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Background: The association between programed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) and tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in vestibular schwannoma (VS) has been investigated in a few studies. These published studies report a difference in the PD‐L1 positivity rate in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. We examined PD‐L1 expression and lymphocyte infiltration in patients with VS who had undergone surgical resection and investigated the association between PD‐L1 expression and clinicopathological features. Methods: The expression of PD‐L1, CD8, and Ki‐67 in 40 VS tissue specimens was investigated using immunohistochemistry, and a clinical review of the patients was performed. Results: Of the 40 VS samples, 23 (57.5%) were positive for PD‐L1 and 22 (55%) were positive for CD8. No significant differences in age, tumor size, pure‐tone audiometry, speech discrimination, or Ki‐67 expression were observed between patients in the PD‐L1‐positive and PD‐L1‐negative groups. A higher level of CD8‐positive cell infiltration was observed in PD‐L1‐positive tumors than in PD‐L1‐negative tumors. Conclusion: We demonstrated that PD‐L1 was expressed in VS tissues. Although no correlation was identified between clinical characteristics and PD‐L1 expression, the association between PD‐L1 and CD8 was confirmed. Thus, additional research on targeting PD‐L1 is necessary to improve immunotherapy for VS in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background and aim: DNA expression profiling studies of breast cancer have identified subtypes including luminal A, luminal B, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression, and basal-like type. Among them, the basal-like type was associated with poor outcome. The purpose of this study was to classify breast carcinoma by immunohistochemistry and evaluate its characteristic histopathologic features. Methods: One hundred and four cases of resected infiltrating ductal carcinoma were immunostained for estrogen receptor, HER2, cytokeratin 5/6 and p63 to classification, and basal-like subtype were evaluated for its histopathologic characteristics. Results: The prevalence of subtypes was luminal A 48.1%, luminal B 24.0%, HER2 overexpression 11.5%, normal breast-like 4.8%, and basal-like 11.5%. There was significant correlation between the basal-like type and histologic grade. And it was significantly associated with several morphological features including expanding growth pattern, presence of tumor necrosis and peritumoral lymphocytic infiltration. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the basal-like type occupied 11.5% of infiltrating ductal carcinoma and was associated with expanding growth pattern, presence of tumor necrosis and peritumoral lymphocytic infiltration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunoglobulin G4-related disease is a novel inflammatory entity involving multiple organs of the body. In the lungs, it is accompanied by infiltration of IgG4-positive lymphocytes and increased serum levels of IgG4. Previous studies have reported radiological findings of IgG4-related lung disease in the pulmonary parenchyma; however, there are few case reports of pleural involvement. Here, we report the case of a 66-year-old man with IgG4-related disease unilaterally involving the lung interstitium and pleura. Thoracic computed tomography images demonstrated pleural effusion and thickening resembling a primary or secondary pleural malignancy. The diagnosis of IgG4-related disease was confirmed by video-assisted-thoracoscopic biopsy. This rare disease should not be overlooked in patients with radiological findings that are suggestive of pleural malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies. Recently, the overexpression of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) has been shown to correlate with poor prognosis in many cancers. However, the expression of PD-L1 or PD-1 ligand 2 (PD-L2) and clinical outcomes have not been fully investigated in HCC. Materials and Methods: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples were obtained from 85 patients with HCC who underwent surgery. The expression of PD-Ls (PD-L1, PD-L2) was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. Results: The proportion of high expression groups of PD-L1 and PD-L2 was 27.1% and 23.5%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that tumor size (p < 0.001), histological differentiation (p=0.010), PD-L1 expression (p < 0.001), and PD-L2 expression (p=0.039) were significant prognostic factors of overall survival in patients with HCC. Multivariate analysis revealed that overall tumor size (hazard ratio [HR], 4.131; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.233 to 7.643; p < 0.001 and HR, 3.455; 95% CI, 1.967 to 6.067; p < 0.001) and PD-L1 expression (HR, 5.172; 95% CI, 2.661 to 10.054; p < 0.001 and HR, 3.730; 95% CI, 1.453 to 9.574; p=0.006) were independent prognostic values for overall and disease-free survival. Patients with high expression of PD-Ls had a significantly poorer survival than those with low expression (p < 0.001, p=0.034). Conclusion: The overexpression of PD-Ls in HCC patients is correlated with survival and tumor recurrence. Further evaluation of PD-1 and PD-Ls as therapeutic targets and predictive biomarkers for HCC is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]