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Existen dimensiones relevantes desde una perspectiva de género relacionadas con el esfuerzo terapéutico. Se pretende ilustrar y traer a debate posibles sesgos de género relacionados con los medicamentos, mediante el análisis del consumo en las mujeres, la prescripción de fármacos biológicos según sexo, la potencial desigualdad de género en las reacciones adversas a los medicamentos y la investigación con ensayos clínicos, así como las decisiones de las instituciones internacionales en la comercialización de medicamentos. Se observa una mayor tendencia a prescribir analgésicos, con independencia del dolor, y fármacos para síntomas depresivos de baja intensidad en mujeres que en hombres. Lo contrario sucede en la prescripción de estatinas y dosis adecuadas, y con la mayor probabilidad de prescripción de antifactor de necrosis tumoral en hombres que en mujeres con espondilitis anquilosante, pese a la similar carga de la enfermedad. Las reacciones adversas a los medicamentos se observan con más frecuencia en mujeres que en hombres, donde determinantes como el peso corporal están influyendo poco en la dosificación. En la actualidad se considera escasamente en la prescripción que las mujeres presentan diferencias en la actividad de las enzimas del citocromo CYPP450, que puede afectar a la velocidad del metabolismo hepático. Incluso hay efectos inmunológicos, genéticos y epigenéticos (por la herencia y la dosificación desigual de los genes ubicados en los cromosomas X e Y) que pueden influir en estas diferencias por sexo. Por último, mediante los casos de ensayos clínicos de la terapia hormonal, un fármaco para el deseo sexual inhibido de las mujeres y un anticonceptivo para hombres, se muestran sesgos y estereotipos de género que influyen en una potencial generación de desigualdades, especialmente en las reacciones adversas a los medicamentos en perjuicio de las mujeres. Concluyendo, los profesionales sanitarios atribuyen con frecuencia a la emocionalidad de las mujeres l, There are relevant dimensions from a gender perspective related to therapeutic effort. To illustrate and discuss possible gender bias related to medicines, through the consumption analysis in women, the prescription of biological drugs according to sex, the potential gender inequality in adverse drug reactions, and research with clinical trials, as well as the decisions of international institutions in the marketing of medicinal products. There is greater tendency to prescribe pain relievers, regardless of pain, and drugs for low intensity depressive symptoms in women than in men. The opposite occurs in the prescription of statins and adequate doses, and with the greater probability of prescribing anti-tumor necrosis factor in men than in women with ankylosing spondylitis, despite a similar disease burden. Adverse drug reactions are observed more frequently in women than in men, where determinants such as body weight are having little influence on the dosage. It is currently scarcely considered in the prescription that women have differences in the activity of cytochrome CYPP450 enzymes, which can affect the liver’s metabolism rate. There are even immunological, genetic and epigenetic effects (due to heredity and uneven gene dosing located in the X and Y chromosomes) that can influence these differences by sex. Finally, through cases of hormonal therapy clinical trials, a drug for women’s inhibited sexual desire and a contraceptive for men, gender bias and stereotypes are shown to influence a potential generation of inequalities, especially in adverse drug reactions to the detriment of women. In conclusion, health professionals frequently attribute physical symptoms to women’s emotionality, influencing their greater prescription of symptomatic drugs. Whether the same reason influences the lower prescription of therapeutic drugs in women than in men should be analyzed. There are biological determinants to consider due to their influence on a greater pharmacological t

Objective: Analyzing the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics of youth from the Landless Rural Workers’ Movement in Brazil (MST) regarding the prevalence ratio being in accordance with gender norms. Method: A cross-sectional study conducted during a Journey of Agroecology carried out in the State of Paraná with young people (15 to 29 years) of both genders. Data collection was conducted through questionnaires. Data analysis compared variables regarding gender norms with sociodemographic variables, and a Prevalence Ratio (PR) was calculated with a confidence interval (CI) set at 95% in order to determine this relationship. Results: The study sample was comprised of 147 young people. A higher prevalence was found in accordance with gender norms (PR with CI at 95%) among women compared to men, and that sociodemographic characteristics (lower education level, those living in occupation camps, who do not have white skin and with religious belief) were social indicators for such positioning among both genders. Conclusion: The byproduct of a patriarchal gender system has led more young girls to internalization and a reaffirmation of gender norms, highlighting an important field for social nursing practices in order to contribute to the transformation of this reality., Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre as características sociodemográficas de jovens do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra quanto à razão de prevalência para estarem em acordo com as normas de gênero. Método: Estudo transversal, realizado durante uma Jornada de Agroecologia sediada no Estado do Paraná, com jovens (15 a 29 anos) de ambos os sexos. A coleta de dados foi conduzida por meio da aplicação de questionário. A análise dos dados comparou variáveis sobre normas de gênero em relação às sociodemográficas e, para avaliar tal relação, calculou-se a Razão de Prevalência (RP) com Intervalo de Confiança (IC) aos 95%. Resultados: A amostra do estudo foi composta por 147 jovens. Observou-se maior prevalência para o acordo com as normas de gênero (RP com IC aos 95%) entre as mulheres em relação aos homens, e que características sociodemográficas (menor escolarização, que vivem em acampamento, de pele não branca e com crença religiosa) foram indicadores sociais para tal posicionamento entre ambos os sexos. Conclusão: O subproduto de um regime de gênero patriarcal tem levado mais as jovens à interiorização e à reafirmação das normas de gênero, evidenciando um importante campo de atuação para as práticas sociais de enfermagem, com vistas a contribuir para a transformação desta realidade., Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre las características sociodemográficas de jóvenes del Movimiento de los Trabajadores Rurales Sin Tierra en cuanto a la razón de prevalencia para estar de acuerdo con la normas de género. Método: Estudio transversal, realizado durante una Jornada de Agroecología celebrada en el Estado de Paraná, con jóvenes (15 a 29 años) de ambos sexos. La recolección de datos fue conducida mediante la aplicación de cuestionario. El análisis de los datos comparó las variables sobre normas de género con relación a las sociodemográficas y, para evaluar dicha relación, se calculó la Razón de Prevalencia (RP) con Intervalo de Confianza (IC) a los 95%. Resultados: La muestra del estudio estuvo compuesta de 147 jóvenes. Se observó mayor prevalencia para la conformidad con las normas de género (RP con IC a los 95%) entre las mujeres en relación a los hombres y que las características demográficas (menor escolarización, que viven en campamento, de piel no blanca y con creencia religiosa) fueron indicadores sociales para dicha postura entre ambos sexos. Conclusión: El subproducto de un régimen de género patriarcal está llevando cada vez más a las jóvenes a la interiorización y la reafirmación de las normas de género, evidenciando un importante campo de actuación para las prácticas sociales de enfermería, con vistas a contribuir a la transformación de esa realidad.

OBJETIVO: Identificar los activos para la salud por la ciudadanía, profesionales y responsables de política local en 4 distritos de la ciudad de Alicante de diferente clase socioeconómica, para generar ventanas de oportunidad y para que la población pueda ganar salud. MÉTODOS: Los resultados de este estudio cualitativo-cuantitativo son datos primarios, se recogieron durante 2014 y 2016, en 4 distritos de diferente clase socieconómica en Alicante (Baja-SEB, Media-SEM, Alta-SEA, Centro Histórico-CH). Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, a todos les solicitamos nos indicaran personas clave, aplicamos la metodología de bola de nieve. Los criterios de inclusión fueron varios, ser mayor de 18 años, saber leer y escribir, de origen español o de los grupos culturales con mayor prevalencia en cada distrito. Los responsables de política local ser de la junta de gobierno. El criterio de exclusión fue uno, la ciudadanía vivir al menos 1 año en el distrito y los profesionales trabajar o vivir durante el mismo tiempo. A partir de la propuesta de Mcknight y la asociación IACD hemos diseñado un nuevo mapa de activos, diferenciamos cinco bloques: recursos, asociaciones, actividades comunitarias, lugares (del barrio y ciudad) y costumbres-hábitos y tradiciones. Se han realizado 199 entrevistas, han colaborado 252 participantes, 136 mujeres, 143 personas de la ciudadanía, 95 profesionales y 14 responsables de política local.

The material presented in this paper consists of a literature review about educative interventions promoting healthy habits in preschoolers in Latin-America. Due to changes in food patterns as a consequence of various factors such as migration, globalization, technology development, urbanization and socioeconomic status, underwent the traditional diets of this region drastic nutritional changes with an increased number of processed foods high in sugar and saturated fat. This transition coupled with a low prevalence of physical activity led to an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among the different age groups including preschoolers. In fact, obesity has become a pandemic phenomenon not only in Latin American but worldwide. As a consequence, the increase in the prevalence of Chronic Non-C ommunicable Diseases (NCDs) is a health problem that requires special and urgent attention within the Health System. Therefore, educational interventions for healthy eating and physical activity are important and necessary for different age groups, especially for preschoolers since that knowledge and habits acquired at this age will probably remain during adulthood.

Background. Ancestral wisdom in health are not accept by the science, so run the risk of disappearing. Scientific Medicine coexists with Andean Ancestral Knowledge. Ancestral wisdom have their own Cosmovision, method and experiences that explain health-disease processes. The Tambo town is a county in Cañar province were works erudite people in Andean health traditions that is possible to research. Objective. To analyze, using hermeneutics, the conceptual elements of the Andean worldview expressed in the treatment of Andean pathologies. Material and methods. Qualitative research with an interpretive and hermeneutic focus, analyze the Andean health traditions present in relate of men and women of wisdom. Works in four wise interviews, four patients, one life history and data triangulation with experts. A priori categories were classified into: principles and paradigms, eight Andean pathologies, four diagnosis, two treatment, and two emergent categories were presented: conditions of the healer and coexistence of Andean knowledge with Western medicine. The interviews were write in word text and then codified and processed in the Atlas.ti informatics software. Results. El Tambo wisdoms related to the principles and paradigms of the Andean worldview. The health-disease process is conceived from the paradigm of balance, and is manifested throughout the process: from the conception of pathologies, diagnosis, and treatment with plants and traditional cleanings; in an open system that allows coexistence with Western Medicine

Background: Gender roles and stereotypes that children acquire and internalize in gender socialization influence gender inequalities in health (1). Objective: To identify roles and stereotypes in formal and informal caregivers in NNA related to health habits in the city of Cuenca. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES: A qualitative, phenomenological study was carried out. The population was the caregivers, professional or not, of children in the child development centers, schools, colleges and universities of the city. The sample consisted of 35 caregivers. There were 20 in-depth interviews, 2 discussion groups and 5 non-participatory observations. Using the Atlas-ti software, the information was analyzed, identifying the relevant content, according to predefined and emerging categories for the objectives of the study. Results: Caregivers relate women to caregiving roles; food is linked to the stereotype of thin-figure female beauty and less physical activity to maintain a slender body. The double standard regarding sexuality is maintained. Men engage in increased physical activity through distraction and increased food consumption to maintain a stereotype of strength. There are references from a society in transition where men and women are changing traditional roles and stereotypes. Conclusion: NNA caregivers refer to gender roles and stereotypes that can influence health habits, perpetuating gender inequalities in health.

Background To analyse the scientific evidence that exists for the advertising claims made for two products containing Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium lactis and to conduct a comparison between the published literature and what is presented in the corporate website. Methods Systematic review, using Medline through Pubmed and Embase. We included human clinical trials that exclusively measured the effect of Lactobacillus casei or Bifidobacterium lactis on a healthy population, and where the objective was related to the health claims made for certain products in advertising. We assessed the levels of evidence and the strength of the recommendation according to the classification criteria established by the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (CEBM). We also assessed the outcomes of the studies published on the website that did not appear in the search. Results Of the 440 articles identified, 16 met the inclusion criteria. Only four (25%) of these presented a level of evidence of 1b and a recommendation grade of A, all corresponding to studies on product containing Bifidobacterium lactis, and only 12 of the 16 studies were published on the corporate website (47). Conclusions There is insufficient scientific evidence to support the health claims made for these products, especially in the case of product containing Lactobacillus casei.