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A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different concentrations of aqueous extracts of Neem kernels (NK) and Neem leaves (NL) on the incidence and damage of spotted stem borer in sorghum during 2011/12-2012/13 seasons at New Halfa Research Station farm. Sorghum variety Tabat was used. The experiment was laid in a RCB design with four replicates and seven treatments. These were: NK at kg/ 30 and 40 Liter of water, NL at kg/15 and 20 Liter of water, Furadan10% G at 15kg/F and Malathion 57% EC at 2L/F as standard and the untreated control. A liquid soap was added to Neem treatments as an emulsifying agent. Three sprayings were applied using knapsack sprayer starting two weeks after emergence with 10 days intervals. Data on percent deadheart, percent leaf damage plants, percent stem tunneling, number of borer holes per plant and grain yield were recorded. Results indicated that, all treatments were highly significantly (P>0.001) reduced stem borer damage and increased the grain yield compared to the untreated one. NK at kg/ 40 L of water was the best in reducing stem borer damage and increasing grain yield comparable to the standard treatment Furadan 10% G at 15 Kg/F.

Sorghum bicolor L. Moench (Poaceae) is a cereal crop grown worldwide and playing an important role in human nutrition as well as feed for livestock. Lepidopteran stem borers are the most economically important insect pests that affect sorghum production and their management relies on the use of insecticide chemicals that have adverse effects on humans and biodiversity. The objective of this study was to investigate the endophytytic and pathogenic properties of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin as environmentally friendly, ecologically sound and sustainable bioncontrol method against Chilo partellus Swinhoe, one of the key stemborer of Sorghum in South Africa. In this study, 20 strains of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin were tested on sorghum cultivars Sugargraze AS 18, AS 79, AS 71 and PAN 8816 initially infested with Chilo partellus Swinhoe at 3rd instar larval stage. For the purpose, various strains of B. bassiana were inoculated in sorghum cultivars as foliar spray or seed treatment inoculum. At 30 and 60 days after the inoculation, the roots, stems and leaves of the cultivars were sampled to evaluate the endophytic property of each B. bassiana strain. Moreover, the 3rd instar larvae of C. partellus were fed with harvested stems previously colonized by the five best strains of B. bassiana to test their pathogenicity. Some 3rd instar larvae were fed with untreated stems (check). On both treated and untreated plants, number of dead larva was counted and recorded every seven days for 28 days interval. Results showed good endophytic ability of five B. bassiana strains (Bb3, Bb4, Bb10, Bb21 and Bb35) in the sorghum plants with varying degree of colonization and persistence in plant tissues, regardless the inoculation methods. However, colonization resulted from seed treatments were higher than that from foliar spray. The untreated plants did not show any presence of B. bassiana strains. Significant main effects (mostly P

134. Chilo tamsi Kapur, 1950: 400, pl. 3 fig. 14 Type locality: India, Travancore, Peermade Distribution. Indian records: South India (Bleszynski 1970d). Global records: unknown., Published as part of Singh, Navneet, Ranjan, Rahul, Talukdar, Avishek, Joshi, Rahul, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Chandra, Kailash & Mally, Richard, 2022, A catalogue of Indian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera), pp. 1-423 in Zootaxa 5197 (1) on page 167, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5197.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7252292, {"references":["Kapur, A. P. (1950) The identity of some Crambinae associated with sugar-cane in India and of certain species related to them (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 101, 389 - 434, 10 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1950. tb 00450. x","Bleszynski, S. (1970 d) A revision of the world species of Chilo Zincken (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology series, 25 (4), 101 - 195, pls. 1 - 5. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 19677"]}

123. Chilo auricilia Dudgeon, 1905: 405 Type locality: India, Bihar = Chilo popescugorji Bleszynski, 1963b: 179, fig. 63 Type locality: China, Taiwan Distribution. Indian records: Darjeeling (Bleszynski 1965), India (Bleszynski 1970d), Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal (Arora 2000), Maharashtra (Das et al. 2020a), Jharkhand (Singh 2019). Global records: Vietnam (Tonkin) (de Joannis 1930), Nepal, Formosa, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Moluccas, Celebes, Borneo, Sangir (Bleszynski 1970d), Java, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka (Arora 2000), China (Hua 2005), Bangladesh, Bhutan (Das et al. 2020a)., Published as part of Singh, Navneet, Ranjan, Rahul, Talukdar, Avishek, Joshi, Rahul, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Chandra, Kailash & Mally, Richard, 2022, A catalogue of Indian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera), pp. 1-423 in Zootaxa 5197 (1) on page 165, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5197.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7252292, {"references":["Dudgeon, G. C. (1905) Description of new species of moths from India and Burma. The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 16 (3), 399 - 405.","Bleszynski, S. (1963 b) Studies on the Crambidae (Lepidoptera). Part 41. On some tropical Crambidae with descriptions of new genera and species. Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia, 8 (3 a), 133 - 181, pls. 6 - 10.","Bleszynski, S. (1965) Crambinae. In: Amsel, H. G., Gregor, F. & Reisser, H. (Eds.), Microlepidoptera Palaearctica 1 (1 - 2). Georg Fromme & Co., Wien, pp. 1 - 553, pls. 1 - 133.","Bleszynski, S. (1970 d) A revision of the world species of Chilo Zincken (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology series, 25 (4), 101 - 195, pls. 1 - 5. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 19677","Arora, G. S. (2000) Studies on some Indian pyralid species of economically importance. Part I. Crambinae, Shoenobiinae, Nymphulinae, Phycitinae, and Galleriinae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), Occasional Paper No. 181. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 149 pp.","Das, A., Mazumder, A., Pathania, P. C. & Singh, N. (2020 a) Insecta: Lepidoptera: Heterocera (Moths). In: Chandra, K., Raghunathan, C., Sureshan, P. M., Subramanian, K. A. & Rizvi, A. N. (Eds.), Faunal diversity of Western Ghats. Published by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, pp. 535 - 569.","de Joannis, J. (1930) Lepidopteres Heteroceres du Tonkin. 3 e partie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 98 (1929, Supplement 1930), 559 - 834.","Hua, L. Z. (2005) List of Chinese insects. Sun Yat-Sen University Press, Guangzhou, 595 pp."]}

136. Chilo vergilius Bleszynski, 1970d: 119, text–fig. 24 Type locality: Maharashtra, Bombay [Mumbai] Distribution. Indian records: India Bombay (Bleszynski 1970d). Global records: unknown. Genus Chrysoteuchia Hübner, [1825] 1816–1826k: 366 Type species: Tinea hortella [recte hortuella] Hübner, [1796] 1796–1836d, subsequent designation by Shibuya (1928b) = Amphibolia Snellen, 1884a: 159 Type species: Catastia pyraustoides Erschoff, 1877, by monotypy = Veronese Bleszynski, 1962b: 27 Type species: Crambus distinctellus Leech, 1889b, by original designation, Published as part of Singh, Navneet, Ranjan, Rahul, Talukdar, Avishek, Joshi, Rahul, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Chandra, Kailash & Mally, Richard, 2022, A catalogue of Indian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera), pp. 1-423 in Zootaxa 5197 (1) on page 167, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5197.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7252292, {"references":["Bleszynski, S. (1970 d) A revision of the world species of Chilo Zincken (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology series, 25 (4), 101 - 195, pls. 1 - 5. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 19677","Shibuya, J. (1928 b) The systematic study on the Formosan Pyralidae. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University, 22 (1), 1 - 300, pls. 1 - 9.","Snellen, P. C. T. (1884 a) Nieuwe of weinig bekende Microlepidoptera van Noord-Azie. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 27, 151 - 196.","Erschoff, N. G. (1877) Diagnosen neuer Lepidopteren aus den verschiedenen Provinzen des Russischen Reiches. Horae Societatis entomologicae Rossicae, 12 (4), 336 - 348.","Bleszynski, S. (1962 b) Studies on the Crambidae (Lepidoptera). Part XXXVII. Changes in the nomenclatory [sic] of some Crambidae with the descriptions of new genera and species. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 32 (1), 5 - 48, pl. 7.","Leech, J. H. (1889 b) New species of Crambi from Japan and Corea. The Entomologist, 22 (311), 106 - 109, pl. 5."]}

126. Chilo ceylonica Hampson, 1895 [1896]: 957 Type locality: Ceylon [Sri Lanka] = Chilo torquatellus de Joannis, 1929b: pl. 5 fig. 12 Type locality: Vietnam, Tonkin, hut ho Distribution. Indian records: Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal (Arora 2000), Jharkhand (Singh 2019). Global records: Vietnam, Tonkin, hut ho (de Joannis 1929b), Sri Lanka (Arora 2000), China (Hua 2005)., Published as part of Singh, Navneet, Ranjan, Rahul, Talukdar, Avishek, Joshi, Rahul, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Chandra, Kailash & Mally, Richard, 2022, A catalogue of Indian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera), pp. 1-423 in Zootaxa 5197 (1) on page 165, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5197.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7252292, {"references":["Hampson, G. F. (1895 [1896]) On the classification of the Schoenobiinae and Crambinae, two subfamilies of moths, of the family Pyralidae. Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London, 1895 (4), 897 - 974.","de Joannis, J. (1929 b) Lepidopteres Heteroceres du Tonkin. 2 e partie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 98 (4), 361 - 552, pls. 3 - 6 (recte 5 - 8).","Arora, G. S. (2000) Studies on some Indian pyralid species of economically importance. Part I. Crambinae, Shoenobiinae, Nymphulinae, Phycitinae, and Galleriinae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae), Occasional Paper No. 181. Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 149 pp.","Hua, L. Z. (2005) List of Chinese insects. Sun Yat-Sen University Press, Guangzhou, 595 pp."]}

The lepidopteron stemborer (Chilo partellus) and parasitic Striga weed (Striga hermonthica) caused major yield losses in subsistence sorghum production in the Eastern Amhara Region, Ethiopia. This study evaluated different number of Brachiaria (Mulato II) rows planted around sorghum plots. Desmodium intortum intercropped with sorghum in each Brachiaria row. The study was conducted on 61 farmers’ fields in 2017 and 2018. The treatments were arranged as one row Brachiaria + Desmodium, two rows Brachiaria + Desmodium, three rows Brachiaria + Desmodium and mono-sorghum. The pooled two years and three locations data showed a significant difference (P < 0.001) between push-pull and mono-sorghum plots. Sorghum damage of 17.2%, 16.4%, 33.6% in three, two and one rows of Brachiaria, respectively. The mean number of Striga was significantly reduced in push-pull plots (3 Striga/m2) as compared to mono-sorghum plots (15 Striga/m2). In addition, significantly high sorghum grain yields were recorded in three rows (4.5 t /ha) and two rows (3.7 t/ha) of Brachiaria. Yield increments of 104.2% and 62.2% and 50.0% over mono-sorghum were recorded in three, two rows and one row of Brachiaria, respectively. In addition to sorghum yield increment, farmers were able to get a dry biomass yield of 1.7-24.6 t/ha in different rows of Brachiaria and 0.47-2.43 t/ha of Desmodium for their livestock feed. The three rows of Brachiaria were superior to the other rows, but farmers could also use the two rows as an alternative option with the combination intercropped Desmodium.

Maize stem borer (Chilo partellus) is considered a major threat for agricultural crops especially sorghum and maize and a main entomological research problem in the globe, especially in Pakistan. A study was conducted to check the life cycle of maize stem borer, C. partellus on maize under controlled conditions in 2019. The complete metamorphosis (egg, larva, pupa and adult) was recorded. The embryonic period was 4-6 days. The results showed that 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th instar period was 3.98 ± 1.00, 3.99 ± 2.76, 4.35 ±1.65, 4.15 ± 2.94, 5.23 ± 2.58 and 6.22 ± 2.37 days, respectively with 33.12± 9.25 days total larval period. Pupa was obtect and the fecundity was recorded 170-200 eggs per female. The pre-mating and mating period was lasted for 7-12 and 3-6 hours, respectively while the oviposition period lasted for 3-5 days. The total life cycle from egg to adult was 32-71 days. The current findings are very important in managing this pest on various crops around the globe especially in Pakistan.

In insect communities, the outcome of intra- and inter-specific competitions for food utilisation depend primarily upon density and duration even inter-specific competitions can occur when they are not sharing the same feeding niche such as between foliar feeders and stemborers. Experimental manipulations of larval densities and the durations of common diet feeding of fall armyworm (FAW), S. frugiperda, and the African lepidopteran stemborers, Busseola fusca, Sesamia calamistis and Chilo partellus, were conducted to determine how the density and the duration of resource utilization affected larval survival and the relative growth rate (RGR) in intra- and inter-specific interactions. The results showed both intra- and interspecific competitions were observed among all the four species and interspecific competition was significantly stronger between the stemborers than between the FAW and the stemborers. The results showed that multiple infestations of cereal plants with low larval densities of each species at optimum conditions will very likely prolong the coexistence between FAW and stemborers. In addition, the time partitioning of the resource use significantly influenced this coexistence.

This study was conducted to investigate the incidence of rice stem borer infestations and the species composition present in the selected rice fields. Data were collected between April 2017 and November 2018 across three locations, which include the upland rice field in Agbajege, Ogun state, rainfed lowland in Itoikin and Mangrove swamp in Igbogun, Lagos state, respectively. The incidence of rice stem borers was indicated by dead heart and white heads symptoms, while tillers were excised for rice stem borer identification and population. Results showed a high and low incidence of rice stem borers with no significant difference(p>0.05) at p= 0.29 and 0.37 between the early and late planting seasons in the rainfed lowland and upland rice fields respectively. Planting seasons were significant in the incidence of rice stem borers in mangrove swamp rice fields at p

Der Beitrag deutet zwei Figuren aus der antiken Literatur als Beispiele für autonomes Handeln: Chilo erreicht in einem Wertekonflikt eine individuelle, autonome Lösung, Antigones Widerstand gegen Kreons Gesetz führt in die Katastrophe. Beide Figuren teilen sich als Voraussetzung für gelingende Autonomie die Partizipation an den Werten ihrer Polis, die nur für Chilo gegeben ist, nicht für Antigone. Partizipation als Voraussetzung für gelingende Autonomie mag moderner Konzeption entgegenlaufen, kann aber durch Ciceros Definition des Staates als einer Rechtsgemeinschaft und seine Anbindung der damit postulierten überindividuellen Rechtsauffassung an göttliches Recht, das wir als ‘Vernunftrecht’ verstehen wollen, erhellt werden. Chilos Partizipation wird verständlich als Teilhabe an diesem, die Antigone durch Kreons Willkür versagt bleibt.

Maize stem borer (Chilo partellus Swinhoe) is a major pest of economic importance damaging maize crop in Nepal. Severe damage of stem borer directly regulates on yield factors including effective panicle number and density of fertile tillers. The objective of this review is to unfold and examine the alternatives in management of the major prevailing pest of maize stem borer in Nepal which alone accounts for 18-28% losses in yield. Biological control, Cultural practices, convincing chemical control and Host plant resistance are among the best promising alternatives, while combination of diverse compatible strategies i.e., integrated pest management was underlined as the most sustainable directing substitute. This review paper would be a relevant prospect document for entomologists and breeders from across the world and also contribute in ongoing experimentation on maize crops.

Maize is an important cereal crop grown for food, fodder and raw material throughout the world. It is rick source of proteins, carbohydrates and vitamins. Maize production is decreasing day by day due to attacked of more than 250 insect species and mites. Among insect pests, maize stem borer, Chilo partellus is most destructive pest for maize production. The rearing of maize stem borer, C. partellus was conducted under laboratory conditions in National Agricultural research Centre (NARC) Islamabad. The complete metamorphosis (egg, larva, pupa and adult) was recorded in C. partellus. The mean value of egg was 4.67 ± 1.09 days. There were six larval instar of C. partellus and total larval period was 18-48 days. The growth period of first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth larval instar was 3-6, 2-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3-9 and 5-11 days respectively on maize leaves. The mean average duration of pupa was 9.00±2.25 days. The female was long lived than male. The total developmental period from egg to adult was 30-65 days.

RNAi technology is currently employed as an alternate control measure for agricultural pests. However, the variability of RNAi efficiency in insect pests limits the extensive usage of this technology and demands identifying the best target gene for effective RNAi. Four different bacterially-expressed dsRNA and purified dsRNAs coated on artificial diet were fed to the larvae. The transcripts expression was analyzed at 5 days and 15 days post-exposure to various dsRNAs. In the larvae fed on bacterially-expressed dsRNA, knockdown percentages were 80 and 57% knockdown in Acetylcholinesterase transcript, 40 and 60% gene knockdown in Arginine kinase, 74 and 73% knockdown in Chymotrypsin, and 80 and 20% reduction in V-ATPase transcript expression. Overall, the mRNA knockdown percentages in the targeted genes were more pronounced at 5 days of exposure to bacterially-expressed crude dsRNA than 15 days of exposure. However, most purified dsRNAs rarely induce any significant knockdown except dsARG, which reduced the arginine kinase transcript by 40%. Our findings suggest that for optimum RNAi in C. partellus, the dsRNA must be protected from direct access with nucleases. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

This study was designed to evaluate the association between maize pest dynamics and in relation to abiotic factors (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) in tehsil Minchinabad district Bahawalnagar. The study was conducted from months of April to July in the crop of maize. The current study indicates that the attack of the insect pest increased on maize. These insect pests and diseases on maize are Stem borer (Chilo partellus), Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), Common earwig (Forficula auricularia), Garden snail (Helix aspersa), Red cotton stainer (Dysdercus cingulatus), Aspergillus flavus and Rotten corn disease stock have been recognized to their broad environmental distribution in Bahawalnagar as a result of weather parameters. At higher temperature there was a marked increase in the population of pests while at relative humidity 46% and temperature 400C maximum population of the pest was recorded, it means that higher the temperature and relative humidity there was a marked fluctuation in pest dynamics and hence in spite of the absence of rainfall, the pest outbreak was recorded. Statistically different results significantly different (p < 0.05) using ANOVA one-way and linear regression.

African stem borer, Busseola fusca Fuller (Noctuidae) and spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus Swinhoe (Crambidae) cause more than 40 % of grain yield loss in cereals and bothpests co-exist in mid-altitudes in Kenya. Development of sorghum with dual resistance to B. fusca and C. partellus has been difficult due to the inadequate understanding of inheritance of resistance traits to the two species. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetics of dual resistance to the two insect species in sorghum. Thirty sorghum populations derived from crossing sorghum lines with varying levels of resistance to the two insect species were studied. The experiments were conducted in two separate sites at Embu and Kiboko in Kenya with two replications per site. North Calorina Design II mating design was used. Artificial infestation with first instar neonates of each pest species was done at 30 days after planting in both sites. Data collected included sorghum damage due to the two borer species and agro-morphological traits. Genetic analyses were performed using line x tester method using Genstat statistical software. Data analyses revealed that general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were significant for foliar and stem damage traits, indicating that additive and non-additive gene effects conditioned resistance to B. fusca and C. partellus. Sorghum lines ICSA 464, ICSB 474, ICSB 464 and ICSA 472 and ICSB 473 exhibited desirable high negative GCA effects to B. fusca and C. partellus. These parents could be used in development of sorghum with dual resistance to B. fusca and C. partellus thus contributing to sustainable integrated management of these two stem borer species in sorghum via host plant resistance management.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an important food crop in semi-arid tropics. The crop grain yield ranges from 0.5 t/ha to 0.8 t/ha compared to potential yields of 10 t/ha. The African stem borer Busseola fusca Fuller (Noctuidae) and the spotted stem borer Chilo partellus Swinhoe (Crambidae), are among the most economically important insect pests of sorghum. The two borers can cause 15% - 80% grain yield loss in sorghum. Mapping of QTLs associated with resistance traits to the two stem borers is important towards marker-assisted breeding. The objective of this study was to map QTLs associated with resistance traits to B. fusca and C. partellus in sorghum. 243 F9:10 sorghum RILs derived from ICSV 745 (S) and PB 15520-1 (R) were selected for the study with 4,955 SNP markers. The RILs were evaluated in three sites. Data was collected on leaf feeding, deadheart, exit holes, stem tunnels, leaf toughness, seedling vigour, bloom waxiness, and leaf glossiness. ANOVA for all the traits was done using Genstat statistical software. Insect damage traits and morphological traits were correlated using Pearson’s correlation coefficients. Genetic mapping was done using JoinMap 4 software, while QTL analysis was done using PLABQTL software. A likelihood odds ratio (LOD) score of 3.0 was used to declare linkage. Joint analyses across borer species and sites revealed 4 QTLs controlling deadheart formation; 6 controlling leaf feeding damage; 5 controlling exit holes and stem tunneling damages; 2 controlling bloom waxiness, leaf glossiness, and seedling vigour; 4 conditioning trichome density; and 6 conditioning leaf toughness. Joint analyses for B. fusca and C. partellus further revealed that marker CS132-2 colocalised for leaf toughness and stem tunneling traits on QTLs 1 and 2, respectively; thus, the two traits can be improved using the same linked marker. This study recommended further studies to identify gene(s) underlying the mapped QTLs.

Stemborers (Busseola fusca, Sesamia calamistis and Chilo partellus), the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and associated parasitoids constitute an interacting system in maize fields in Kenya. This work aims at developing and evaluating models that represent the evolution of those interactions by applying system thinking and system dynamics approaches with its archetypes [causal loop diagram (CLD), reinforcing (R) and balancing (B)] to analyse the population of these multi-species systems. The software Vensim PLE 8.0.9 was used to implement the models and carry out the simulations of single- and multi-species systems. The results showed that when a single pest species with its associated parasitoids interact with the host plant, the species was able to establish and sustain by cyclical relationship between populations of the pest and the associated parasitoids. However, in multi- pest species systems, dominance of S. frugiperda and C. partellus over B. fusca and S. calamistis was observed, but without extinction. However, there was a likelihood for B. fusca being displaced by C. partellus. Overall, the models predict the co-existence of fall armyworm with stemborer species as an additional pest of maize in Africa that need to be considered henceforth in designing IPM strategies in maize.

One of the most harmful pests of sugar cane is the Chilo sacchariphagus striped stem borer because it causes a decrease in the quality and quantity of sugar cane. Scratched wounds can be a place of infection of various pathogens so that it can result in fatal losses that can cause the death of sugar cane plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of tobacco liquid smoke that precisely suppressed the attack of striped stem borer. The study was conducted in the Experimental Garden Sweetener and Fiber Crops Research Institute Malang in May to September 2018. The study was conducted using a randomized block design with 3 replications. The treatments consist of: concentration of tobacco liquid smoke: 10 ml / l, 8 ml / l, 6 ml / l, 4 ml / l, 2 ml / l, Diafentiuron concentration 2 ml / l (negative control), and without treatment. Spraying of liquid tobacco smoke is done every 2 weeks. The results showed that the treatment of tobacco liquid smoke concentration had no significant effect on the intensity of the striped stem borer attack, but the number of sugar cane tillers and sugar content showed a significant effect

Chitin synthase (CHS) is one of the crucial enzymes that play an essential role in chitin synthesis during the molting process, and it is considered to be the specific target to control insect pest...

The oviposition behavior of the scelionids Telenomus busseolae, Telenomus isis and the trichogrammatid Trichogramma bournieri was studied on eggs of lepidopteran cereal stemborers, which included the noctuid Busseola fusca, Sesamia calamistis, Sesamia nonagrioides, the crambid Chilo partellus, and the pyralid Eldana saccharina. Unlike Tr. bournieri, Telenomus spp. did not attack eggs of C. partellus and E. saccharina. Five distinct behavioral steps were observed, which included foraging, drumming with the antennae on the eggs, ovipositor insertion, egg marking, and walking and resting. Foraging, walking and resting were observed less frequently than the other behaviors. There was a clear hierarchy of behavioral steps leading to successful parasitism, which culminated in marking of eggs. Self-superparasitism (i.e., oviposition in an egg previously parasitized by the same female) was between 2.7–5.9% indicating that the three parasitoids were able to discern eggs that were already parasitized. Earlier studies on the bionomics and host finding ability together with the present findings on the oviposition behavior of the different parasitoids cannot explain differences in parasitism rates by the parasitoids in the field. It is suggested that the plant species and alternative hosts occurring in crop and natural habitats may play an important role in the population dynamics of the parasitoids and affect their importance in controlling key pests of maize.

Large scale germplasm screening for Chilo partellus resistance in maize is solely based on visual scoring of damage by leaf injury rating (LIR), where the accuracy in judging a genotype comes by experience of the person, who logically integrate certain symptoms such as levels of growth retardation. Since the pest spends more than half of its larval period damaging the stalk, a quantitative phenotyping method that gives weightage to stalk resistance is required. To explore the traits governing stalk resistance, stalk infestation behaviour of C. partellus was studied first. It was found that first instar C. partellus larva is exclusive whorl feeder, second instar is the transition stage which disperse to infest stalk, and third instar onwards are exclusive stalk borers. To access the stalk, larva tends to penetrate the second above ground internode (seventh internode of maize plant) of V6–10 stage maize. Thus, penetration resistance (PR) of seventh internode was hypothesized to be the characteristic resistance trait. Twenty elite maize breeding lines were evaluated for PR of rind (RPR) and pith (PPR) of seventh internode in V6–7, V8–9 and V10–11 stage plants by TA + Di Texture Analyzer. Significant negative correlation of LIR with RPR of all plant stages and with PPR of V6–7 stage plants suggests the ability of seventh internode to resist larval penetration would confer tolerance to C. partellus. The trait was also found a strong predictor of antibiosis, by affecting the biology and behaviour of C. partellus larva. Thus, PR of seventh internode is proposed to be the trait for phenotyping stalk resistance to C. partellus in maize, whose deployment could lead to selection of genotypes which are resistant to stalk lodging also.

* 122. Chilo phragmitellus (Hübner, 1810) Arashan, 12–13.VII.2015, 1 male., Published as part of Sinev, Sergey Yu. & Korb, Stanislav K., 2022, A preliminary list of the Pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) of Kyrgyzstan, pp. 101-136 in Zootaxa 5138 (2) on page 116, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5138.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6556841

121. Chilo christophi B&lstrok;eszy&nacute;ski, 1965 B&lstrok;eszy&nacute;ski 1965: 112 ([Kyrgyzstan] Tian Shan, Issyk-Kul)., Published as part of Sinev, Sergey Yu. & Korb, Stanislav K., 2022, A preliminary list of the Pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) of Kyrgyzstan, pp. 101-136 in Zootaxa 5138 (2) on page 116, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5138.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6556841, {"references":["Bleszynski, S. (1965) Microlepidoptera Paraearctica. 1. Crambidae. Georg Fromme & Co, Wien, 553 pp."]}

Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) is the most important destructive pest of sorghum in Africa which results in complete crop loss. Currently the management strategies rely heavily on chemical insecticides, which do not provide effective control. The uses of bio-pesticides are encouraging over chemical pesticides. The study was carried out to identify effective plant and animal products and optimum concentrations against C. partellus. 7 treatments each at 3 concentrations (2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 g and 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ml) were applied on 2nd and/or 3rd instars larvae. The untreated check was used for comparison. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with 3 replications for each concentration. Result revealed among the treatments Milletia ferruginea Hochst seed powder and aqua extract caused the highest (100%) mortality at 3 g and 2.0 ml concentration on the 2nd day. Cow urine and the mixture (M. ferruginea+cow urine) were recorded higher efficacy mean mortality (86.7 and 93.3%) at 3.0 ml concentration within 3 days respectively. Phytolacca dodecandra L. seed powder, aqua extract and the mixture (P. dodecandra+cow urine) showed significantly lower efficacy mean mortality. In conclusion, M. ferruginea powder and aqua extract, cow urine and combination of M. ferruginea with cow urine were identified as good alternatives to chemical pesticides against C. partellus. Key words: Chilo partellus, cow urine, Milletia ferruginea, Phytolacca dodecandra, sorghum.

Diet quality influences arthropod performance under changing environments. However, little is known about how host plant species may influence the responses of polyphagous insects to climate stressors despite their exploitation of different plant species within and across seasons. Against this background, we examined the effects of host plant species (Zea mays L. and Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) on the thermal tolerance of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) measured as lower and upper thermal activity limits, chill coma recovery time and heat knockdown time. Experiments were conducted on field-collected larvae and laboratory-reared F1 larval offspring from each of the two host species. Our results showed significant host plant effects on both cold and heat tolerance. Insects from sweet sorghum showed higher thermal resilience (cold and heat) relative to those from maize as indicated by their low lower thermal activity limits (0.73 and 0.02 °C magnitude, respectively) and high upper thermal activity limits (0.5 and 0.28 °C magnitude, respectively). Both field and F1 larval populations from sweet sorghum recovered faster from chill coma and also took longer to be knocked down by acute heat stress, further affirming their superior thermal tolerance to those that fed on maize. These results therefore indicate that host plant species may potentially mediate thermal fitness of C. partellus. Despite wide adoption of sweet sorghum as a climate resilient crop owing to its drought tolerance and perennial nature, our findings suggest this may come at a cost of enhanced C. partellus performance and pest pressure under changing temperature environments.

The incidence of egg and larval parasitoids of Chilo partellus was monitored in insecticide free maize fields at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, for three Kharif seasons of 2013 to 2015. The hymenopteran parasitoid, Trichogramma sp. was recorded to be the only egg parasitoid in this area, while a good number of larvae were parasitized by braconid, Cotesia flavipes . The egg parasitism was recorded on the freshly laid eggs of stem borer obtained by artificially releasing the adults of C. partellus on maize cultivars, HQPM1 and PMH1, at 12 days after germination. There was no egg parasitism recorded during Kharif 2013 and 2014, whereas 5.6 percent egg-mass parasitism by Trichogramma sp. was recorded during Kharif , 2015. The larval parasitoids were monitored by artificially infesting the maize plants with neonates of laboratory reared C. partellus . The larvae were allowed to develop on maize plants under field conditions for 20 days. The plants showing stem borer damage were cut and brought to the laboratory. The larvae collected from infested maize plants were reared in the laboratory. The maggots of C. flavipes recovered from parasitized larvae ranged from 29-100, 41-50 and 20-80 percent during Kharif 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. The result of this study indicated that parasitism by Cotesia was influenced by age of plants damaged by C. partellus . The young maize plants seemed to be more attractive to the foraging of Cotesia and more stem borer larvae were parasitized on these plants as the maximum (58 percent) parasitism was observed at 40-day-old crop. The parasitoid was found to be active on maize from 40-60 days after germination and the incidence decreased thereafter. Insecticides should not be used during this period. The current studies also revealed that host densities had no significant effect on percentage parasitism by Cotesia .

Chilo partellus Swinhoe 1885 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a serious pest of maize in many parts of the world. It was reported for the first time in 2014 in the Mediterranean part of Turkey. Degree-Day (DD) models were developed to predict seasonal dynamics in maize fields using 3-parameter 'Boltzman' and a 4-parameter Logistic regressions. Larval/plant counts were monitored in pesticide-free maize fields in Adana, Turkey from 2017 to 2019. Depending on the year, the first record of C. partellus was between 03-14 May, corresponding to ~ 9-12 DD accumulated from 01 May. There were two main peaks; one in each of the maize growing seasons. The models accurately predicted the phenology of C. partellus with an Adj. R 2 greater than 0.80. The 'Boltzman' regression had lower AICc, ΔAICc and Wі values than the logistic regression. Based on the 'Boltzman' model, 50% of the accumulated larvae/plant count for the first and second generations (peaks) occurred at 80DD and 375DD, 81DD and 413DD, and 54DD and 289DD in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. For the logistic regression model, 50% of the accumulated larvae/plant counts occurred for the first and second generation at 90DD and 362DD, 62DD, and 45DD and 250DD in 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. Both these models could play a crucial role in the integrated pest management (IPM) of C. partellus in maize fields in Mediterranean regions.

Chilo partellus Swinhoe, 1885 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a destructive pest of maize, was recently recorded in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. The pest is considered to be an invasive species, displacing indigenous stem borers in many parts of the world. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of commonly used insecticides in a maize production system in Turkey on egg hatch and mortality of first instar larvae of C. partellus under laboratory conditions (27±2oC, 70% RH and 14:10 h L:D photoperiod) at the Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cukurova. Eight insecticides registered for indigenous lepidopteran pests were used at the recommended rates. The percentage of hatched egg masses were significantly different. The smallest percentage was 30.6% with deltamethrin. The percentages of hatched egg masses were greater than 80% for all other insecticides. Mortality of hatched larvae was significantly different. The highest and lowest mortalities of hatched larvae were 84.5% and 38.2% with emamectin-benzoate and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively. Seventy-two h after exposure of the first instar larvae to sprayed maize leaf disks, the lowest and highest mortalities were 62.6% and 96.7% with indoxacarb and emamectin-benzoate, respectively. Survival analyses revealed that hazard ratios ranged from 4.91 (95% CI: 1.66-14.6) to 15.6 (95% CI: 5.33-45.6) with chlorpyrifos-ethyl and emamectin-benzoate, respectively. The mortality of first instar larvae was about 16, 10 and 9 times that of the control with emamectin-benzoate, lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin, respectively. Feeding activity of larval stage was reduced by all treatments. The implications of this study are discussed.

This study sought to evaluate the oviposition responses of Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on maize plants exposed to Brachiaria brizantha Stapf following oviposition by C. partellus and nonexposed maize. Two Kenyan maize landraces (Jowi and Nyamula), Latin America landrace (Cuba 91) and WH505 (hybrid variety) (control) were studied. The result demonstrated that C. partellus deposited a significantly lower number of eggs and egg batches on Nyamula, Jowi and Cuba 91 maize plants exposed to B. brizantha with C. partellus eggs compared to nonexposed ones and the exposed hybrid variety. This was because they emitted electrophysiologically active compounds such as (E)-4, 8-dimethyl-1, 3, 7-nonatriene, decanal, (E)-caryophyllene, linalool, linalool (plus nananal), E-β-fernesene, methyl salicylate and (3E, 7E)-4, 8, 12-trimethyl-1, 3, 7, 11-tri-decatetraene that deterred C. partellus from ovipositing more eggs on these plants. Therefore, herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) of B. brizantha can be employed to protect the maize crop against C. partellus.