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Most pharmaceutical compounds can benefit from being produced with a small particle size to enhance processing or therapeutic performance. Confined liquid impinging jets (CLIJ) were employed in this study to evaluate the feasibility and limitations in the production of nanodrugs (i.e., particle size in the nanorange). Four drugs from different pharmaceutical classes and water solubilities—salbutamol sulfate, mannitol, ibuprofen, and cyclosporine—were examined. Particles of salbutamol sulfate and cyclosporine with diameters of approximately 300 nm were successfully achieved. The use of CLIJ thus shows potential in the production of nanopharmaceuticals for certain compounds.

The aim of this work is to evaluate and optimise aerosol performance of precipitated cyclosporineA (CsA) powders as a model peptide for inhalation drug delivery. Confined liquid impinging jets (CLIJ) was used to precipitate CsA with stabilisers (lecithin and lactose), followed by spray drying to produce dry powders. Minimum concentrations of each stabiliser were determined from a matrix design of nine experimental conditions (i.e. 32 corresponding to 2 additives at 3 concentration levels). Suspensions of CsA particles of 180–700 nm were produced by CLIJ precipitation and powders comprising approximately agglomerates of CsA particles were obtained following spray drying. The internal structure of the agglomerates was not hollow. The aerosol performance of the CLIJ-spray dried powders was initially screened using a dry powder attachment on a laser diffractometer to identify the optimal CLIJ experimental conditions. The optimal aerosol performance was then confirmed using the Aeroliser® dry powder inhaler with a multi-stage liquid impinger operating at 60 and 100 L/min. The powder produced from spray drying of the suspension using CLIJ at 1% w/v lactose and 0.025% w/v lecithin showed the best dispersion behaviour and the corresponding aerosol performance shows a fine particle fraction of 54–56%. These results showed the potential of CLIJ precipitation with spray drying in the production of peptides for inhalation.