrating fan blade produces a jet-like flow, which mixes the free stream and the fluid in the wake region and prompts an improved heat transfer performance as a result. It is shown that the vibrating fan enhances the overall heat transfer ratio as much as 132%, and the local heat transfer ratio up to 214%. However, given a large fan tip amplitude, a large fan tip-to-heated surface clearance distance and a Reynolds number greater than ReD = 2200, the jet flow induced by the vibrating blade reduces the heat transfer from the cylindrical surface.

Piezoelectric fans consist of a thin flexible blade attached to a vibrating piezoelectric patch, and provide an effective means of enhancing the heat transfer in low convective regions. In this study, the characteristics of the three-dimensional heat and fluid flow fields generated by the vibrating fan are examined by performing numerical simulations and experimental measurements. In performing the simulations, the fluid domain is discretized using a dynamic meshing scheme to take account of the time-varying shape and position of the vibrating blade. The results show that two counter-rotating screw-type flow structures on either side of the blade appeared on either edge of the blade, and a pair of asymmetric vortex is formed around the fan tip. The experiment is conducted with a total of eighteen T-type thermocouples attaching to the cylindrical surface to measure the variation of temperature. The experimental and numerical results indicate that the piezoelectric fan improves the heat transfer coefficient by 1.2–2.4 times. Moreover, the augmentation of local heat transfer coefficient can be achieved by 2.85 times.

Packed bed is widely used for different industries and technologies, such as heat exchangers, heat recovery, thermal energy storage and chemical reactors. In modern steel industry, packed bed regenerator is widely utilized in the reheating furnace to increase the furnace efficiency. This study established a two dimensional numerical model to simulate a packed bed used in regenerative furnaces. The physical properties of fluids and packed stuffing (such as density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat) are considered as functions of temperature to adapt the large temperature variation in operation. The transient temperature profiles of the flue gas, packed bed, and air during the heating and regeneration period are examined for various switching time (30, 60, 120, and 240 s). The results reveal that, during the heating period, the spanwise averaged heat transfer coefficient is decreased along the longitudinal downstream direction, while during the regeneration period, the opposite trend is true. Moreover, the regenerator thermal effectiveness is decreased by increasing the switching time.

In this study, the characteristics of the three-dimensional heat and fluid flow fields generated by the vibrating fan are examined by performing numerical simulations and experimental measurements. This paper considers two different arrangements of the heat source, namely vertical and horizontal. In performing the simulations, the fluid domain is meshed using a dynamic meshing scheme in order to take account of the time-varying shape and position of the vibrating blade. The results show that the interaction between the normal force exerted on the air surrounding the moving blade and the impingement jet flow produced at the blade tip prompts the formation of two counter-rotating screw-type flow circulations on either edge of the blade. An infrared thermal camera is used to measure the temperature distribution on the heated surface to examine the numerical results. It is indicated that the piezoelectric fan improves the heat transfer coefficient by 1.6–3.4 times when the heat source is vertically arranged and 1.8–3.6 times when the heat source is horizontally arranged.

Main-group element-bridged transition metal carbonyl complexes represent an important field in contemporary chemistry. This review will focus on the recent development of groups 6–8 carbonyl chalcogenide clusters, in particular on the anionic clusters which have been proven to exhibit versatile reactivity. This paper presents a review and discussion, from our group and others, of the rational synthetic methodologies, structural features, cluster-growth and transformations, and novel reactivities of these anionic clusters, as well as their special electrochemical, magnetic, and semiconducting properties. The description of the clusters in this review is arranged group-by-group based on the formation of both metal–chalcogen and metal–metal bonds. The literature survey is current through January 2011, and the review covers the chemistry of anionic groups 6–8 carbonyl chalcogenide clusters in this area of research and should significantly contribute to future research.

In this paper the lattice Boltzmann method and field synergy principle are applied to simulate two-dimensional incompressible steady channel flow under low Reynolds number, and analyze the local influence on velocity field and temperature field caused by inserting cylinder obstacles of different cross-section. Furthermore, field synergy principle of elliptic flow type is applied to demonstrate that the increased interruption within the fluid increases the synergistic level between the velocity field and temperature gradient field. As the intersection angle between the velocity vector and the temperature gradient vector decreases by inserting cylinder obstacles to fluid field, the results of heat transfer will improve significantly.

In this paper, the heat transfer and fluid flow are studied for the water heater of RV cars, in which the hot water is heated by the combustion energy of liquefied petroleum gases. Three types of combustion tubes are performed in this investigation, which are circular tube, elliptic tube and elliptic tube with screwed wire inserted. The heat transfer performances of numerical simulation results are compared with those of the experimental works; they are in good trend agreement. The elliptic combustion tube performs better than the circular one, which indicates the average 7% energy saving for the elliptic combustion tube and 12% energy saving for the elliptic combustion tube with screwed wire under static heating.

The trichromium-lead complex [Pb{Cr(CO)5}3](2-) (1) was isolated from the reaction of PbCl2 and Cr(CO)6 in a KOH/MeOH solution, and the new mixed chromium-iron-lead complex [Pb{Cr(CO)5}{Fe(CO)4}2](2-) (3) was synthesized from the reaction of PbCl2 and Cr(CO)6 in a KOH/MeOH solution followed by the addition of Fe(CO)5. X-ray crystallography showed that 3 consisted of a central Pb atom bound in a trigonal-planar environment to two Fe(CO)4 and one Cr(CO)5 fragments. When complex 1 reacted with 1.5 equiv of Mn(CO)5Br, the Cr(CO)4-bridged dimeric lead-chromium carbonyl complex [Pb2Br2Cr4(CO)18](2-) (4) was produced. However, a similar reaction of 3 or the isostructural triiron-lead complex [Pb{Fe(CO)4}3](2-) (2) with Mn(CO)5Br in MeCN led to the formation of the Fe3Pb2-based trigonal-bipyramidal complexes [Fe3(CO)9{PbCr(CO)5}2](2-) (6) and [Fe3(CO)9{PbFe(CO)4}2](2-) (5), respectively. On the other hand, the Ru3Pb2-based trigonal-bipyramidal complex [Ru3(CO)9{PbCr(CO)5}2](2-) (7) was obtained directly from the reaction of PbCl2, Cr(CO)6, and Ru3(CO)12 in a KOH/MeOH solution. X-ray crystallography showed that 5 and 6 each had an Fe3Pb2 trigonal-bipyramidal core geometry, with three Fe(CO)3 groups occupying the equatorial positions and two PbFe(CO)4 or PbCr(CO)5 units in the axial positions, while 7 displayed a Ru3Pb2 trigonal-bipyramidal geometry with three equatorial Ru(CO)3 groups and two axial PbCr(CO)5 units. The complexes 3-7 were characterized spectroscopically, and their nature, formation, and electrochemistry were further examined by molecular orbital calculations at the B3LYP level of density functional theory.

In magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia for cancer treatment, controlling the heat distribution and temperature elevations is an immense challenge in clinical applications. It is expected for treatment quality to understand the heat transport occurring in biological tissue. The non-Fourier thermal behavior in biological tissue has been experimentally observed. This work uses the thermal wave model to predict the temperature excess occurring in a two-layer concentric spherical tissue with the heat source of Gaussian distribution. The solutions to the hyperbolic bio-heat equation with the space-dependent source term in the spherical coordinate system are presented. The influences of relaxation time, blood perfusion rate, and heating strength on the thermal response in tumor and normal tissue are discussed.

Cellular neural network (CNN) is a highly parallel analog circuit suitable for real‐time image processing. However, the needs of preprocessors in real‐world applications usually destroy the parallel processing nature of CNN. In this paper, we propose methods to embed the function of a preprocessor into a single CNN universal machine (CNN‐UM) such that the novel CNN contains the functions of both the preprocessor and the original CNN. The embedding processes are divided into three categories according to the structure of the B template in CNN. In the general case of nonzero B template (Case 1), an unbiased method and three approximation methods are proposed. The unbiased method is equivalent to its sequential counterpart, although templates of twice the neighborhood size should be used. Among the three approximation methods, AM III shows the least deviation from the unbiased method. In some experiments, AM II and AM III even outperform the unbiased method in noise‐elimination. In the two degenerat...

This article investigates the effectiveness of embedded vortex generators in enhancing the heat transfer performance of a plate-fin heat exchanger with a four-row staggered oval tube bundle. Two different types of vortex generator are considered, namely annular and inclined block. Numerical simulations are performed to analyze the effects of the three-dimensional turbulence induced by the vortex generators on the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of the heat exchanger. The results indicate that compared to a plate-fin heat exchanger with circular tubes, the use of oval tube fins and vortex generators increases the heat transfer rate by 3 to 16% and reduces the pressure drop by 17 to 35% for inlet velocities in the range of 1 to 8 m/s. Furthermore, the vortex generators make possible an average area reduction ratio of 14 to 18%. Overall, the results show that the inclined block shape vortex generators yield the greatest improvement in the heat transfer performance at medium to high inlet velocities.

A new type of TeFe3(CO)9-incorporated dicopper NHC complex was obtained directly from one-pot reactions. By the introduction of the cluster anion [TeFe3(CO)9](2-) and NHCs as the ligands, these di-Cu(i)-based complexes exhibited pronounced catalytic activities toward the homocoupling of arylboronic acids with low Cu loadings and high yields (up to 98%).

Uncontrolled inflammation is a leading cause of various chronic diseases. Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is a major bioactive compound isolated from the essential oil of the leaves of Cinnamomum osmophloeum kaneh that exhibits anti-inflammatory activity; however, the use of CA is limited by its cytotoxicity. Here, we synthesized three CA derivatives and identified 4-hydroxycinnamaldehyde-galactosamine (HCAG) as a low toxicity anti-inflammatory compound in vitro (HCAG IC50 ≫ 1600 µM; CA IC50=40 µM) and in vivo. HCAG reduced pro-inflammatory mediator expression in LPS-activated macrophages by inhibiting MAPK and PKC-α/δ phosphorylation, decreasing ROS generation and reducing NF-κB activation. HCAG also reduced NLRP3 inflammasome-derived IL-1β secretion by inhibiting the ATP-mediated phosphorylation of AKT and PKC-α/δ. In a mouse model of LPS-induced renal inflammation, we observed reduced albuminuria and a mild degree of glomerular proliferation, glomerular sclerosis and periglomerular inflammation in the HCAG-treated mice compared with the vehicle-treated mice. The underlying mechanisms for these renoprotective effects involved: (1) inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation; (2) decreased superoxide anion levels and apoptosis; and (3) suppressed activation of NF-κB and related downstream inflammatory mediators.

Three novel sterically hindered zinc aryloxides have been prepared and well characterized. Their catalytic activities toward ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ɛ-caprolactone and l -lactide have been investigated. The reaction of 2,2′-ethylidene-bis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol) (EDBP-H2), 2,2′-(2-methoxybenzylidene)bis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) (MEBBP-H2) and 2,2′-(2-methoxybenzylidene)bis(4,6-di(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol) (MEMPEP-H2) with ZnEt2 in THF yields dimeric zinc complexes [(μ-EDBP)Zn(THF)]2 (1), [(μ-MEBBP)Zn(THF)]2 (2) and [(μ-MEMPEP)Zn(THF)]2 (3), respectively. Experimental results show that all three compounds are good catalysts for ROP of ɛ-caprolactone and l -lactide yielding polymer in a controlled fashion with low polydispersity indexes.

A reversible vapochemical and mechanochemical solid-state transformation between a dppe-linked SFe3Cu2-based cluster [{(μ3-S)Fe3(CO)9}Cu2(dppe)] (2) and its 1D polymer [{(μ4-S)Fe3(CO)9}Cu2(dppe)(MeCN)2]n (3) was demonstrated, in which polymer 3 exhibited semi-conducting properties with an energy gap of 1.69 eV.

Two sandwich-type Cu3Cl- or Cu2{Te2Ru4(CO)10}-bridging di-TeRu5 clusters, [{TeRu5(CO)14}2Cu3Cl]2− (1) and [{TeRu5(CO)14}2Cu2{Te2Ru4(CO)10}]4− (2), were obtained from the reaction of [TeRu5(CO)14]2− with 1 equiv. of [Cu(MeCN)4][BF4] in CH2Cl2 or THF at 0 °C, respectively, depending on the solvents. The chloride-abstracted 1 was structurally characterized to have two TeRu5 cores that were linked by a Cu3Cl moiety with two Cu–Cu bonds. If the reaction was carried out in a molar ratio of 1 : 2 at 0 or 30 °C in CH2Cl2, the structural isomers [TeRu5(μ-CO)2(CO)12(CuMeCN)2] (3a) and [TeRu5(μ-CO)3(CO)11Cu2(MeCN)2] (3b) were produced, respectively, as the major product. Cluster 3a displayed a TeRu5 core with two adjacent Ru3 triangles each capped by a μ3-Cu(MeCN) fragment, while 3b contained a TeRu5 core with one triangle Ru3 plane capped by a Cu2(MeCN)2 fragment with two Cu atoms covalently bonded. Upon heating, the isomerization of 3a into 3b proceeded to undergo an unusual skeletal arrangement of Cu(MeCN) and migration of CO, with the TeRu5 core remaining intact. An electrochemical study revealed that 3a and 3b each exhibited only one oxidation while cluster 1 had two consecutive oxidations, suggesting significant electronic communication between the two TeRu5 metal cores in 1via the Cu3 moiety. This work describes the facile synthesis of a series of semiconducting Cux-bridging Te–Ru carbonyl clusters, in which the incorporation of the Cux fragments has significantly influenced their resulting structures, rearrangements, and electronic properties, which was further elucidated by DFT calculations.

This paper presents the two-dimensional analysis for the efficiency of continuous plate fin-tube heat exchangers in staggered and in-lined arrangements under the dry, partially wet, and fully wet conditions for different heat transfer coefficient (h=20 W/m2K to h=80 W/m2K) and air relative humidity over the full range from ϕ=0 % to ϕ=100%. It is shown that the fin efficiencies of the staggered arrangement are higher than those for the in-lined arrangement, and the fully wet fin efficiency is 10–20% lower than that for a dry fin. The conventional 1-D sector method underestimates the fin efficiency up to 4 % as compared to the 2-D analysis.

This paper presents a two-dimensional analysis for the efficiency of an elliptic fin under the dry, partially wet and fully wet conditions of a range of value for axis ratios, Biot numbers, and air humidifies. It is shown that the fin efficiencies increase as the axis ratio Ar is increased. For a given axis ratio Ar, the fin efficiency decreases as the fin height l ∗ or Biot number is increased. The conventional 1-D sector method overestimates the fin efficiency resulting in increasing error as the axis ratio Ar is increased. In addition, using experimentally determined heat transfer coefficients, it is found that both the fully dry and wet elliptic fin efficiencies are up to 4–8% greater than the corresponding circular fin efficiencies having the same perimeter.