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Bats have been reported as hosts of the Trypanosoma cruzi protozoan, the etiologic agent of American trypanosomiasis, an endemic zoonotic disease in México.To describe T. cruzi infection in bats from the states of Campeche and Yucatán, México.Captures were made from March to November, 2017, at three sites in Yucatán and one in Campeche. Up to four mist nets on two consecutive nights were used for the capture. The bats' species were identified and euthanasia was performed to collect kidney and heart samples for total DNA extraction. Trypanosoma cruzi infection was detected by conventional PCR with the amplification of a fragment belonging to the T. cruzi DNA nuclear.Eighty-six bats belonging to five families (Vespertilionidae, Noctilionidae, Mormoopidae, Phyllostomidae, and Molossidae) and 13 species (Rhogeessa aeneus, Noctilio leporinus, Pteronotus davyi, P. parnellii, Artibeus jamaicensis, A. lituratus, A. phaeotis, Glossophaga soricina, Carollia sowelli, Chiroderma villosum, Uroderma bilobatum, Sturnira parvidens, and Molossus rufus) were captured. Infection frequency by PCR was 30,2% (26/86) detected only in the renal tissue. The infected species were P. parnellii, G. soricina, A. lituratus, A. jamaicensis, S. parvidens, C. villosum, and R. aeneus.Our results confirmed the participation of several bat species as hosts in the T. cruzi transmission cycle in the region. Further studies are necessary to establish the importance of these animals in the zoonotic transmission of T. cruzi.Introducción. Los murciélagos se han reportado como huéspedes del protozoario Trypanosoma cruzi, agente etiológico de la tripanosomiasis americana, enfermedad zoonótica endémica en México. Objetivo. Describir la infección con T. cruzi en murciélagos capturados en los estados de Campeche y Yucatán, México. Materiales y métodos. Se realizaron capturas de marzo a noviembre de 2017 en tres sitios de Yucatán y uno de Campeche. Para la captura se emplearon hasta cuatro redes de niebla por dos noches consecutivas. Se identificó la especie de los murciélagos capturados y se les practicó la eutanasia para recolectar muestras de riñón y corazón, utilizadas posteriormente en la extracción de ADN total. La infección con T. cruzi se detectó por la amplificación con PCR convencional de un fragmento perteneciente al ADN nuclear de T. cruzi. Resultados. Se capturaron 86 murciélagos pertenecientes a cinco familias (Vespertilionidae, Noctilionidae, Mormoopidae, Phyllostomidae, Molossidae) y 13 especies (Rhogeessa aeneus, Noctilio leporinus, Pteronotus davyi, P. parnellii, Artibeus jamaicensis, A. lituratus, A. phaeotis, Glossophaga soricina, Carollia sowelli, Chiroderma villosum, Uroderma bilobatum, Sturnira parvidens y Molossus rufus). La PCR mostró una frecuencia de infección de 30,2 % (26/86), detectada únicamente en tejido renal. Las especies infectadas fueron P. parnellii, G. soricina, A. lituratus, A. jamaicensis, S. parvidens, C. villosum y R. aeneus. Conclusiones. Los resultados confirmaron la participación de varias especies de murciélagos como huéspedes en el ciclo de transmisión de T. cruzi en la región. Es necesario realizar más estudios para determinar la importancia de estos animales en la transmisión zoonótica de T. cruzi.

C. v. villosum Peters, 1860 Synonyms: Chiroderma villosum Peters, 1860:748; type locality “Brasilia.” Chiroderma villosa Jones, 1951: 224; incorrect gender concordance. Chiroderma villosum villosum: Handley, 1960:466; first use of current name combination. Chiroderma trinitatum: Pirlot, 1972: 76, not Chiroderma trinitatum Goodwin, 1958. Chiroderma sp. Nowak, 1994: 160. Chiroderma salvini Nowak, 1994: 160, not Chiroderma salvini Dobson, 1878. Chiroderma [sp.] Czaplewski & Cartelle, 1998: 794. see Garbino & Tavares (2018a) Chiroderma salvini: Medina et al., 2015: 204, not Chiroderma salvini Dobson, 1878. Chiroderma salvini: Rocha et al., 2016: 573; not Chiroderma salvini Dobson, 1878. Chiroderma salvini: Maas et al., 2018: 672; not Chiroderma salvini Dobson, 1878. Distribution and Habitat. The nominal subspecies, C. v. villosum, is known from the tropical region of cis-Andean South America. The taxon has been recorded in Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Ecuador, Perú, and Bolivia (Fig. 28). The southern limit of the subspecies is in the Brazilian state of Paraná (not mapped; Reis et al. 1998). The subspecies occurs in a wide variety of environments, including humid and seasonal forests (e.g. Amazonia, Atlantic rainforest), flooded plains (e.g. Pantanal, Llanos), and dry formations (e.g. Caatinga, Cerrado) (Handley 1976; Gregorin et al. 2008; Luz et al. 2011; Fischer et al. 2015). C. v. villosum apparently tolerates some habitat disturbance, as it occurs in small forest fragments and urban areas (Nogueira & Peracchi 2003; Ferreira et al. 2010; Nunes et al. 2017). Chiroderma villosum villosum occurs from sea level to approximately 1,000 m. In Venezuela, 99% of the specimens of C. v. villosum were captured below 500 m (Handley 1976). In the Peruvian Amazonia (Madre de Dios), the species was recorded between 340 and 950 m (Solari et al. 2006)., Published as part of Garbino, Guilherme S. T., Lim, Burton K. & Tavares, Valéria Da C., 2020, Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae), pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4846 (1) on page 54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4846.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4017497, {"references":["Peters, W. (1860) Eine neute Gattung von Flederthieren, Chiroderma villosum, aus Brasilien vor. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861,747 - 755.","Jones, T. (1951) Bat records from the islands of Grenada and Tobago, British West Indies. Journal of Mammalogy, 32 (2), 223 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmammal / 32.2.223 - b","Handley Jr., C. O. (1960) Descriptions of new bats from Panama. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 112, 459 - 479. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.112 - 3442.459","Pirlot, P. (1972) Chiropteres de moyenne Amazonie. Mammalia, 36 (1), 71 - 85. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / mamm. 1972.36.1.71","Goodwin, G. G. (1958) Three new bats from Trinidad. American Museum Novitates, 1877, 1 - 6.","Nowak, R. M. (1994) Walker's bats of the world. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 863 pp.","Dobson, G. E. (1878) Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum of Natural History, London, xxxvi + 567 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 55341","Czaplewski, N. J. & Cartelle, C. (1998) Pleistocene bats from cave deposits in Bahia, Brazil. J ournal of Mammalogy, 79 (3), 784 - 803. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1383089","Garbino, G. S. T. & Tavares, V. da C. (2018 a) A Quaternary record of the big-eyed bat Chiroderma villosum (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) with a revised lower molar terminology. Mammalia, 82 (4), 393 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / mammalia- 2017 - 0037","Medina, C. E., Lopez, E., Pino, K., Pari, A. & Zeballos, H. (2015) Biodiversidad de la zona reservada Sierra del Divisor (Peru): una vision desde los mamiferos pequenos Revista Peruana de Biologia, 22 (2), 199 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.15381 / rpb. v 22 i 2.11354","Rocha, P. A., Brandao, M. V., Garbino, G. S. T., Cunha, I. N. & Aires, C. C. (2016) First record of Salvin's big-eyed bat Chiroderma salvini Dobson, 1878 for Brazil. Mammalia, 80 (5), 573 - 578. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / mammalia- 2015 - 0077","Maas, A. C. S., Gomes, L. A. C., Martins, M. A., Dias, D., Pol, A., Chaves, F. G., Schute, M., Araujo, R. M. & Peracchi, A. L. (2018) Bats in a Cerrado landscape of Northern Brazil: Species occurrence, influence of environmental heterogeneity and seasonality, and eight new records for the State of Tocantins. Mammalia, 82 (5), 469 - 480. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / mammalia- 2017 - 0023","Reis, N. R., Peracchi, A. L., Lima, I. P., Sekiama M. L. & Rocha, V. J. (1998) Updated list of the chiropterians [sic] of the city of Londrina, Parana, Brazil. Chiroptera Neotropical, 4 (2), 96 - 98.","Handley Jr., C. O. (1976) Mammals of the Smithsonian Venezuelan Project. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series, 20 (5), 1 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 5667","Gregorin, R., Carmignotto, A. P. & Percequillo, A. R. (2008) Quiropteros do Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusoes, Piaui, nordeste do Brasil. Chiroptera Neotropical, 14 (1), 366 - 383.","Luz, J. L., Mangolin, R., Esberard, C. E. L. & Bergallo, H. G. (2011) Morcegos (Chiroptera) capturados em lagoas do Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 11 (4), 161 - 168. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032011000400016","Fischer, E., Santos, C. F., Carvalho, L. F. A. C., Camargo, G., Cunha, N. L., Silveira, M., Bordignon, M. O. & Silva, M. O. (2015) Bat fauna of Mato Grosso do Sul, southwestern Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 15 (2), 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1676 - 06032015006614","Nogueira, M. R. & Peracchi, A. L. (2003) Fig-seed predation by 2 species of Chiroderma: discovery of a new feeding strategy in bats. Journal of Mammalogy, 84 (1), 225 - 233. https: // doi. org / 10.1644 / 1545 - 1542 (2003) 084 2.0. CO; 2","Ferreira, C. M. M., Fischer, E. & Pulcherio-Leite, A. (2010) Fauna de morcegos em remanescentes urbanos de Cerrado em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. Biota Neotropica, 10 (3), 155 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032010000300017","Nunes, H., Rocha F. L. & Cordeiro-Estrela, P. (2017) Bats in urban areas of Brazil: roosts, food resources and parasites in disturbed environments. Urban Ecosystems, 20 (4), 953 - 969. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11252 - 016 - 0632 - 3","Solari, S., Pacheco, V., Luna, L., Velazco, P. M. & Patterson, B. D. (2006) Mammals of the Manu Biosphere Reserve. Fieldiana Zoology, New Series, 110, 13 - 22. https: // doi. org / 10.3158 / 0015 - 0754 (2006) 110 [13: MOTMBR] 2.0. CO; 2"]}

C. v. jesupi Allen, 1900 Synonyms: Chiroderma jesupi Allen, 1900: 88; type locality “ Cacagualito, Colombia.” Chiroderma isthmicum Miller, 1912: 25; type locality “ Cabima, Panama.” Chiroderma isthmica Hall and Jackson, 1953: 645; incorrect gender concordance. Chiroderma villosum jesupi: Handley, 1960:466; first use of current name combination. Distribution and Habitat. The subspecies C. v. jesupi occurs in the tropical region of trans-Andean South America and also in Central America and México. The taxon has been recorded in México (Oaxaca, Hidalgo, Veracruz, and states to the south), Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panamá (including Islas Perlas), western Colombia, western Ecuador, and extreme northwestern Perú (Tumbes; Fig. 28). Collecting sites of C. v. jesupi are in dry and humid tropical forests. The taxon has been recorded from sea level up to approximately 970 m. In northwestern Perú (Tumbes), specimens were captured at 350 m (Novoa et al. 2011). In Colombia (Tolima), the taxon was captured at 900 m (Galindo-Espinosa et al. 2010). In southern México (Chiapas), the maximum capture elevation was 915 m (Davis et al. 1964). Remarks. The original description of Chiroderma villosum was based on specimen ZMB 408 and on a skeleton from the anatomical collection of the Berlin museum that is probably lost (Turni & Kock 2008; Garbino & Nogueira 2017). From the two syntypes, Turni & Kock (2008: 44) selected specimen ZMB 408 as the lectotype, but Thomas (1891: 882) had already designated the same specimen, i.e. the one represented in Peters’ plate, as the lectotype. In the species description, Peters (1860: 748) mentioned only “Brasilia” as the locality and suggested that the lectotype was collected by Friedrich Sellow. In the collection catalogue of the Museum für Naturkunde, the locality of the specimen, handwritten by Peters reads just “ Brasilien ”, and there is no note indicating who collected it (Garbino & Nogueira 2017). Due to the impossibility to further restrict the type locality and the lack of evidence that it was indeed collected by Sellow, we follow most authors in citing “ Brazil ” as the type locality of Chiroderma villosum (Handley 1960; Husson 1962; Carter & Dolan 1978; Simmons 2005; Gardner 2008a; Turni & Kock 2008; Garbino & Nogueira 2017). Cabrera (1958: 85) erroneously designated “ Venezuela ” as the type locality of Chiroderma villosum, followed by Goodwin & Greenhall (1961), and probably by Vieira (1942, 1955), who did not include the species among the Brazilian mammals. Cabrera may have altered the type locality based on the mention of a specimen from St. Esteban, Venezuela by Thomas (1891: 56), which was the first subsequent precise locality reported for the species. Natural History. C. villosum is a secondarily granivorous frugivore, specializing in chewing the seeds of fruits of Ficus to extract nutritive content (Nogueira & Peracchi 2003; Wagner et al. 2015). The species apparently has preference for Ficus, and fruits of this genus may compose 100% of the diet of C. villosum in Panamá (Bonaccorso 1979). Nine species of Ficus have been recorded in the diet of C. villosum in Panamá: Ficus citrifolia, F. dugandii, F. insipida, F. nymphaefolia, F. obtusifolia, F. paraensis, F. pertusa, F. popenoei, and F. trigonata (Bonaccorso 1979; Handley et al. 1991; Wendeln et al. 2000; Wagner et al. 2015). Consumption of infructescences of Cecropia obtusa was recorded in the diet of C. villosum from French Guiana (Lobova et al. 2003; Suárez-Castro & Montenegro 2015). C. villosum have been captured at mineral-rich clay licks (“collpas”) in the Peruvian Amazon (Bravo et al. 2008; Ghanem & Voigt 2014). In the Guianas, Amazonia, and in the Atlantic rainforest, the species was captured more frequently in the canopy, suggesting that C. villosum is a canopy frugivore (Ascorra et al. 1996; Simmons & Voss 1998; Charles- Dominique & Cockle 2001; Kalko & Handley Jr. 2001; Delaval et al. 2005; Gregorin et al. 2017). The only natural day roost recorded for the species are tree hollows in Venezuela (Handley 1976). In addition to natural shelters, C. villosum has been found in buildings in Brazil, Panamá, and Venezuela (Goldman 1920; Handley 1976; data from the DZSJRP collection catalogue). The following ectoparasites have been documented on C. v. jesupi: Aspidoptera busckii (Streblidae), Trichobius joblingi (Streblidae), Paratrichobius sp. A (Wenzel et al. 1966). In Venezuela, two species of streblid bat flies (Trichobius parasiticus and Metelasmus pseudopterus), two spinturnicid mites (Periglischurus acustidens and P. iheringi), and a species of trombiculid mite (Whartonia nudosetosa), are known from C. v. villosum (Herrin & Tipton 1975; Reed & Brennan 1975; Wenzel 1976). Marinkelle & Grose (1981) recorded Megistopoda proxima and Strebla carolliae, two species of streblid bat flies from Colombian C. villosum. The absence or rarity of spinturnicid mites on C. villosum was noted in some studies: in Panamá no mite was recorded on any specimen, in the Peruvian Amazon no mite was collected from 33 specimens, and only two mites were collected from a sample of 724 Venezuelan C. villosum (Furman 1966; Herrin & Tipton 1975; Gettinger 2018). Two flesh fly larvae of the genus Sarcophaga (Sarcophagidae), were found in the abdominal cavity of a freshly-dead female, suggesting that they parasitized the live animal (Goodwin & Greenhall 1961). Blood parasites of the family Trypanosomatidae, subfamily Leishmaninae, are known from C. v. villosum from central Brazil, and Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) is documented in this species from Colombia (Marinkelle 1982; Lourenço et al. 2018). One C. v. villosum from southeastern Brazil had traces of hantavirus infection, making C. villosum one of the few species of frugivorous bat to host this virus (Sabino-Santos et al. 2015). Reproductive data from specimens we examined and from the literature (Davis et al. 1964; Jones et al. 1971; Taddei 1976; Bonaccorso 1979; Anderson 1997) suggest seasonal polyestry. In Central America (Nicaragua and Panamá), pregnant females were recorded in January, February, and March, just before the beginning of the rainy season, and lactating C. villosum were found in February, March, and April. In South America, pregnancies were also recorded before the rainy season in July and August (Rondônia, Brazil) and in August and September (Bolivian, Ecuadorian, and Peruvian Amazon). In southeastern Brazil (São Paulo), C. villosum were recorded as pregnant in July and August. In Venezuela, pregnancies were recorded both before the rainy season in January, February, March, and April, and during the rainy season in June, and July; whereas, lactating individuals were documented in February, June, and July. Specimens Examined (N = 509): Belize: Toledo, Bladen Nature Reserve (USNM 583035, 583036). Bolivia: Beni, Río Iténez (AMNH 209529–209533), Vacadiaz (USNM 390606); La Paz, Santa Ana de Madidi (AMNH 261677); Pando, Independencia (AMNH 262526–262529), Río Nareuda (248884, 248885); Santa Cruz, Buenavista (AMNH 61754), Parque Nacional Noel Kempff Mercado (AMNH 264078, 264079). Brazil: without specific locality (ZMB 408 [lectotype of villosum]); Acre, Seringal Lagoinha (DZSJRP 13029–13033), Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor (ALP 7011, 7018, 7022, 7023, 7050, 7059, 7160, 7308); Alagoas, Mata de Coimbra (UFPB 4349); Amazonas, Comunidade Cachoeirinha (LMUSP [ICA048]), Humaitá (DZSJRP 14793), Igarapé Taracuá (LMUSP [JAP76]), km 27 of BR319 (DZSJRP 14121, 14651), km 5 of BR230 (DZSJRP 13134), opposite to Comunidade São Pedro (LMUSP [ICA169], LMUSP [ICA170]), Vila de Santa Fé (LMUSP [JAP84]); Bahia, Ilhéus (CMU- FLA 1076, 1078, 1119); Espírito Santo, Aracruz Celulose (MZUSP 35032), Fazenda Santa Terezinha (MZUSP 35030, 35031), Reserva Natural Vale (ALP 2806, 2810, 3009, 3249, 3327, 3408, 4560, 4758); Mato Grosso, 264 km N Xavantina (USNM 393712–393714), Aricá (MZUSP 6494), Cláudia (MZUSP [PEV 1225-1226]), Nossa Senhora do Livramento (UFMT 1146, 1147), Parque Nacional do Juruena (CMUFLA 1290, 1299), Sinop (ALP 3419), U.H.E. foz do Apiacás (UFMT 1952, 1953), Usina Teles Pires (UFMT 2137, 2138); Mato Grosso do Sul, Estação Ecológica Dahma (ZUFMS 492), Maciço do Urucum (ZUFMS 208, 209), Pantanal de Aquidauana (ZUFMS 1904), Pantanal de Nhecolândia (ZUFMS 244, 1896); Minas Gerais, Dores do Indaiá (UFMG 3760), Estação Ecológica de Pirapitinga (ALP 9166, 9370), Fazenda Cabriúna (CMUFLA 465), Fazenda Marinheiro (DZSJRP 14480), Parque Nacional do Peruaçu (CMUFLA 907, 1532–1536, 1676–1678, 1680, 1682, 1684, 1686), Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (CMUFLA 1158, 1161, 1834, 1839–1841); Pará, 52 km SSW Altamira (MZUSP 22677), Centro Kaiapó de Estudos Ecológicos (MZUSP 29150–29152), Floresta Nacional de Carajás (UFMG [VCT6305]), Floresta Nacional de Carajás, Serra Norte (UFMG [VCT2303]), Floresta Nacional de Carajás, Serra Sul, Corpo A (UFMG [VCT1959], UFMG [VCT5157]), Floresta Nacional de Carajás, Serra Sul, Corpo C (UFMG [VCT2019], UFMG [VCT5073], UFMG [VCT5079]), Lago Jacaré (MZUSP 13335), Lago Leonardo (MZUSP 13209, 13197), Platô Greig (UFMG 3258), Platô Monte Branco (UFMG 3244), Porto Trombetas (UFMG 3212, 3214, 3221, 3246), Projeto Alemão (UFMG [VCT4394], UFMG [VCT4444]), Rio Xingu, left bank (MPEG 4112), Sta.A, IAN (USNM 361724, 361725), Várzea, Belém (USNM 460128–460130); Paraíba, Fazenda Pacatuba (UFPB 4), João Pessoa (UFPB 10333, 10335, 10336); Pernambuco, Recife (UFMG [M1], UFMG [M2], UFMG [M3]); Piauí, Boqueirão da Esperança (ZUEC 2066), Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões (MZUSP 33502); Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botânico (ALP 7419– 7424, 7426–7431, 8278), Parque Estadual Serra da Tiririca (ALP 5578, 5579); Rondônia, Calama (AMNH 37041), Costa Marques (AMNH 209575), Pedra Branca (MZUSP 22827), Pedras Negras (AMNH 209576), Cachoeira de Nazaré, Rio Machado (MZUSP 20200, 20201), U.H.E. Jirau (MZUSP 35408); Roraima, Estação Ecológica da Ilha de Maracá (DZSJRP 11487); São Paulo, São José do Rio Preto (DZSJRP 4586, 4676), Engenheiro Schmidt (DZS- JRP 4804), Fazenda São Paulo (DZSJRP 14302, 14305, 14319), Roberto (DZSJRP 16549), Parque Natural Municipal Grota de Mirassol (DZSJRP 4000, 4032, 4033), Fazenda Paraguassu (ZUEC 968), Sítio Progresso (DZSJRP 3783, 3922, 4337, 4386–4390); Sergipe, Estação Ecológica de Itabaiana (CMUFS 64), Mata do Junco (CMUFS 97), Parque Nacional Serra de Itabaiana (ALP 8971); Tocantins, U.H.E. São Salvador (MZUSP [SSI178]). Colombia: no specific locality (USNM 598086); Amazonas, Puerto Nariño (USNM 483777); Antioquia, La Tirana (IAvH-M 930, USNM 449480–499482), Vereda La Pola, Parque Nacional Natural Los Katíos (IAvH-M 4923); Chocó, Corregimiento Gilgal, P.N.N. Los Katíos (IAvH-M 4924–4926), Reserva Florestal Especial Las Teresitas (IAvH-M 3257), Vereda El Tilupo, P.N.N. Los Katíos (IAvH-M 4927–4929); Magdalena, Cagualito (AMNH 14574 [holotype of jesupi]), Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona (IAvH-M 4198), Vereda El Congo (IAvH-M M-9665); Putumayo, Caño Caucayá (IAvH-M M-624); Sucre, Estación Primates (IAvH-M 9583), Quebrada El Sereno (IAvH-M 9593); Valle del Cauca, Río Zabaletas (USNM 483770–483776); Vaupés, Caño Arara (IAvH-M 1550). Costa Rica : Puntarenas, Corcovado National Park (USNM 565813). El Salvador: La Libertad, Deininger Park (TTU 63906); La Paz, Hacienda Escuintla (TTU 63911); La Unión, El Tamarindo (TTU 63912). Ecuador: Los Ríos, Beata Elvira (USNM 498921, 498922), El Papayo (USNM 498923, 522435–522437), Hacienda Santa Teresita (USNM 522438), Lima Pareja (USNM 498924, 498925, 522434), Río Nuevo (USNM 534315, 534316), Vinces (USNM 534314); Pastaza, Lorocachi (USNM 548240, 548241), Santiago (not located; USNM 548242), Tiguino (USNM 574537, 574539), Yosa (not located, USNM 548237–548239); Pichincha, Río Palenque Science Center (USNM 528541). Guatemala: Jutiapa, Colonia Montufar (AMNH 217417), Santa Rosa, La Avellana (AMNH 235312–235315). Guyana — Barima-Waini, North West, Santa Cruz (ROM 98850); Cuyuni-Mazaruni, 24 km along Potaro road from Bartica (BMNH 1965.645), Namai Creek (ROM 108219); Upper Demerara-Berbice, Dubulay Ranch (USNM 582328); Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo, Chodikar River (ROM 106644). French Guiana: Sinnamary, Paracou (AMNH 267190, 267191, 268534 – 268536). México: Veracruz, Xalapa (= Jalapa) (BMNH 81.10.27.1). Nicaragua — Zelaya (currently Región Autónoma de la Costa Caribe Sur), 4,5 km NW Rama (TTU 12794). Panamá — Bocas del Toro, Almirante (USNM 315559–315562), Isla Popa (USNM 464304), Sibube (USNM 335298, 335299); Colón, Bohio Peninsula (USNM 503637); Darién, Cana (USNM 179619), El Real (USNM 338045), Jaqué (USNM 362920), Punta Piña (USNM 314718), Tacarcuna Village Camp (USNM 309894, 309896–309900); Los Santos, Cerro Hoya (USNM 323451–323453), Guánico Arriba (USNM 323448–323450); Panamá, Barro Colorado Island (USNM 304904, 304905, 304907–304909, 332053, 457954, 544896), Cabima (USNM 173834 [holotype of isthmicum], USNM 173836), Cerro Azul (USNM 305386), Culebra (USNM 223402), Gamboa (USNM 520557, 520558), Isla San José (USNM 448449), Punta de Cocos (USNM 314719, 314720, 314721), Río Mandinga (USNM 305385); San Blas (currently Guna Yala), Armila (USNM 335300–335316); Veraguas, Isla Cébaco (USNM 360219). Perú: Cusco, Camisea (USNM 582836), Camisea, Armihuari (MUSM 13606, 13631, 13634, 13636, 13637, 13639– 13641), Camisea, Konkariari (MUSM 14742), Camisea, Pagoreni (MUSM 13610, 13615, USNM 582839), Camisea, San Martín (MUSM 13618, 13644, USNM 582840, 582841), Jenaro Herrera (MUSM 6791), Ridge Camp (USNM 588033); Loreto, 13,6 km NW Albarenga (MUSM 26545), Alto Río Pauya (MUSM 17734), Centro de Investigaciones Jenaro Herrera (MUSM 4221, 4222), Estación Biologica Allpahuayo (MUSM 16476), Ninarumi (MUSM 29560, 29561), Paujil (MUSM 29562), Puesto de Vigilancia Castaña (MUSM 21136), Quistococha (USNM 337940), Río Lagartococha (MUSM 21137), Río Pisqui, Campamento Llanura (MUSM 17735), Río Samiria (MUSM 29562), Río Samiria, Flor de Yarina (MUSM 1637), Río Samiria, Tacshacocha (MUSM 1638, 1639), San Lorenzo (BMNH 1924.3.1.75, 1924.3.1.76), Zungarococha (MUSM 29563); Madre de Dios, CICRA (MUSM 26106), Cocha Salvador (MUSM 733), Estación Biológica Cocha Cashu (MUSM 15856), Explorer’s Inn Lodge (MUSM 1640), Hacienda Amazonia (MUSM 9757), Maskoitania (MUSM 19671), Pakitza (MUSM 6781, USNM 566544), Quebrada Aguas Calientes (MUSM 16653, 16660, 16661, 16665–16667), Reserva Cuzco Amazónico (MUSM 6168, 6169), Santuario Nacional Pampas del Heath (MUSM 12827); Pasco, Campamento Río Lobo (MUSM 10232), Cerro Chontiya (MUSM 10225, 10230, 10231), San Juan (USNM 364418), Villa America (MUSM 1641); San Martín, Concesion de Conservación Valle del Biavo (MUSM 43843, 43844, 43485), Juanjuí (MUSM 1642), Saposoa (MUSM 1643), Yurac Yacu (BMNH 27.1.1.63); Tumbes, Carrizalillo (MUSM 22123), Parque Nacional Cerros de Amotape (MUSM 22121, 22122), Quebrada Las Pavas (MUSM 24479); Ucayali, 59 km W Pucallpa (USNM 461256), Concesión de Conservación Río La Novia (MUSM 44186, 44187, 44472). Suriname: Brokopondo, Brownsberg Nature Park (ROM 114212); Sipaliwini, Kushere Landing (ROM 120226). Trinidad and Tobago: Tobago, Charlotteville (USNM 540676); Trinidad, without specific locality (AMNH 256325), Diego Martin (AMNH 183167), Grande Riviere (AMNH 172149), Guaico Tamana (AMNH 172148), Maracas Valley (AMNH 175599), Waterloo (BMNH 1897.6.7.44). Venezuela: Amazonas, 9 km SE Puerto Ayacucho (MZUSP 27168), Cerro Neblina base camp (USNM 560606, 560607, 560767, 560768, 560769, 560770, 560771, 560772), Río Cunucunuma (USNM 405127, 405165, 405167–05171), Río Manapiare (USNM 408624–408660, 408662–408678), Río Mavaca (USNM 405175), San Carlos de Rio Negro (USNM 560604, 560605), Tamatama (USNM 405176, 405177, 408611–408617); Bolívar, El Manaco (USNM 387205–387209, 387212, 387213, 387126, 387210, 387211, 387214, 387215), Hato La Florida (USNM 405164), Hato San José (USNM 405162), Río Supamo (USNM 387204); Sucre, Manacal (USNM 408620); Yaracuy, 19 km NW Urama (USNM 372145, 372146, 372149, 372150)., Published as part of Garbino, Guilherme S. T., Lim, Burton K. & Tavares, Valéria Da C., 2020, Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae), pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4846 (1) on pages 54-56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4846.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4017497, {"references":["Allen, J. A. (1900) List of bats collected by Mr. H. H. Smith in the Santa Marta region of Colombia, with descriptions of new species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 13, 87 - 94.","Miller, G. S. (1912) A small collection of bats from Panama. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 42, 21 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.42 - 1882.21","Hall, E. R. & Jackson, W. B. (1953) Seventeen species of bats recorded from Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, 5, 641 - 646.","Handley Jr., C. O. (1960) Descriptions of new bats from Panama. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 112, 459 - 479. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.112 - 3442.459","Novoa, S., Cadenillas, R. & Pacheco, V. (2011) Dispersion de semillas por murcielagos frugivoros en bosques del Parque Nacional Cerros de Amotape, Tumbes, Peru. Mastozoologia Neotropical, 18 (1), 81 - 93.","Galindo-Espinosa, E. Y., Gutierrez-Diaz, K. A. & Reinoso-Florez, G. (2010) Lista de los quiropteros del departamento del Tolima, Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 11 (1 / 2), 107 - 116.","Davis, W. B., Carter, D. C. & Pine, R. H. (1964) Noteworthy records of Mexican and Central American bats. Journal of Mammalogy, 45 (3), 287 - 375. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1377410","Turni, H. & Kock, D. (2008) Type specimens of bats (Chiroptera: Mammalia) in the collections of the Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin. Zootaxa, 1869 (1), 1 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1869.1.1","Garbino, G. S. T. & Nogueira, M. R. (2017) On the mammals collected by Friedrich Sellow in Brazil and Uruguay (1814 - 1831), with special reference to the types and their provenance. Zootaxa, 4221 (2), 172 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4221.2.2","Thomas, O. (1891) Note on Chiroderma villosum with the description of a new species for the genus. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Series 2, 10, 881 - 883.","Peters, W. (1860) Eine neute Gattung von Flederthieren, Chiroderma villosum, aus Brasilien vor. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861,747 - 755.","Husson, A. M. (1962) The bats of Suriname. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 58 (1), 1 - 278.","Carter, D. C. & Dolan, P. G. (1978) Catalogue of type specimens of neotropical bats in selected european museums. Museum of Texas Tech University Special Publications 15. Museum of Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, Texas, pp. 1 - 136.","Simmons, N. B. (2005) Order Chiroptera. In: Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M. (Eds.), Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, pp. 312 - 529.","Gardner, A. L. (2008 a) Genus Chiroderma W. Peters, 1860. In: Gardner, A. L. (Ed.), Mammals of South America: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, pp. 321 - 326.","Cabrera, A. (1958) Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales \" Bernardino Rivadavia \", Zoologia, 4, i-xvi + i-iv + 308.","Goodwin, G. G. & Greenhall, A. M. (1961) A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 122, 187 - 301.","Vieira, C. O. da C. (1942) Ensaio monografico sobre os quiropteros do Brasil. Arquivos de Zoologia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 3, 219 - 471.","Vieira, C. O. da C. (1955) Lista remissiva dos mamiferos do Brasil. Arquivos de Zoologia, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 8, 341 - 474.","Nogueira, M. R. & Peracchi, A. L. (2003) Fig-seed predation by 2 species of Chiroderma: discovery of a new feeding strategy in bats. Journal of Mammalogy, 84 (1), 225 - 233. https: // doi. org / 10.1644 / 1545 - 1542 (2003) 084 2.0. CO; 2","Wagner, I., Ganzhorn, J. U., Kalko, E. K. V. & Tschapka, M. (2015) Cheating on the mutualistic contract: nutritional gain through seed predation in the frugivorous bat Chiroderma villosum (Phyllostomidae). Journal of Experimental Biology, 218, 1016 - 1021. https: // doi. org / 10.1242 / jeb. 114322","Bonaccorso, F. J. (1979) Foraging and reproductive ecology in a Panamanian bat community. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences, 24 (4), 359 - 408.","Handley Jr., C. O., Gardner, A. L. & Wilson, D. E. (1991) Food habits. In: Handley Jr., C. O., Gardner, A. L. & Wilson, D. E. (Eds.), Demography and natural history of the common fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis, on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 141 - 146.","Wendeln, M. C., Runkle, J. R. & Kalko, E. K. V. (2000) Nutritional values of 14 fig species and bat feeding preferences in Panama. Biotropica, 32 (3), 489 - 501. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7429.2000. tb 00495. x","Lobova, T. A., Mori, S. A., Blanchard, F., Peckham, H. & Charles-Dominique, P. (2003) Cecropia as a food resource for bats in French Guiana and the significance of fruit structure in seed dispersal and longevity. American Journal of Botany, 90 (3), 388 - 403. https: // doi. org / 10.3732 / ajb. 90.3.388","Suarez-Castro, A. F. & Montenegro, O. L. (2015) Consumo de plantas pioneras por murcielagos frugivoros en una localidad de la Orinoquia Colombiana. Mastozoologia Neotropical, 22 (1), 125 - 139.","Bravo, A., Harms, K. E., Stevens, R. D. & Emmons, L. H. (2008) Collpas: Activity hotspots for frugivorous bats (Phyllostomidae) in the Peruvian Amazon. Biotropica, 40 (2), 203 - 210. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7429.2007.00362. x","Ghanem, S. J. & Voigt, C. C. (2014) Defaunation of tropical forests reduces habitat quality for seed-dispersing bats in Western Amazonia: An unexpected connection via mineral licks. Animal Conservation, 17 (1), 44 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / acv. 12055","Ascorra, C. F., Solari, S. & Wilson, D. E. (1996) Diversidad y Ecologia de los Quiropteros en Pakitza. In: Wilson, D. E. & Sandoval, A. (Eds.), Manu. The biodiversity of Southeastern Peru. Editorial Horizonte, Lima, pp. 593 - 612.","Simmons, N. B. & Voss, R. S. (1998) The Mammals of Paracou, French Guiana: a neotropical lowland rainforest fauna Part 1. Bats. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural Histor y, 237, 1 - 219.","Delaval, M., Henry, M. & Charles-Dominique, P. (2005) Interspecific competition and niche partitioning: example of a Neo- tropical rainforest bat community. Revue d'Ecologie, Terre Vie, 60, 149 - 166.","Gregorin, R., Lobao, K. W., Oliveira, L. F., Machado, F. S., Gil, B. B. & Tavares, V. da C. (2017) Vertical stratification in bat assemblages of the Atlantic Forest of south-eastern Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 33 (5), 299 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 026646741700027 X","Handley Jr., C. O. (1976) Mammals of the Smithsonian Venezuelan Project. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series, 20 (5), 1 - 89. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 5667","Goldman, E. A. (1920) Mammals of Panama. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 69, 1 - 309. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15684","Wenzel, R. L., Tipton, V. J. & Kiewlicz, A. (1966) The streblid batflies of Panama (Diptera: Streblidae). In: Wenzel, R. L. & Tipton, V. J. (Eds.), Ectoparasites of Panama. Field Musem of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, pp. 405 - 676.","Herrin, C. S. & Tipton, V. J. (1975) Spinturnicid mites of Venezuela (Acarina: Spinturnicidae). Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series, 20 (2), 1 - 72.","Reed, J. T. & Brennan, J. M. (1975) The subfamily Leeuwenhoekinae in the Neotropics (Acarina: Trombiculidae). Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series, 20 (1, part 1), 1 - 42.","Wenzel, R. L. (1976) The streblid batflies of Venezuela (Diptera: Streblidae). Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series, 20, 1 - 177.","Marinkelle, C. J. & Grose, E. S. (1981) A list of ectoparasites of Colombian bats. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 29 (1), 11 - 20.","Furman, D. P. (1966) The spinturnicid mites of Panama (Acarina: Spinturnicidae). In: Wenzel, R. L. & Tipton, V. J. (Eds.), Ectoparasites of Panama. Field Musem of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, pp. 125 - 166.","Gettinger, D. D. (2018) Checklist of bloodfeeding mites (Acari: Spinturnicidae) from the wings of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in the Manu Biosphere Reserve, Peru. MANTER: Journal of Parasite Biodiversity, 10, 1 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.13014 / K 2 DJ 5 CVZ","Marinkelle, C. J. (1982) Prevalence of trypanosoma cruzi-like infection of Colombian bats. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 76 (2), 125 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00034983.1982.11687517","Lourenco, J. L. M., Minuzzi-Sauza, T. T. C., Silva, L. R., Olivei, A. C., Mendonca, V. J., Nitz, N., Aquiar, L. M. S. & Gurgel-Goncalves, R. (2018) High frequency of trypanosomatids in gallery forest bats of a Neotropical savanna. Acta Tropica, 177, 200 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. actatropica. 2017.10.012","Sabino-Santos Jr., G., Maia, F. G. M., Viera, T. M., Muylaert, R. L., Lima, S. M., Goncalves, C. B., Barroso, P. D., Melo, M. N., Jonsson, C. B., Goodin, D., Salazar-Bravo, J. & Figueiredo, L. T. M. (2015) Evidence of hantavirus infection among bats in Brazil. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 93 (2), 404 - 406. https: // doi. org / 10.4269 / ajtmh. 15 - 0032","Jones Jr., J. K. Smith, J. D. & Turner, R. W. (1971) Noteworthy records of bats from Nicaragua, with a checklist of the chiropteran fauna of the country. 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Chiroderma villosum Peters, 1860 Synonyms: See under subspecies. Type Material. The lectotype of Chiroderma villosum (ZMB 408), designated by Thomas (1891), is a stuffed skin. The skull is inside the skin and the skin around the lips is everted, exposing all of the teeth except M2 and m2. The free portion of the noseleaf spear is broken. The wing patagia are crumbly and several fragments have fallen off. The tips of the ears are also crumbly. The skin appears to preserve the original color, the interocular stripes are barely visible, but the genal pair is not visible. Dorsal pelage is pale brown and three bands can be distinguished: a dark brown base, and buff middle. The dorsal stripe appears to be lacking. The I1s are parallel to each other, not in contact, and have slightly diverging tips. The p2 is small and clearly separated from p4. The forearm measures 47.9 mm. According to Thomas (1891), the individual depicted in Peters’ (1906) plate, published posthumously, is probably the type. In the illustration, the skull is separate from the skin, suggesting that the skull could have been removed and later re-inserted in the skin (Fig. 31). The other possibility is that the skull Peters illustrated belonged to the partial skeleton referred to, but not examined by Carter & Dolan (1978:59). Distribution. See under subspecies. Description and Comparisons. Dorsal pelage may be pale brown, dark brown, reddish brown, or grayish brown. Most of the 328 specimens we examined have a pale brown dorsum (61%, n=201). The second most common color of the dorsal pelage is dark brown (38%, n=125). Dorsal hairs are tri-banded, the base is always dark brown, and the middle band is pale buff. Facial stripes were not detected in 191 (58%) of the 328 analyzed specimens. In 36.2% of the sample (n=119), the stripes were detected, but not conspicuous. The interocular pair was the only pair of facial stripes detected in 82.3% of the specimens, while both pairs were present in 17.7%. Only 13 specimens (3.9% of the sample) had conspicuous facial stripes, with the interocular pair more conspicuous than the genal. The dorsal stripe was not detected in 152 of 333 specimens (45.6%) scored for this character. The stripe was faint in 154 specimens (46.2%), and, in some the only evidence of a stripe was a short white mid-dorsal line. Only 22 specimens (6.6%) had a conspicuous dorsal stripe. Five specimens (1.5%) had a median dorsal stripe, but they were not scored as to conspicuousness. The tragus and base of the ears are yellow, but the remainder is uniformly brownish. The tip of the noseleaf is notched in 49 (74.2%) of the 66 specimens scored for this character. The noseleaf is nearly uniformly pale brown, with the central rib of the spear having a more pinkish tone and the lateral margin of the horseshoe slightly paler. The skull of C. villosum is similar in size to C. d. vizottoi and C. scopaeum, and measurements have some overlap with small C. d. doriae, C. salvini, and large C. trinitatum (Tables 7 and 8). The braincase is relatively deep and globose. A sagittal crest is present in 356 (85.5%) of the 416 C. villosum crania scored for this character, and varied from high and conspicuous to low and inconspicuous. The orbits are relatively large. The nasal notch is long, extending back into the interorbital region close to post-orbital processes. A posterior palatine process was present in 280 (83%) of the 336 skulls scored for this character, and varied from a long and conspicuous to a small nub. When cranium and mandible are in occlusion, a wide lateral gap, bordered by C, P3 and P4, and p2 and p4, is evident (Fig. 9). The occluded teeth also form a W-shaped frontal gap rimmed by lower canines, lower incisors, and upper inner incisors (Fig. 14). The I1s were parallel to each other (76.2%, n=314), medially convergent (22.3%, n=92) or divergent (1.4%, n=6) in the 512 crania scored for this character (Fig. 32). M2 usually has a cingulum around the protocone, which projects lingually. Lower canines are narrow and tall, with the tips level with the top of the coronoid process when the mandible is viewed laterally. The crown of p2 is approximately ¼ the height of p4. The p2 is in contact with the canine, but not with p4. Compared to the other species of Chiroderma, the protoconid of p4 is narrow. The subspecies C. v. jesupi and C. v. villosum differ in size, with the former averaging smaller in forearm length and in every cranial dimension we analyzed (Table 9). As previously mentioned, our decision to recognize two subspecies was mainly due to the presence of haplotypes exclusive to the trans-Andean portion of the distribution of C. villosum. The two smallest Chiroderma (C. gorgasi and C. trinitatum) differ from C. villosum by size, presence of conspicuous facial and dorsal stripes, bicolored noseleaf, shorter nasal notch, convergent I1s, and taller p2. The insular C. improvisum is easily distinguished from C. villosum by its larger size, relatively lower braincase, longer rostrum, more robust dentition, and p 2 in contact with p4. Among similar-sized species, C. villosum can be differentiated by the weaker facial and dorsal stripes (conspicuous in C. doriae, C. salvini, and C. scopaeum), paler dorsal pelage (usually darker in C. d. doriae and C. salvini), notched tip of noseleaf (simple tip in C. doriae, C. salvini, and C. scopaeum), deeper braincase (shallow in C. d. doriae), longer nasal notch (shorter in C. doriae, C. salvini, and C. scopaeum), larger orbits (smaller in C. doriae, C. salvini, and C. scopaeum), I1s parallel or divergent (convergent in C. doriae, C. salvini, and C. scopaeum), smaller p2 (large in C. doriae), narrower and taller canines (wider and shorter in C. doriae and C. scopaeum), and presence of a frontal gap when cranium and mandible are in occlusion (gap absent in C. doriae, C. salvini, and C. scopaeum). Geographic Variation and Phylogeography. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences of COI representing 133 C. villosum recovered a clade composed of sequences exclusively from México, Central America, and trans-Andean South America (Figs. 33, 35). The samples from cis-Andean South America, however, form a polytomy, which does not suggest geographic structuring because specimens from distant regions, such as Bolivia and Trinidad, group together. There is geographic variation in size among the subpopulations of C. villosum. Specimens from the Atlantic rainforest of eastern Brazil (n=48) are larger than the other geographic groups (Table 13, Fig. 34). Specimens from Trinidad and Tobago also had larger dimensions; however, the sample size was smaller (n=7). Populations from the Amazon north of the Amazonas River and from México and Central America and trans-Andean South America had the smaller dimensions. We suggest there is clinal variation in size, with larger specimens in the extreme east and southeast part of the distribution and smaller individuals in the northwestern part of the range. There is overlap between measurements from adjacent geographic groups, but the populations from the western portion of the distribution, which would correspond to subspecies C. v. jesupi, are significantly smaller than the others (Fig. 34). Subspecies. We recognize two subspecies in Chiroderma villosum., Published as part of Garbino, Guilherme S. T., Lim, Burton K. & Tavares, Valéria Da C., 2020, Systematics of big-eyed bats, genus Chiroderma Peters, 1860 (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae), pp. 1-93 in Zootaxa 4846 (1) on pages 48-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4846.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4017497, {"references":["Peters, W. (1860) Eine neute Gattung von Flederthieren, Chiroderma villosum, aus Brasilien vor. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861,747 - 755.","Thomas, O. (1891) Note on Chiroderma villosum with the description of a new species for the genus. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Series 2, 10, 881 - 883.","Carter, D. C. & Dolan, P. G. (1978) Catalogue of type specimens of neotropical bats in selected european museums. Museum of Texas Tech University Special Publications 15. Museum of Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, Texas, pp. 1 - 136."]}

Objective. To report the infection with Leptospira in the kidneys of bats from Campeche and Yucatán, Mexico, through the amplification by PCR of two different 16S RNA ribosomal gene fragments. Materials and methods. Bat captures were made at one site in Campeche and two sites in Yucatán. Euthanasia was applied to the captured bats and a necropsy was performed to collect a renal tissue sample that was used in the total DNA extraction. Two different conventional PCR were performed for the amplification of the 16S RNA ribosomal gene fragments. Some sequences from positive products were obtained and analyzed with bioinformatics tools to identify the infectious species of Leptospira. Results. Sixty-nine bats belonging to four families and eight different species were captured. The family with the greatest diversity was Phyllostomidae, with five species. The most captured species was Artibeus jamaicensis (41, 59.4%). Both PCR showed a global infection frequency of 21.7%. The infected species were A. jamaicensis, Pteronotus parnellii, and Chiroderma villosum. The bioinformatic analysis of the positive products yielded a 99.0% identity for Leptospira noguchii, Leptospira borgpetersenii, and Leptospira santarosai. Conclusions. Some bat species of Yucatán and Campeche, Mexico, are renal carriers of pathogenic Leptospira, therefore participating in the transmission cycle in the region. The frequency of infection found in the renal tissue of the captured bats is higher than the one obtained from other reservoirs captured in Yucatán and Campeche. New species of bats are reported as renal Leptospira carriers in Mexico., Objetivo. Reportar la infección con Leptospira en riñones de murciélagos de Campeche y Yucatán, México, a través de la amplificación por PCR de dos fragmentos distintos del gen 16S RNA ribosomal. Materiales y métodos. Se realizaron capturas en un sitio de Campeche y dos de Yucatán. A los murciélagos capturados se les aplicó la eutanasia y se les realizó una necropsia para recolectar tejido renal que se usó en la extracción de ADN total. Se realizaron dos PCR convencionales para la amplificación de los fragmentos de 16S RNA ribosomal. Se obtuvieron las secuencias de algunos productos positivos y se analizaron con herramientas bioinformáticas para identificar la especie infectante de Leptospira. Resultados. Se capturaron 69 murciélagos pertenecientes a cuatro familias y a ocho especies distintas. La familia con mayor diversidad fue Phyllostomidae con cinco especies. La especie con mayor frecuencia de captura fue Artibeus jamaicensis (41, 59.4%). Las PCR arrojaron una frecuencia de infección global de 21.7%. Las especies infectadas fueron A. jamaicensis, Pteronotus parnellii y Chiroderma villosum. El análisis bioinformático arrojó un 99.0% de identidad para Leptospira noguchii, Leptospira borgpetersenii y Leptospira santarosai. Conclusiones. Algunas especies de murciélagos de Yucatán y Campeche son portadores renales de leptospiras patógenas, por lo que podrían participar en el ciclo silvestre de transmisión en la región. La frecuencia de infección encontrada en los riñones de los murciélagos utilizados es mayor en comparación con aquellas obtenidas en otros reservorios de Yucatán y Campeche. Nuevas especies de murciélagos son reportadas como portadores de Leptospira para México.

We report the first Quaternary record of the big-eyed bat Chiroderma villosum from South America based on a left mandible fragment collected in the Gruta dos Brejões, late Quaternary of northeastern Brazil. This material has been identified over the course of our revisionary work of the genus Chiroderma, including all species distributed in South America (Chiroderma doriae, Chiroderma salvini, Chiroderma trinitatum, Chiroderma villosum and Chiroderma vizottoi). Our results revealed that several characters of the second lower molar (m2), and of the posterior mandible may be used to identify and to diagnose the South American Chiroderma. We also revisited the historical interpretation of homologies of the lower molar cusps of Chiroderma, and propose a revised molar cusp terminology.

146. Hairy Big-eyed Bat Chiroderma villosum French: Chiroderme velu / German: Haarige GroRaugenfledermaus / Spanish: Quirodermo peludo Taxonomy. Chiroderma villosum Peters, 1860, “Brasilia.” Revision using modern techniques might change the status of subspecies. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. C.v.villosumPeters,1860—EofAndesinColombia,Venezuela,TrinidadandTobagoIs,theGuianas,Brazil(SEtoParana),EEcuador,EPeru,andNBolivia. C. v. jesupiJ. A. Allen, 1900 — from S Mexico (Hidalgo, Veracruz, and Oaxaca) through Central America to W of Andes in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Descriptive notes. Head-body 58-79 mm (tailless), ear 16-20 mm, hindfoot 10-16 mm, forearm 41-51 mm; weight 17-30 g. Dorsal fur of the Hairy Big-eyed Batvaries from medium brown to light brownish. Dorsal hairs are tricolored, with dark brown bases, buff middles, and light or medium brown tips. Thin, inconspicuous, white median dorsal stripe extends from interscapular region to rump but can be absent. Head has tenuous supraocular and subocular stripes that can be imperceptible in some individuals. Rostrum is relatively short. Ears are brownish, with yellowish bases and yellowish anterior margins. Tragusis yellowish and less than 30% of ear length. Noseleaf is brown and notched at tip. Underparts are grayish. Wing membranes are blackish except for translucent area between second and third fingers. Uropatagium is hairy and well developed, with notch near level of knees. Proximal two-thirds of forearm is hairy. Tail is absent. Skull has deep notch on nasal region that reaches anteriormost part of interorbital region. Postorbital processes are prominent. Palate is relatively broad, with median post-palatal process. Sagittal crest is well developed. Mandible has prominent angular and coronoid processes. I' are parallel in most individuals but can converge and even touch at tips. Diastema occurs between P? and P*. M* is triangular in occlusal view. P, is small and peg-like, and crown is less than 30% the height of P» with inconspicuous cusps and not touching P,. M, is massive, and longer than M, and has five well-defined cusps. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 26 and FN = 48, with nine pairs of metacentric or submetacentric and three pairs of subtelocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is subtelocentric, and Y-chromosome is submetacentric. Habitat. Tropical and subtropical forests in humid and dry formations and xeric caatinga and savannas of the cerrado. Hairy Big-eyed Bats are more common in lowlands. In Venezuela, 99% of captures were at elevations less than 500 m, and in Peru,it was recorded at 340-950 m. The Hairy Big-eyed Bat seems to be less common in altered landscapes and urban areas that the Brazilian Big-eyed Bat (C. doriae). Food and Feeding. The Hairy Big-eyed Bat is granivorous, specialized to eat seeds of fleshy fruits of figs (Ficus, Moraceae). On Barro Colorado Island (Panama), 100% of its diet consisted in figs. Seven species of figs are consumed: FE citrifolia, F insipida, E obtusifolia, FE. paraensis, FE. pertusa, F. popenoei, and F trigonata. To a lesser degree, it eats infructescences of Cecropia (Urticaceae), such as C. obtusa in French Guiana. It frequently visits minerallicks in western Amazonia to drink the mineral-rich water accumulated in soil depressions. Breeding. Reproductive data suggest that Hairy Big-eyed Bats are seasonally polyestrous. In Panama, first birth peak coincides with beginning of rainy season when fruits are abundant. Pregnant females were recorded in January-April in Nicaragua and Panama, August-September in western South America, and January-July in Venezuela. One young is born per pregnancy. Activity patterns. In Panama, Hairy Big-eyed Bats began their flight activity less than one hour after sunset, had a peak in flight activity between 19:00 h and 22:00 h, and ceased flight at ¢.00:30 h. It is a canopy frugivore. In an Atlantic rainforest area in south-eastern Brazil and eastern Brazilian Amazonia, all captures were made in the canopy, but in French Guiana, 93% of the captures were in the canopy. On Barro Colorado Island (Panama), 85% of the captures were made 3-12 m aboveground, and the remainder was made at 0-3 m. The Hairy Big-eyed Bat roosts in hollow logs and has been found inside buildings. Echolocation calls recorded in Trinidad are characterized by a 1-4 milliseconds FM multiharmonic call, with peak frequency of 91-8 kHz. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Hairy Big-eyed Bat was a wide distribution and occurs in several protected areas. Nevertheless, it is rare in highly degraded areas, such as in the interior Sao Paulo state in Brazil, and is not common in urban areas. Bibliography. Baker (1967), Bonaccorso (1979), Bravo et al. (2008), Delaval et al. (2005), Gardner (2008b), Gregorin et al. (2017), Kalko & Handley (2001), Nogueira & Peracchi (2003b), Peters (1860), Pio et al. (2010), Simmons & Voss (1998), Suarez-Castro & Montenegro (2015), Taddei (1979), Wendeln et al. (2000)., Published as part of Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier, 2019, Phyllostomidae, pp. 444-583 in Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona :Lynx Edicions on page 554, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6458594

The relationship between tooth roots and diet is relatively unexplored, although a logical relationship between harder diets and increased root surface area (RSA) is suggested. This study addresses the interaction between tooth morphology, diet, and bite force in small mammals, phyllostomid bats. Using micro computed tomography (microCT), tooth root morphology of two fruit-eating species (Carollia perspicillata and Chiroderma villosum) and two insect-eating species (Mimon bennettii and Macrotus californicus) was compared. These species did not differ in skull or estimated body size. Food hardness, rather than dietary classification, proved to be the strongest grouping factor, with the two insectivores and the seed-processing frugivore (C. villosum) having significantly larger RSAs. Bite force was estimated using skull measurements; bite force significantly correlated with tooth RSA but not with body size. Although the three durophagous species did exhibit larger crowns, the area of the occlusal surface did not vary among the four species. There was a linear relationship between root size and crown size, indicating that the roots were not expanded disproportionately; instead the entire tooth was larger in the hard diet species. MicroCT allows the nondestructive quantification of previously difficult-to-access tooth morphology; this method shows the potential for tooth roots to provide valuable dietary, behavioral, and ecological information in small mammals. J. Morphol. 276:1065-1074, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Most frugivorous bats are efficient seed dispersers, as they typically do not damage seeds and transport them over long distances. In contrast, bats of the phyllostomid genus Chiroderma cheat fig trees by acting more as seed predators than as seed dispersers. The bats initially separate seeds from fruit pulp in the mouth. After extracting the juice from the fruit pulp, they thoroughly chew the seeds and spit out small seed fragments in a pellet. Consequently, the faeces contain almost no viable seeds. We compared the nutrient content of intact fig seeds with ejecta and faecal samples from both Chiroderma villosum and the ‘conventional’ frugivorous bat Artibeus watsoni. We show that C. villosum can extract nutrients from the seeds, especially protein and fat. The processing time of figs showed no significant difference between the two bat species. Food-choice experiments showed that C. villosum preferred fig species with more seeds over those with fewer seeds. This preference, in combination with the specialized seed-chewing behaviour, leads to an increased nutrient intake per fig. This unique strategy enables C. villosum to satisfy its nutritional requirements with a lower number of figs than other species, which decreases the amount of energy necessary for foraging flights as well as the predation risk during foraging.

Chiroderma villosum Peters, 1860 (ZMB_MAM 408) Peters (1860) described Chiroderma villosum based on two specimens: one female from Brazil (ZMB _MAM 408), and a skeleton of unknown provenance. The former specimen is a skin with the skull inside, but badly preserved; the skin color is faded, the inner pair of facial stripes are barely visible, and the only external measurement we were able to take was the forearm length, estimated in 47.9 mm (right forearm). The distance between upper canines was 6.37 mm. The skin around the lips had been retracted, so the teeth, up to M1 and m1, are visible, allowing us to identify the diagnostic parallel upper inner incisors (Fig. 2 b, d). Since the skeleton could not be located (Carter and Dolan 1978, Turni and Kock 2008; C. Funk pers. comm. 2016), and because Peters described pelage and cranial characters of the specimen, Turni and Kock (2008) designated ZMB _MAM 408 as the lectotype. The label on ZMB _MAM 408 reads ��� Sao Paulo Brasilien Sello���, but the catalogue, handwritten by Peters, mentions only Brazil (���Brasilia���), without any information on the collector (Fig. 3). In the original description of this taxon, Peters (1860:754) stated that Sellow supposedly collected the type and reported only Brazil as its source. Since there is not enough evidence to narrow the type locality of this widely distributed taxon, we suggest keeping it as Brazil, as adopted by most authors (e.g., Carter & Dolan 1978; Simmons 2005; Gardner 2008a). We also conclude, due to conflicting information (i.e., label vs. catalogue), that there is not enough evidence to affirm that the lectotype was collected by Sellow. Most of the Brazilian mammals deposited in the Museum f��r Naturkunde during the first decades of the 19th century were collected by Ignaz von Olfers in eastern Brazil, Friedrich Sieber in the state of Par��, Francisco Gomes in Bahia, and Sellow, also in eastern Brazil (��vila-Pires 1967). Thus, the lectotype could have come from any one of these collectors and the localities they visited., Published as part of Garbino, Guilherme S. T. & Nogueira, Marcelo R., 2017, On the mammals collected by Friedrich Sellow in Brazil and Uruguay (1814 ��� 1831), with special reference to the types and their provenance, pp. 172-190 in Zootaxa 4221 (2) on pages 176-177, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.248623, {"references":["Peters, W. (1860) Eine neue Gattung von Flederthieren, Chiroderma villosum, aus Brasilien. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1861, 747 - 755.","Carter, D. C. & Dolan, P. G. (1978) Catalogue of type specimens of Neotropical bats in selected European museums. Special Publications of the Museum of Texas Tech University, 15, 1 - 136.","Turni, H. & Kock, D. (2008) Type specimens of bats (Chiroptera: Mammalia) in the collections of the Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin. Zootaxa, 1869, 1 - 82.","Simmons, N. B. (2005) Order Chiroptera. In: Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M. (Eds.), Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp. 312 - 529.","Avila-Pires, F. D. (1967) The type locality of Chaetomys subspinosus (Olfers, 1818) (Rodentia: Caviomorpha). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 27 (2), 177 - 179."]}

The information available on diversity of mammals in Natural Protected Areas of Yucatan, Mexico has been poorly documented. Between October 2001 and March 2002 we sampled bats and small rodents in three vegetal associations from Ría Celestún Biosphere Reserve. In total we captured 12 species: seven bat species being Dermanura phaeotis the most abundant in the dry forest, and five small rodent species were found being Peromyscus yucatanicus more abuntant into hummock forest (peten). The habitat with highest specific richness of bats was the dry forest (H’=1.39) while peten was to small rodents (H’=0.838). Finally we made the second report of Chiroderma villosum in Yucatan state.

This study was carried out with the objective of evaluating if the size of forest fragments affects the diversity of bat species. In order to do that, seven fragments were studied in Londrina, Paraná: five small fragments, whose areas varied between 1 and 10 ha; a fragment which is considered medium-sized (Parque Municipal Arthur Thomas - 85,47 ha.); and a large fragment (Parque Estadual Mata dos Godoy - 680 ha.). Thirty three species were collected. Ten species were common to all three types of fragments: Chrotopterus auritus (Peters, 1856), Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758), Artibeus fimbriatus Gray, 1838, Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818), Platyrrhinus lineatus (E. Geoffroy, 1810), Pygoderma bilabiatum (Wagner, 1843), Sturnira lilium (E. Geoffroy, 1810), Vampyressa pusilla (Wagner, 1843), Eptesicus brasiliensis (Desmarest, 1819), and Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821). Eight species were only found in the large fragment: Noctilio albiventris Desmarest, 1818, Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766), Uroderma bilobatum Peters, 1866, Diaemus youngi (Jentink,1893), Diphylla ecaudata Spix, 1823, Eptesicus furinalis (d'Orbigny, 1847), Histiotus velatus (I. Geoffroy, 1824) and Myotis levis (I. Geoffroy, 1824). Five were only found in the small fragments: Noctilio leporinus (Linnaeus, 1758), Phyllostomus discolor Wagner, 1843, Chiroderma villosum Peters, 1860, Eptesicus sp. e Rogheessa tumida H. Allen, 1866. Chiroderma doriae, which is threatened by extinction, was captured in the large fragment and in one of the small fragments; M. ruber, also threatened by extinction, was captured in the medium-sized and large fragments. We believe that the major cause for the loss of organic diversity is not rational exploitation, but the destruction of habitats, a result of the expansion of irrational human activities.

The feeding ecology of most neotropical bat species is still poorly known, indicating that many complex ecological relationships may be obscured. During a study of bats and their potential role as seed dispersers at the Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil, we obtained data on 2 species, Chiroderma doriae and C. villosum, that act as seed predators rather than as seed dispersers. Fecal sample analyses and captive-feeding experiments confirmed this previously undocumented feeding strategy in bats. Both species use a specialized strategy of fig-seed predation, ingesting the rich nutrient content of seeds and discarding most of the coat fragments as compact oral pellets. Evidence from the more abundant C. doriae showed that seeds were consumed in both drier and wetter seasons and by individuals of both sexes, all age classes, and all reproductive stages. Use of seeds, in addition to fruit pulp, probably represents an improvement in the acquisition of nutrients available in figs, showing that the degree of feeding specialization of Chiroderma on this resource may be higher than previous data have shown.

[Figure][1] Chiroderma villosum , hairy big-eyed bat, eating a fig. Photo credit: Marco Tschapka. If you think feeding your picky toddler is tough, spare a thought for Insa Wagner. ‘ Chiroderma villosum [hairy big-eyed bats] insist on fresh figs’, says Wagner from the University of

Se presentan 8 registros nuevos de murciélagos para el Centro de Investigaciones Costeras La Mancha (CICOLMA) ubicado en la zona costera del municipio de Actopan, Veracruz, México, que sumados a los anteriores hacen un total de 23 especies. Los nuevos registros pertenecen a las familias Phyllostomidae (Artibeus intermedius, Chiroderma villosum, Uroderma bilobatum, Centurio senex, Leptonycteris curasoae), Mormoopidae (Mormoops megalophylla) y Vespertilionidae (Myotis fortidens, Myotis velifer). Son importantes los esfuerzos de conservación de estaciones biológicas como el CICOLMA, que a pesar de su pequeña superficie mantienen una amplia diversidad de quirópteros de la región costera de Veracruz.

Chiroderma villosum Peters VOUCHER MATERIAL: 3 females (AMNH *267191, *267474, *268536) and 5 males (AMNH *267190, *267475, *268535; MNHN *1995.1195, *1995.1196); see table 42 for measurements. IDENTIFICATION: Descriptions and comparative measurements of Chiroderma villosum can be found in Goodwin and Greenhall (1961), Husson (1962, 1978), Hill (1964), Genoways and Williams (1979), Swanepoel and Genoways (1979), Hall (1981), Brosset and Charles��Dominique (1990), and Anderson (1997). Two subspecies are currently recognized: C. v. jesupi (Mexico to northern Colombia) and C. v. villosum (tropical South America east of the Andes from Colombia to southeastern Brazil, including Trinidad and Tobago) (Koopman, 1994). Although our Paracou series of Chiroderma villosum agrees in qualitative and quantitative characters with previous descriptions of the species as a whole, craniodental measurement comparisons indicate that our specimens are substantially smaller than most of those previously reported from the Guianas. For example, the observed range in length of the maxillary toothrow is 7.96���8.66 mm at Paracou versus 8.6���10.2 mm at other Guianan localities from which measured specimens are reported in the literature cited above. An apparently individual anomaly is represented by one of our male specimens, AMNH 268535, which has only one pair of upper and lower incisors; all of our remaining specimens have two pairs in both jaws, the normal formula for Chiroderma (see Koopman, 1994). FIELD OBSERVATIONS: We caught eight Chiroderma villosum at Paracou, of which four were taken in ground��level mistnets and four in elevated nets. Two ground��level captures were made in well��drained primary forest, one in swampy primary forest, and one in creekside primary forest. Two specimens were captured 34���37 m above a treefall opening in well��drained primary forest and two others were netted 17���20 m above a narrow dirt road., Published as part of Simmons, Nancy B. & Voss, Robert S., 1998, The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana, a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part 1, Bats, pp. 1-219 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 237 on pages 115-116, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4545052, {"references":["Goodwin, G. G., and A. M. Greenhall 1961. A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago: descriptions, rabies infection, and ecology. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 122: 191 - 301.","Husson, A. M. 1962. The bats of Suriname. Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52: 282 pp. 1 30 pls.","Hill, J. E. 1964. Notes on bats from British Guiana, with the description of a new genus and species of Phyllostomidae. Mammalia 28: 553 - 572.","Genoways, H. H., and S. L. Williams 1979. Records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 48: 323 - 335.","Hall, E. R. 1981. Mammals of North America, 2 nd ed. New York: Wiley and Sons.","Brosset, A., and P. Charles-Dominique 1990. The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach. Mammalia 54: 509 - 559."]}

Chiroderma villosum Peters, 1860. Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1860:748. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil; see Carter and Dolan (1978:59). DISTRIBUTION: Hidalgo (Mexico) to S Brazil, Bolivia and Peru; Trinidad and Tobago. SYNONYMS: isthmicum, jesupi (see Handley, 1960:466)., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 190, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Carter, D. C., and P. G. Dolan. 1978. Catalog of type specimens of Neotropical bats in selected European museums. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University Press, 15: 1 - 136.","Handley, C. O., Jr. 1960. Descriptions of new bats from Panama. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 112: 459 - 479."]}

The present catalogue documents all the chiropteran type specimens found in the collections of the Zoological Museum of the Humboldt-University, Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin (ZMB). Due to insufficient labeling at the time of receipt and description, many types have until now remained unrecognized, labelled with synonymous or incorrect names. From more than 13,000 specimens examined, we identified 540 types (86 holotypes, 249 syntypes, 22 lectotypes, 168 paratypes or paralectotypes, 5 of ambiguous status, 10 missing). These types belong to 218 described bat species, of which 116 are currently accepted (valid) species names. Lectotypes were designated for the original descriptions of Chilonycteris Boothi, Chiroderma villosum, Molossus ferox, Phyllorhina bicornis, Phyllostomus spiculatus, Rhinolophus capensis, Vespertilio Bocagii, Vespertilio Schreibersii and Vesperus cubanus.

Nasal bones in mammals arise in connective tissue dorsal to the nasal capsule. These bones are noticeably reduced and modified in species whose skulls have undergone major shape transformations (e.g., Cetacea) or where a maneuverable proboscis has developed (e.g., Sirenia, Proboscidea, Mirounga, Tapirus, Nasalis; Stark, 1967; van der Klaauw, 1948-1952). Bats of the genus Chiroderma (5 species) seem to defy these generalizations as the nasal capsule in these bats is unroofed by bone, and a wide cleft extends from the frontal area to the tip of the nasal cartilage. Chiroderma seems a likely candidate to join the sirenian Dugong as the only mammals to lack nasal bones. The dorsal surface of the rostrum of Chiroderma (Fig. 1) was described by Dobson (1878:534) as having a "nasal aperture continued backwards by an oval slit, which reaches as far backwards as a line drawn between the most anterior parts of the bony orbit." He felt that this slit represented "a deep cleft between the nasal bones" that "probably becomes closed in some species when the animal is fully grown" (Dobson, 1878:531-532), suggesting the nasal bones grow medially with age. Unfortunately, this belief was based upon a taxonomic misunderstanding. Dobson accepted uncritically Peters' (1866) assignment of Phyllostoma pusillum Wagner to the genus Chiroderma. This species, with nasals that meet at the midline as in other bats, now is placed in the genus Vampyressa. Because Dobson examined only two other skulls of Chiroderma, Peters' misallocation led him to believe this rostral cleft closed with age. Examination of any reasonably large series of Chiroderma, though, would indicate that this cleft remains open even in old individuals. Perhaps because of his misunderstanding of the ontogeny of the nasal cleft, subsequent workers have not agreed with Dobson's view that nasal bones are present in Chiroderma. Miller (1907:157), for instance, described the nasals of Chiroderma as "apparently absent, their place occupied by an emargination." Most subsequent workers have followed Miller's interpretation; Goodwin and Greenhall (1961) go so far as to grant Chiroderma the common name "Bats without Nasal Bones." Those who have followed Miller's interpretation that nasal are absent in Chiroderma seem to have overlooked his uncertainty on the issue. In a footnote (1907:157), he wrote "I have seen no skulls sufficiently immature to show whether the nasals are absent or not." Because the cranial bones of bats co-ossify early in postnatal development, the sutures between bones are not visible in any but the youngest individuals. Without examining preor neonatal specimens, it is not possible to resolve the disagreement between Dobson's view that nasals are present in Chiroderma, and Miller's cautious view that they are absent. I have examined two mid-term fetuses of Chiroderma and find Miller's caution well taken: Chiroderma does possess nasal bones. The two fetal specimens I examined are from fluid-preserved female Chiroderma villosum taken in Costa Rica and Chiapas, Mexico, and stored in the collections of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (numbers 111474 and 114456, respectively). The fetuses were carefully skinned then cleared and stained for cartilage and bone using Wassersug's (1976) alcian-alizarian technique. For comparative purposes, I also examined a series of 24 fetuses of Sturnira lilium from Costa Rica, and 16 of Uroderma bilobatum from Panama. Both series were from fluid-preserved females in the UMMZ collection, and represent a range in relative age from embryos just beginning cranial ossification to near-term fetuses. These specimens were cleared and stained in the same way as were the fetal Chiroderma. Both Chiroderma fetuses are mid-term, as judged by vertebral and cranial development. All vertebrae are at least partly ossified in both centrum and neural arch, and the latter have begun to fuse at the dorsal midline. The cranial bones, except for the nasals, are well advanced in development. Although the main roofing bones do not meet at the midline, the frontals contact the parietals, which are fused with the squamosals, and the paired interparietals are in contact with the supraoccipitals. The deciduous teeth are erupted, and conical apices of permanent canines and molars are visible. Both the medial wall of the orbit and the auditory capsule are unossified. The ossifications I identify as nasals are situated between the rostral edge of the frontal and the caudal end of both maxilla and premaxilla. One individual (UMMZ 111474) has two small nasal ossifications on each side (Fig. 2E); the other (Fig. 2F) displays one large center of ossification almost connecting the frontal and maxilla on the right side and two nearly fused ossifications in February 1984 163

Chiroderma villosum jesupi .-SantaRosa:La Avellana,12; Montericco,1; Papaturro,1. TODO Jutiapa: Montufar, 1. C. villosum was previously knownfor Guatemalaonly from a singlespec- specimen from the Caribbean slope (Carter et al., 1966). Bats of this species were netted regularly near La Avellanaandandaccountedfor 3.3%%(36) of 1,082 bats netted during JulyandAugust 1977. TODO Pregnant females werenettedinApril, May,andAugust.Pregnantfemaleshavepreviouslybeenbeen recorded from Middle America for the months ofofMarch,July, andDecember (Wilson,1979)., Published as part of Dickerman, R. W., Koopman, K. F. & Seymour, C., 1981, Notes on Bats from the Pacific Lowlands of Guatemala, pp. 406-411 in Journal of Mammalogy 62 (2) on page 409, DOI: 10.2307/1380726, http://zenodo.org/record/4591043, {"references":["WILSON, D. E. 1979. Reproductive patterns. 317 - 378, in Biology ofbats of the New TODO Worldfamily TODO Phyllostomatidae, Part III (R. TODO Baker, J. K. Jones, Jr., and D. C. Carter, eds.). Spec. Publ. Mus., Texas Tech Univ., TODO - 441."]}

Chiroderma villosum Peters, 1860. Monatsb. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 748. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil. DISTRIBUTION: Veracruz (Mexico) to Surinam, C. Brazil, Bolivia and Peru; Trinidad and Tobago. COMMENT: Includes jesupi and isthmicum; see Handley, 1960, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 112:466. See Carter and Dolan, 1978, Spec. Publ. Mus. Texas Tech Univ., 15: 59, for type locality. ISIS NUMBER: 5301405008029004001., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Chiroptera, pp. 111-215 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 154, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7352990, {"references":["Handley, C. O., Jr. 1960. Descriptions of new bats from Panama. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 112: 459 - 479.","Carter, D. C., and P. G. Dolan. 1978. Catalog of type specimens of Neotropical bats in selected European museums. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University Press, 15: 1 - 136."]}

These notes describe some observations on the relative abundance, colony sites, behavior and feeding habits of eleven species of bats from the state of Bahia, Brazil. ( Phyllostomus hastatus, P. discolor, Glossophaga soricina, Sturnira lilium, Vampyrops lineatus, Chiroderma villosum, Artibeus lituratus, A. jamacensis, Myotis nigricans, Molossus major and Molossops planirostris .)