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Few studies have applied land-use regression to predict road traffic noise exposure, and there are few predictive models for different frequencies. This study aimed to measure 24-h average road traffic noise levels and to analyze the frequency components over one year to establish land-use regression models of noise exposure. Fifty monitoring stations were set up to conduct 3 measurements for A-weighted equivalent sound pressure levels over 24 h (Leq,24h) and night equivalent sound pressure levels (Lnight), as well as octave-band analyses, during the 2013–2014 period. Noise measurements were integrated with land-use types, road and traffic information, meteorological data and geographic information systems to construct land-use regression models. Leave-one-out cross-validation was performed to test the validity of the predictive models. The annual means of Leq,24h and Lnight were 66.4 ± 4.7 A-weighed decibels (dBA) and 62.1 ± 6.0 dBA, respectively. Octave-band frequency analyses revealed that the highest means over 24 h and at night were 61.4 ± 5.3 decibels (dB) and 56.7 ± 6.6 dB (both at 1000 Hz), respectively. The model-explained variance (R2) of the full-frequency noise was 0.83 for Leq,24h and 0.79 for Lnight. The R2 values for octave-band-frequency noise ranged from 0.67 to 0.88 for Leq,24h and 0.65 to 0.85 for Lnight, with the highest R2 at 250 Hz for Leq,24h and at 125 Hz for Lnight. The differences between the model R2 and the leave-one-out cross-validation R2 ranged from 5% to 15% for both Leq,24h and Lnight at all frequencies. In the validation, the root mean squared error was 2.09 dBA and 2.80 dBA for the full-frequency Leq,24 and Lnight, respectively, and ranged from 1.89 to 2.62 dB and from 2.51 to 3.28 dB for the octave-band-frequency Leq,24h and Lnight, respectively. This study observed that the annual means of the measured Leq,24h and Lnight in Taichung were both above 60 dBA and had the highest level at 1000 Hz. The developed land-use regression models of Leq,24 and Lnight both had good predictive capacity for the full frequency spectrum and within octave bands and can therefore be applied for epidemiological studies. Keywords: Land-use regression, Octave-band frequency analysis, Prediction, Road traffic noise, Validity

Road traffic noise exposure has been associated with auditory and non-auditory health effects, but few studies report noise characteristics. This study determines 24-h noise levels and analyzes their frequency components to investigate associations between seasons, meteorology, land-use types, and traffic. We set up 50 monitoring stations covering ten different land-use types and conducted measurements at three times of the year to obtain 24-h-average A-weighted equivalent noise levels (LAeq,24h) and frequency analyses from 2013 to 2014 in Taichung, Taiwan. Information on land-use types, road parameters, traffic flow rates, and meteorological variables was also collected for analysis with the annual averages of road traffic noise and its frequency components. The annual average LAeq,24h in Taichung was 66.4 ± 4.7 A-weighed decibels (dBA). Significant differences in LAeq,24h and frequency components were observed between land-use types (all p-values

A nanoscale hydrous manganese oxide used as an electrode in a supercapacitor was deposited onto a titanium substrate from an aqueous manganese acetate solution using the hydrothermal electrochemical method. The effect of deposition temperature on the characteristics of the manganese oxides was investigated. The capacitive characteristics of the manganese oxides were measured in sulfate electrolytes with various cations using cyclic voltammetry. The capacitive performances of the manganese oxide electrodes depend on the deposition temperature as well as the cations of electrolytes. A maximum capacitance of 244 F g −1 was obtained in Na 2 SO 4 solution. The stability of manganese oxide was examined; after 1000 cycles, 80% of the initial capacitance remained.

For application in a supercapacitor as electrodes, nano-scaled manganese oxide films were deposited on titanium substrates in manganese acetate solution using the hydrothermal electrochemical process. The effects of synthesis temperature, pH, and the concentration of manganese acetate on the material characteristics and capacitive behavior of manganese oxide film were investigated. The complex tri- and divalent hydrous manganese oxides examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman scattering spectroscopy were obtained at 60 °C in 0.2 M neutral solution. A maximum specific capacitance (SC) of 244 F g-1 was measured using cyclic voltammetry (CV) at 25 °C in 0.1 M Na2SO4 within the range of 0–1 V. The nanometer scale surface morphology of the film was altered by varying the synthesis temperature, pH, and the concentration of the solution. In addition to the surface morphology, the extent of hydration in the manganese oxide film also affected the capacitive properties.

Nanometer-scale manganese oxide films were synthesized at various temperatures in the range of 60–150 °C using the hydrothermal electrochemical deposition method. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to verify that the deposits were tri- and divalent hydrous manganese oxides. The electrochemical performance of manganese oxide films was examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in the range of 0.0–1.0 V [versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE)] in 0.1 M Na2SO4 solution at 25 °C. The specific capacitance (SC) increased with decreasing synthesis temperature, with a maximum value of approximately 244 Fg-1 at 60 °C. Crystalline manganese oxide prepared at 150 °C improved stability of capacitive performance, which only decreased by 4% after 800 cycles. The SC depended not only on the surface morphology but also on the amount of hydration in the manganese oxide structure. The deposited manganese oxide has the chemical formula Mn3O4nH2O (n~1.2), as established using thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA).

Energy storage devices with high energy density have been used in many electronic devices in recently years. A supercapacitor is one such device, but lower energy density has limited its applications. In this study, manganese oxide deposited on a titanium substrate at various deposition temperatures using the galvanostatic electrodeposition method as the electrodes of a supercapacitor was investigated. The specific capacitance of a supercapacitor is depended on the deposition temperature and is affected by the surface morphology and roughness of the electrode surface. At a deposition temperature of 15°C, manganese oxide showed a needle-like appearance, a roughness of 60.0 nm, and a maximum specific capacitance of 225.3 Fg-1. The charging/discharging behavior of a supercapacitor was analyzed in 0.1 M Na2SO4 aqueous electrolyte at various measuring temperatures and operating potential voltage ranges. The supercapacitor achieved a high energy density of 37.70 Whkg-1 in a 0.1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte at 25°C in an operation range of 0 to 1.3 V.

To improve the performance of manganese oxides applying to electrochemical capacitor as electrodes, the hydrothermal electrochemical deposition method was used for preparing the manganese oxide films. The optimum synthesis conditions and each synthesis factor (such as solution concentration, synthesis temperature, deposition time and deposition voltage) contributing to the specific capacitance of synthesized manganese oxides were approached by using Taguchi experimental design method. The synthesis temperature and concentration of manganese acetate were the two main factors influencing the specific capacitance. The manganese oxide films deposited under the solution concentration of 0.2 mol L -1 , synthesis temperature of 100°C, deposition time of 60 s, and deposition voltage of 0.8 V showed the optimum specific capacitance of ca. 126.35 Fg -1 . Porous and needle-like morphology enhanced the specific capacitance of manganese oxide film but restricted the stability performance of charge/discharge. The crystalline Mn 3 O 4 and denser morphology revealed the good stable ability of capacitive performance after 600 cyclic-life test.

Music is considered a remedy for the body body, psychological therapy, and a mental release. During World War Two, health medical professionals held concerts to appease the wounded soldiers’ emotions and to initiate the research and discussion of music and emotion applied to various fields in academia. This chapter attempts to use the music emotion model as the media to introduce the possible emotional response during music listening via music structure, listener’s background, and surroundings, to do the research for human physical and psychological influence by automatic generated electronic sound, and to discuss the emotional releasie effect of music. This chapter also discusses various emotional responses derived by various colors applied to the music emotion model to break the limitation of the existing music forms and to develop the possible music color synesthesia applied to all aspects, in order to lay the foundation for next generation users.