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8. Sensory dynamics of visual hallucinations in the normal population

Author

Pearson, J, Chiou, R, Rogers, S, Wicken, M, Heitmann, S, Ermentrout, B, Pearson, J, Chiou, R, Rogers, S, Wicken, M, Heitmann, S, and Ermentrout, B

Abstract

© Pearson et al. Hallucinations occur in both normal and clinical populations. Due to their unpredictability and complexity, the mechanisms underlying hallucinations remain largely untested. Here we show that visual hallucinations can be induced in the normal population by visual flicker, limited to an annulus that constricts content complexity to simple moving grey blobs, allowing objective mechanistic investigation. Hallucination strength peaked at ~11 Hz flicker and was dependent on cortical processing. Hallucinated motion speed increased with flicker rate, when mapped onto visual cortex it was independent of eccentricity, underwent local sensory adaptation and showed the same bistable and mnemonic dynamics as sensory perception. A neural field model with motion selectivity provides a mechanism for both hallucinations and perception. Our results demonstrate that hallucinations can be studied objectively, and they share multiple mechanisms with sensory perception. We anticipate that this assay will be critical to test theories of human consciousness and clinical models of hallucination.

Published
2016

10. Enalapril in RAPIDISC (wafer formulation): pharmacokinetic evaluation of a novel, convenient formulation

Author

Cylc D, Yuan As, Hesney M, Lo M-W, Shadle Cr, Chiou R, Goldberg Mr, and Jacqueline B. McCrea

Subjects
Pharmacology, Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Cross-Over Studies, Enalaprilat, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Chemistry, Urology, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Bioequivalence, Crossover study, Dosage form, Pharmacokinetics, Enalapril, Therapeutic Equivalency, Area Under Curve, ACE inhibitor, medicine, Humans, Pharmacology (medical), Geometric mean, medicine.drug
Abstract

Background: Enalapril in RAPIDISC * (wafer), a new easy-to-administer formulation of enalapril, may improve the convenience of enalapril therapy, thereby helping patients adhere to antihypertensive treatment. Subjects and methods: To determine whether 20 mg enalapril wafer is bioequivalent to the conventional 20 mg enalapril tablet, an open-label, two-period crossover study was performed in 16 healthy male volunteers. Cumulative urinary recovery of free enalaprilat (active metabolite of enalapril) and the serum maximum concentration of free enalaprilat (C max ) were the primary pharmacokinetic parameters used to determine bioequivalence in this study. Bioequivalence was defined as the geometric mean ratio (wafer: tablet) falling within the equivalence limits of 0.80 to 1.25 for both parameters. Results: Cumulative urinary recovery of free enalaprilat (0 - 72 hours) was similar between the wafer and conventional tablet formulations (arithmetic mean 5.13 vs. 5.03 mg, about 36% of dose). The geometric mean ratio of the urinary recovery of free enalaprilat (wafer: tablet) was 1.03 (90% CI: 0.93, 1.15). C max of serum enalaprilat was also similar between the wafer and conventional tablet formulations (arithmetic mean 85.7 vs. 76.3 ng/ml). The geometric mean C max ratio (wafer: tablet) was 1.10 (90% Cl: 1.00, 1.22). Both enalapril formulations were well tolerated. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that 20 mg enalapril in RAPIDISC is bioequivalent to 20 mg enalapril conventional tablet.

Published
2000

30. 125IUdR auger electron therapy: preliminary bioeffects studies in a swine model

Author

Holdeman, K., primary, Dalrymple, G., additional, Taylor, R., additional, Cohen, S., additional, Schneiderman, M., additional, Baranowska-Kortylewicz, J., additional, Sharp, J., additional, Chiou, R., additional, Harrison, K., additional, Leichner, P., additional, Augustine, S., additional, Jacobson, D., additional, Helseth, L., additional, Clausen, S., additional, Mariani, G., additional, and Charlton, D., additional

Published
1994
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32. Aspects of municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse for future water resource shortages in Taiwan.

Author

Chiou, R. J., Chang, T. C., and Ouyang, C. F.

Subjects
*WATER supply management, *WATER reuse, *SEWAGE purification by-products, *WATER conservation, *WATER in agriculture, *LANDSCAPE irrigation, *GOVERNMENT policy
Abstract

The Water Resources Agency (WRA), Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) has predicted that the annual water demand in Taiwan will reach approximately 20 billion m³ by 2021. However, the present water supply is only 18 billion m³ per year. This means that an additional 2 billion m³ have to be developed in the next 17 years. The reuse of treated wastewater effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants could be one target for the development of new water resources. The responsible government departments already have plans to construct public sewerage systems in order to improve the quality of life of the populace and protect the environment. The treated wastewater effluent from such municipal wastewater treatment plants could be a very stable and readily available secondary type of water resource, different from the traditional types of water resources. The major areas where reclaimed municipal wastewater can be used to replace traditional fresh water resources include agricultural and landscape irrigation, street cleaning, toilet flushing, secondary industrial reuse and environmental uses. However, necessary wastewater reclamation and reuse systems have not yet been established. The requirements for their establishment include water reuse guidelines and criteria, the elimination of health risks ensuring safe use, the determination of the wastewater treatment level appropriate for the reuse category, as well as the development and application of management systems reuse. An integrated system for water reuse would be of great benefit to us all by providing more efficient ways to utilise the water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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34. Proteolysis During the Fermentation of Ethanol-Supplemented Miso.

Author

Chiou, R. Y.-Y.

Subjects
*PROTEOLYSIS, *SUCROSE, *FERMENTATION, *SOYBEAN, *ALCOHOL, *MISO
Abstract

Steam-cooked soybeans mixed with rice koji (2:1, w/w) were ground into a fine paste, combined with NaCl (0 to 12.5%) or sucrose (0 to 25%), and supplemented with 15% ethanol for fermentation. The proteolytic activities decreased with NaCl or sucrose; the dose-response effect of NaCl was much more effective than that of sucrose. When fermented with 15% ethanol and 12.5% sucrose at various moisture contents from 30.6 to 53.0%, proteolysis increased proportionally to the increase of moisture content. Mechanical agitation enhanced proteolysis. After 4 w of fermentation, free amino acid contents were higher in products fermented without pH control than in products fermented with pH control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2001
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35. SURVIVAL OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND ESCHERICHIA COLI

Author

Huang, S., Weng, Y., and Chiou, R.

Subjects
Bacteria, Pathogenic, Disease transmission, Foodborne diseases, Food/cooking/nutrition
Abstract

Bacterial pathogens play a major role in outbreaks of foodborne diseases. Outbreaks of foodborne illness by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are often associated with unsanitary handling of food at [...]

Published
2001

36. Comparative effect of famotidine and cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in normal volunteers.

Author

Lin, JH, Chremos, AN, Chiou, R, Yeh, KC, and Williams, R

Abstract

The comparative effect of famotidine or cimetidine on theophylline disposition was determined in healthy volunteers. Cimetidine, but not famotidine, caused a reduction in the rate of elimination of theophylline. The mean total body clearance of theophylline was reduced from 57.6 ml min-1 before cimetidine to 39.5 ml min-1 during cimetidine; and the half-life was prolonged from 8.7 h before cimetidine to 12 h during cimetidine. The volume of distribution and renal excretion of theophylline were not affected by either famotidine or cimetidine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1987
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38. The effect of recycle ratio on nitrogen removal in the combined pre-denitrification/nitrification biofilter system

Author

Chiou, R-J. and Ouyang, C-F.

Abstract

Previous research has shown that nitrogen in municipal wastewater could be eliminated by a biofilter system. This study investigates the effect of the recycle ratio on total nitrogen removal and the nitrogen component in the effluent. In this study, a system combining pre-denitrification/nitrification biofilters was set up. The experiments which varied the recycle ratio of the nitrifying solution to the influent were carried out in order to determine the amount of the total nitrogen removal and the form of nitrogen in the effluent. These experimental results show that total nitrogen removal might be dependent on nitrification but not on denitrification. Although the operation at a low recycle ratio would result in a lower value of total nitrogen removal, the NH3-N content of the effluent would be lower and the flow condition would be more stable. In comparison, operation at a higher recycle ratio would result in a lower NO3--N content in the effluent, while the NH3-N content in the effluent would be higher. At a recycle ratio of 2.5, the total nitrogen removal is at its maximum. The relationship between specific nitrification rate and recycle ratio is also discussed.
© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry

Published
2001

41. White Particulate Formation as a Result of Enzymatic Proteolysis of Protein Substrates in Brine-fermented Foods

Author

Chiou, R. Y.-Y., Ferng, S., and Chen, M. J.

Abstract

Rice koji and rice-soy koji (1:1, w/w) were used as enzyme sources in combination with parahydroxyl benzoate (paraben), sulfanilamide, tetracycline, chloramphenicol or glacial acetic acid as antimicrobial agents for sufu fermentation. After 1 year of fermentation, no formation of white particulate was observed in rice koji products and in the rice-soy koji products with 10 mL/L of glacial acetic acid in the brines. Compositional analyses revealed that pH, tyrosine content and total amino nitrogen content of rice koji brines were lower than those of rice-soy koji brines. In a model system, a series of test tubes containing NaCl solution (150 g/L) and autoclaved soy koji or soybean used as protein substrates with supplements of various enzyme sources were fermented for 3 months at 35 °C. When an indigenous strain ofZygosaccharomyces rouxiiisolated from a fermented sufu brine or the sufu brine in which white particulates were present was respectively introduced into the systems using autoclaved soy koji as substrate, no white particulate was observed. However, white particulates were observed in the systems supplemented with soy koji extract, trypsin or pancreatin. When autoclaved soybean was used as the protein substrate, a white particulate was observed only in the system containing soy koji extract. Amino acid analysis of the particulates showed tyrosine to be the major component and independent of protease origin and presence of microorganisms.

Published
1997
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44. Antioxidative and Cytotoxic Compounds Extracted from the Sap of Rhus succedanea

Author

Wu, P.-L., Lin, S.-B., Huang, C.-P., and Chiou, R. Y.-Y.

Abstract

Two new antioxidative and cytotoxic compounds, 10‘(Z),13‘(E),15‘(E)-heptadecatrienylhydroquinone (1) and 10‘(Z),13‘(E)-heptadecadienylhydroquinone (2), as well as the known 10‘(Z)-heptadecenylhydroquinone (3), were isolated from an EtOH extract of the sap of Rhus succedanea. The structures were elucidated by spectral analyses. These compounds showed antioxidative and cytotoxic activities against five cancer cell lines.

Published
2002
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