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Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don, which can be used for medicine and food, contains a variety of chemicals including polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoid, and others that have beneficial biological properties like antihypertension, bacteriostasis, and anti‐inflammatory. The ethanolic extract of Fritillaria straw was obtained for this study using ultrasonic‐aided extraction, and the amounts of total phenols and total flavonoids were 26.56 ± 1.36 mg GAE/g dw and 18.75 ± 0.80 mg RE/g dw, respectively. Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight–mass spectrometry technology was utilized to identify 50 major chemicals in the Fritillaria straw extract (FSE). Meanwhile, the antioxidative activities of FSE were evaluated by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power assays in vitro, which pointed out the antioxidative potential of FSE. Additionally, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% of FSE and 0.02% butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) + butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (1:1) were separately added to Chinese‐style sausage to study their effects on the lipid oxidation, protein oxidation, and quality of the sausage at different storage times. The study found that the effect of adding 1% FSE on carbonyl content, total volatile basic nitrogen, and TVC of sausage could achieve the effect of the 0.02% BHA + BHT (1:1) group on the 35th day, and the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value and peroxide value of sausage were significantly lower than the control group. Therefore, as one of the candidates to replace synthetic antioxidants, the FSE can be used in the production of Chinese sausages, which has a positive effect on improving the product's quality and extending the shelf life. Practical Application: The antioxidative activities of 50 main compounds were identified after the ethanolic extraction of Fritillaria straw. This Fritillaria straw extract was added to Chinese sausage, effectively inhibiting the oxidation of lipids and proteins as well as the decomposition of proteins. Obviously, the Fritillaria straw extract, one of the choices to replace synthetic antioxidants, may be useful for future meat processing, because of its positive impact on the product's quality and shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of a starter culture composed of Lactobacillus sakei, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Staphylococcus xylosus and S. carnosus at the ratios (m/m) of 1:1:1:1 on bacterial profile and biogenic amine accumulation in Chinese Sichuan sausages were demonstrated. In starter culture-inoculated sausages, Lactobacillus spp., Pediococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were predominant bacterial genus and their relative abundances ranged from 70.14% to 25.98%, 57.66% to 14.08%, and 15.71% to 13.40% during fermentation, respectively. Accordingly, Lactobacillus spp. and Weissella spp. were predominant bacterial genus and their relative abundances ranged from 63.14% to 24.70% and 49.40% to 11.96% during spontaneous fermentation, respectively. Furthermore, the abundances of undesirable microorganisms such as Yersinia spp., Enterobacter spp., Acietobacter spp. and Psychrobacter spp. were lower than that of the control. The levels of histamine, putrescine, tyramine and cadaverine in Chinese Sichuan sausages with starter cultures inoculation were significantly lower (P

This study aimed to investigate the effects of tea polyphenol (TP), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and their palmitic acid-modified derivatives palmitoyl-TP (pTP) and palmitoyl-EGCG (pEGCG) on the accumulation of N-nitrosamine and biogenic amines (BAs), residual nitrites, and lipid oxidation in Chinese sausages. The microorganisms, color, and texture properties of sausages were evaluated. TP, EGCG, pTP, or pEGCG significantly inhibited the accumulation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and BAs, residual nitrites, and lipid oxidation, but enhanced the redness, hardness, and chewiness of sausages. The concentration of NDMA in sausages was reduced by 58.11%, 63.51%, 36.49%, and 44.59%, respectively, after treatment with TP, EGCG, pTP, and pEGCG. Both EGCG and pEGCG exhibited excellent inhibitory effects on the predominant BAs, including putrescine, tyramine, cadaverine, histamine, and 2-phenylethylamine. Palmitoyl-EGCG was found to be the strongest inhibitor of lipid oxidation. Besides, the four antioxidants weakly affected the population of total aerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria but totally suppressed the growth of undesirable Enterobacteriaceae. The principal component and correlation analyses proved that BAs, nitrites, lipid oxidation, and microbiota were responsible for the formation of NDMA. The results indicated that palmitic acid-modified TPs and similar derivatives might serve as potential preservatives to improve the safety and quality of fermented meat products.

Biogenic amines (BAs) in sausages represent a health risk for consumers, and thus investigating the BAs accumulation mechanism is important to control the BAs. In this study, the BAs profiles of 16 typical Chinese sausage samples were evaluated, and 8 kinds of common BAs were detected from different samples. As a whole, the BAs contents of the majority of Chinese sausage samples were within the safe dosage range, except that the total BAs and histamine concentrations of sample HBBD were above the toxic dosage levels. Furthermore, the bacterial and fungal communities of the Chinese sausage samples were investigated by high-throughput sequencing analysis, and Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Debaryomyces, and Aspergillus were identified as the predominant genera. Accordingly, 13 representative strains were selected from the dominant genera, and their BAs formation and degradation properties were evaluated. Finally, the results of fermented meats model experiment indicated that the Staphylococcus isolates including Staphylococcus pasteuri Sp, Staphylococcus epidermidis Se, Staphylococcus carnosus Sc1, Staphylococcus carnosus Sc2, and Staphylococcus simulans Ss could significantly reduce BAs, possessing the potential as the starter cultures to control the BAs in fermented meat products. The present study not only helped to explain the BAs accumulation mechanism in Chinese sausage, but also developed the candidates for potential BAs control in fermented meat products.

Abstract Chinese sausages are susceptible to lipid oxidation and growth of undesirable pathogenic microorganisms, while plant polyphenols rutin could act as a novel natural preservative due to exerting antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Thus this study investigated the effect of adding rutin (0.05% or 0.1%) or its natural source Flos Sophorae (0.2%) on the quality and microbiome of Chinese sausages. Results indicated that the Chinese sausages fortified with rutin or Flos Sophorae showed lower hardness, chewiness, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and acid values, higher moisture, pH, DPPH scavenging activity and fungal diversity, with higher beneficial (Incertae_sedis_Saccharomycetales and Mucor) and lower harmful fungi numbers compared with the control. But rutin addition decreased color scores and redness, whereas increased lightness and yellowness values, and reduced the numbers of predominant bacteria Staphylococcus at the low level and bacterial diversity at the high level. However, the supplementation of Flos Sophorae further elevated antioxidant state compared with rutin groups, without significant defect of bacterial community and color traits in Chinese sausages. Taken together, these results demonstrated that rutin's natural source Flos Sophorae could be as a potential antioxidant and improver of fungal community in Chinese sausages. Highlights • Rutin or Flos Sophorae enhances fungal diversity and beneficial fungi numbers. • Rutin has an antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus at the low level. • Flos Sophorae has no significant defect to bacteria community and color. • Flos Sophorae may be a potential preservative with higher antioxidant capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In order to improving the food safety of Chinese fermented sausages, Lactobacillus sakei as starter cultures was inoculated into sausages and effects on qualities of sausages were studied. The results clearly demonstrated that due to L. sakei inoculation, lactic acid bacteria rapidly dominated the total of microflora and the growth of food-borne pathogens, such as Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae, was completely inhibited during sausages fermentation. The pH of sausages fermented by L. sakei significantly decreased from6.31 at to 4.52, whereas that of spontaneous fermentation dropped from 6.41 to 5.42. Furthermore, the nitrite content of sausages fermented by L. sakei dropped rapidly from 100 ppm to 9.6 ppm. Accordingly, for spontaneous fermentation, the nitrite content dropped slowly from 100 ppm to 32.1 ppm. After sensory evaluation, sausages fermented by L. sakei was more likely accepted and enjoyed by consumers. L. sakei inoculation was beneficial for microbiological quality against the growth of food-borne pathogens and contributed to nitrite depletion as well as to improving sensorial characteristics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Chinese sausages made from normal and different levels of PSE pork (100% Normal, 50%Normal+50% PSE and 100% PSE) were vacuum-packaged and stored at 4 °C for 45 days. The composition, processing yield, pH value, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, water activity, lactic acid bacteria counts and sensory properties of the meat products were evaluated. PSE pork loins had lower pH value, water holding capacity, moisture, fat and myofibrillar proteins content, but higher L* value, drip loss and protein content than normal pork. Sausages made from 100% PSE pork had lower pH value, processing yield, moisture and fat content, but higher protein content than those of the 100% Normal and the 50% Normal+50% PSE treatments. Water activity was higher in the 100% PSE treatment than in other treatments. No differences in lactic acid bacterial counts among these treatments were observed. The pH values and water activity of the meat samples decreased, while lactic acid bacterial counts increased with storage time. TBA values among these treatments were not significantly different; however, the increase% of TBA values was higher for the 100% PSE treatment. TBA values of all treatments remained relatively low during storage. Chinese sausages made with 50–100% PSE pork had lower sensory texture, flavor and overall acceptability scores than the control samples, but were of acceptable quality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Chili pepper improved color of sausages, but its key pigment was gradually declined. • Co-adding Flos Sophorae inhibited declines of capsanthin and capsaicin of pepper. • Flos Sophorae or chili pepper or their mixture hindered lipid oxidation in sausages. • Flos Sophorae and its combination with pepper improved microbiological communities. • Combination of Flos Sophorae and chili pepper as a nitrite alternative in sausages. The main issue remains finding a nitrite alternative able to provide its multiple functions. Flos Sophorae exerts antioxidant and prebiotic actions, chili pepper has potent coloring capacity, thus this study investigated whether combination of Flos Sophorae and chili pepper could address the multiple activities of nitrite in Chinese sausages. Dry-fermented sausages were prepared: control and four treatments added with 150 mg/kg sodium nitrite (Nit), 0.2% Flos Sophorae (FS), 1% chili pepper (CP), and combination of 0.2% Flos Sophorae and 1% chili pepper (FS + CP). Results indicated that FS, CP and FS + CP had higher moisture, antioxidant activity and numbers of beneficial Staphylococcus and yeasts Candida , and lower numbers of Escherichia coli and harmful fungi, while FS had lower redness and harder texture than control. Their combination inhibited the declines of capsanthin and antioxidant capacity with ripening time, further improved microbiological communities compared with CP, and resulted in higher redness, similar color score and bacterial community, less lipid oxidation and softer texture compared with Nit. These results suggested that Flos Sophorae in combination with chili pepper could replace the nitrite's contribution to red curing color and microbiological communities, and effectively hinder lipid oxidation in Chinese sausages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]