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Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a biliary tract carcinoma that is challenging to treat due to its heterogeneity and limited treatment options. Genetic alterations in DNA damage response (DDR) pathways and homologous recombination (HR) defects are common in CCA. This has prompted interest in the use of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors to treat CCA. The present study investigated the impact of an ATR inhibitor and various PARP inhibitors, individually and in combination, on CCA cell lines with different DDR mutation profiles. DDR gene alterations in these cell lines were analyzed, and the responses of the cells to treatment with the PARP inhibitors olaparib, veliparib and talazoparib and/or the ATR inhibitor AZD6738 were evaluated. Assessments focused on cellular viability, clonogenic survival and the combination index, alongside changes in DNA damage assessed via the formation of micronuclei and γ-H2A histone family member X foci. The results revealed that the CCA cell lines with more DDR mutations exhibited greater sensitivity to single and combination treatments. Talazoparib was found to be the most potent PARP inhibitor in the CCA cell lines. The combination of AZD6738 and talazoparib demonstrated varying synergistic effects depending on the genetic background of the CCA cells, with greater efficacy in the cell lines less sensitive to single drug treatments. Mechanistically, this combination promoted the accumulation of DNA damage, including DNA double-strand breaks. Overall, the study underscores the importance of HR in CCA. It reveals an association between the extent of DDR mutations and the response to AZD6738 and PARP inhibitors in CCA, both as single agents and in combination. These findings highlight that the number of mutated genes influences variability in the drug response., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright: © 2025 Lerksuthirat et al.)

The inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) would be an alternative approach for cancer treatments. The aim of this study is to investigate the synergy of the different combinations of PARP inhibitors (olaparib, talazoparib, or veliparib) and ATR inhibitor AZD6738. A drug combinational synergy screen that combines olaparib, talazoparib, or veliparib with AZD6738 was performed to identify the synergistic interaction, and the combination index was calculated to verify synergy. TK6 isogenic cell lines with defects in different DNA repair genes were used as a model. Cell cycle analysis, micronucleus induction, and focus formation assays of serine-139 phosphorylation of the histone variant H2AX demonstrated that AZD6738 diminished G2/M checkpoint activation induced by PARP inhibitors and allowed DNA damage-containing cells to continue dividing, leading to greater increases in micronuclei as well as double-strand DNA breaks in mitotic cells. We also found that AZD6738 was likely to potentiate cytotoxicity of PARP inhibitors in homologous recombination repair deficiency cell lines. AZD6738 sensitized more genotypes of DNA repair-deficient cell lines to talazoparib than to olaparib and veliparib, respectively. The combinational approach of PARP and ATR inhibition to enhance response to PARP inhibitors could expand the utility of PARP inhibitors to cancer patients without BRCA1/2 mutations., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no competing interest., (Copyright © 2023 Rakkreat Wikiniyadhanee et al.)

Anticancer peptides (ACPs) are rising as a new strategy for cancer therapy. However, traditional laboratory screening to find and identify novel ACPs from hundreds to thousands of peptides is costly and time consuming. Here, a sequential procedure is applied to identify candidate ACPs from a computer-generated peptide library inspired by alpha-lactalbumin, a milk protein with known anticancer properties. A total of 2688 distinct peptides, 5-25 amino acids in length, are generated from alpha-lactalbumin. In silico ACP screening using the physicochemical and structural filters and three machine learning models lead to the top candidate peptides ALA-A1 and ALA-A2. In vitro screening against five human cancer cell lines supports ALA-A2 as the positive hit. ALA-A2 selectively kills A549 lung cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, with no hemolytic side effects, and acts as a cell penetrating peptide without membranolytic effects. Sequential window acquisition of all theorical fragment ions-proteomics and functional validation reveal that ALA-A2 induces autophagy to mediate lung cancer cell death. This approach to identify ALA-A2 is time and cost-effective. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the exact intracellular targets of ALA-A2. Moreover, these findings support the use of larger computational peptide libraries built upon multiple proteins to further advance ACP research and development., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2023 The Authors. Global Challenges published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide, resulting in the mortality of more than 10 million people in 2020, according to Global Cancer Statistics 2020. A potential cancer therapy involves targeting the DNA repair process by inhibiting PARP-1. In this study, classification models were constructed using a non-redundant set of 2018 PARP-1 inhibitors. Briefly, compounds were described by 12 fingerprint types and built using the random forest algorithm concomitant with various sampling approaches. Results indicated that PubChem with an oversampling approach yielded the best performance, with a Matthews correlation coefficient > 0.7 while also affording interpretable molecular features. Moreover, feature importance, as determined from the Gini index, revealed that the aromatic/cyclic/heterocyclic moiety, nitrogen-containing fingerprints, and the ether/aldehyde/alcohol moiety were important for PARP-1 inhibition. Finally, our predictive model was deployed as a web application called PARP1pred and is publicly available at https://parp1pred.streamlitapp.com, allowing users to predict the biological activity of query compounds using their SMILES notation as the input. It is anticipated that the model described herein will aid in the discovery of effective PARP-1 inhibitors., (Copyright © 2023 Lerksuthirat et al.)

Purpose: The study aimed to generate a stepwise method to reduce the workload of full-scale RB1 sequencing for germline mutation screening in retinoblastoma (RB) patients. The implication of germline mutation in tumor focality was also determined in this study., Methods: A stepwise method was created on the basis of "hotspot" exons analyzed using data on germline RB1 mutation in the RB1-Leiden Open Variation Database and then tested for mutation screening in the blood DNA of 42 patients with RB. The method was compared with the clinical next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel in terms of sequencing outcomes. The germline RB1 mutation was examined in association with multifocality in RB., Results: Germline RB1 mutation was identified in 61% of all bilateral cases in the first step of the 3 stepwise method and in 78% and 89% for the two and three steps combined, respectively. NGS detected a mosaic variant of RB1 that was not detected by the first two steps and increased the sensitivity from 78% to 83%. Analysis of the relationship between mutation status and tumor focality indicated that multifocality in RB was dependent on germline RB1 mutation, confirming a higher tendency to have a germline RB1 mutation in patients with multifocal RB., Conclusions: A 3 stepwise method reduces the workload needed for sequencing of the RB1 for bilateral cases. NGS outweighs conventional sequencing in terms of the identification of germline mosaic variants. Multifocal tumors in RB may be used to presume germline mutation., Translational Relevance: The presence of "hotspot" exons of germline RB1 mutation in bilateral cases facilitates a mutation screening. However, when genetic testing is not available, multifocality in RB regardless of tumor laterality is predictive of germline RB1 mutation.

Recent developments in chemotherapy focus on target-specific mechanisms, which occur only in cancer cells and minimize the effects on normal cells. DNA damage and repair pathways are a promising target in the treatment of cancer. In order to identify novel compounds targeting DNA repair pathways, two key proteins, 53BP1 and RAD54L, were tagged with fluorescent proteins as indicators for two major double strand break (DSB) repair pathways: non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). The engineered biosensor cells exhibited the same DNA repair properties as the wild type. The biosensor cells were further used to investigate the DNA repair activities of natural biological compounds. An extract from Phyllosticta sp., the endophyte isolated from the medicinal plant Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex Choisy, was tested. The results showed that the crude extract induced DSB, as demonstrated by the increase in the DNA DSB marker γH2AX. The damaged DNA appeared to be repaired through NHEJ, as the 53BP1 focus formation in the treated fraction was higher than in the control group. In conclusion, DNA repair-based biosensors are useful for the preliminary screening of crude extracts and biological compounds for the identification of potential targeted therapeutic drugs.

Ring finger protein 43 (RNF43) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase which is well-known for its role in negative regulation of the Wnt-signaling pathway. However, the function in DNA double-strand break repairs has not been investigated. In this study, we used a lymphoblast cell line, DT40, and mouse embryonic fibroblast as cellular models to study DNA double-strand break (DSB) repairs. For this purpose, we created RNF43 knockout, RNF43 -/- DT40 cell line to investigate DSB repairs. We found that deletion of RNF43 does not interfere with cell proliferation. However, after exposure to various types of DNA-damaging agents, RNF43 -/- cells become more sensitive to topoisomerase II inhibitors, etoposide, and ICRF193, than wild type cells. Our results also showed that depletion of RNF43 results in apoptosis upon etoposide-mediated DNA damage. The delay in resolution of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci formation after etoposide treatment, as well as epistasis analysis with DNAPKcs, suggested that RNF43 might participate in DNA repair of etoposide-induced DSB via non-homologous end joining. Disturbed γH2AX foci formation in MEFs following pulse etoposide treatment supported the notion that RNF43 also functions DNA repair in mammalian cells. These findings propose two possible functions of RNF43, either participating in NHEJ or removing the blockage of 5' topo II adducts from DSB ends., (© 2020 Molecular Biology Society of Japan and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Tripartite motif-containing protein 29 (TRIM29) is involved in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. However, the specific roles of TRIM29 in DNA repair are not clearly understood. To investigate the involvement of TRIM29 in DNA DSB repair, we disrupted TRIM29 in DT40 cells by gene targeting with homologous recombination (HR). The roles of TRIM29 were investigated by clonogenic survival assays and immunofluorescence analyses. TRIM29 triallelic knockout (TRIM29 -/-/-/+ ) cells were sensitive to etoposide, but resistant to camptothecin. Foci formation assays to assess DNA repair activities showed that the dissociation of etoposide-induced phosphorylated H2A histone family member X (ɣ-H2AX) foci was retained in TRIM29 -/-/-/+ cells, and the formation of etoposide-induced tumor suppressor p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) foci in TRIM29 -/-/-/+ cells was slower compared with wild-type (WT) cells. Interestingly, the kinetics of camptothecin-induced RAD51 foci formation of TRIM29 -/-/-/+ cells was higher than that of WT cells. These results indicate that TRIM29 is required for efficient recruitment of 53BP1 to facilitate the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway and thereby suppress the HR pathway in response to DNA DSBs. TRIM29 regulates the choice of DNA DSB repair pathway by facilitating 53BP1 accumulation to promote NHEJ and may have potential for development into a therapeutic target to sensitize refractory cancers or as biomarker of personalized therapies., (© 2020 The Authors. Published by FEBS Press and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is one of the leading causes of death in infants and young children from heritable diseases. Patients diagnosed with SMA develop symmetrical progressive muscle weakness and atrophy from degeneration of alpha motor neurons. Approximately 95% of patients have a homozygous deletion of survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene in exon 7 and inherited in autosomal recessive pattern. Considering the high prevalence of SMA carrier in many population, it is possible that SMA is one of the most common autosomal recessive disorders in Thailand and Southeast Asia. In this study, we analyzed DNA from peripheral blood of 505 healthy Thai adults using quantitative PCR-based for SMN1 gene exon 7 copy number analysis. Individual samples with heterozygous deletion of SMN1 gene were confirmed with MLPA. The result identified 9 samples (1.78%) with heterozygous deletion and 39 samples as more than 2 copies of SMN1. No homozygous deletion was detected in the samples. In conclusion, we established carrier frequency of SMA in selected Thai population at 1.8% from 505 participants. The prevalence coincides with prevalence in East Asia and Caucasian population. The result could be implemented for SMA carrier screening in couples at risk in the region.

Objective: To determine the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D polymorphism and the presence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease and lupus nephritis (LN), including the association with disease severity in a Thai population., Method: In this retrospective study, 187 SLE patients followed up for (at least) 7 years in a rheumatology clinic of an academic hospital were enrolled. Disease severity and damage score at diagnosis and every 6 months, including treatment outcome of the first episode of LN were retrieved from medical records. The ACE genotype of SLE patients were determined by polymerase chain reaction and compared with ACE genotype in 687 controls from a database of a Thai surveillance cohort., Result: There was an association between ACE I/D polymorphism and the presence of SLE disease and LN (P < 0.001). Unexpectedly, the prevalence of DD genotype in SLE patients was lower than controls (OR 0.44 [95% CI 0.23-0.84], P = 0.013). The prevalence of ID genotype was not different between SLE patients and controls (OR 1.44 [95%CI 0.93-2.24], P = 0.102), but was higher in LN patients compared to controls (OR 1.77 [95% CI 1.14-2.72], P = 0.01). However, the ACE I/D polymorphism is not associated with SLE disease severity, either in patients with or without nephritis., Conclusion: The DD genotype could not be used as a poor prognostic marker for SLE and LN susceptibility in a Thai population. However, ID genotype may be associated with risk to develop LN., (© 2015 Asia Pacific League of Associations for Rheumatology and Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.)

Background: Hepatitis is a common adverse effect of antituberculosis drugs. Silymarin prevented drug-induced hepatoxicity in animals with anti-oxidative mechanisms but its effect in human has been unknown. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of silymarin for preventing antituberculosis-drug induced liver injury (antiTB-DILI) in patients with tuberculosis., Methods: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial was performed. Tuberculosis patients were randomly allocated to receive placebo or silymarin. The outcomes of interests were antiTB-DILI and the maximum liver enzymes at week 4. Antioxidative enzymes (i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione and malondialdehyde assays) were assessed. The risks of antiTB-DILI between the two groups were compared. A number need to treat was estimated., Results: A total of 55 out of 70 expected numbers of patients were enrolled. There were 1/27 (3.7%) and 9/28 (32.1%) patients who developed antiTB-DILI in the silymarin and the placebo groups. Risk reduction was 0.28 (0.10, 0.47), i.e., receiving silymarin was 28% at lower risk for antiTB-DILI than placebo. This led to prevention of 28 patients from being antiTB-DILI among 100 treated patients. Median (IQR) of ALT levels at week 4 in the placebo and the silymarin group were 35.0 (15, 415) IU/L and 31.5 (20, 184) IU/L (p = 0.455). The decline of SOD level at week 4 in the silymarin group was less than the placebo group (p < 0.027)., Conclusions: Silymarin reduced the incidence of antiTB-DILI. The benefit of silymarin may be explained from superoxide dismutase restoration. Larger clinical trials are required to confirm the result of our small study [Clinicaltrials.Gov Identifier Nct01800487].

Background: GBA mutations are an important risk factor in developing Parkinson's disease (PD) worldwide. The study aimed to determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of GBA mutations in a Thai PD cohort of 480 patients and 395 control subjects., Methods: Direct sequencing of GBA was performed in all early-onset PD patients (EOPD: n = 108) and 100 PD patients with age at onset over 50 years (AAO > 50y-PD). The study subsequently screened all identified mutations in the remaining AAO > 50y-PD patients and all control subjects. Predictive factors associated with risk of developing PD were analyzed. Comparisons of clinical characteristics of PD patients with and without GBA mutations were also carried out., Results: Heterozygous GBA mutations were identified in 24 patients (5%) and 2 controls (0.5%). Seven identified GBA point mutations comprised p.L444P, p.N386K, p.P428S, IVS2+1G > A, IVS9+3G > C, IVS10-9&#95;10GT > AG and c.1309delG, of which five mutations were novel. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that GBA mutations were more frequent in EOPD than AAO > 50y-PD groups (OR = 4.64, P < 0.022). Patients with GBA mutations had mean age at onset (43.1 ± 10.2, mean ± standard deviation) earlier than patients without GBA mutations (54.4 ± 13.9, P = 0.002). The patients with GBA mutations also had a more rapid progressive course, in which they were more likely to have higher Hoehn and Yahr staging (OR = 4.20, P = 0.006) and slightly lower means of Schwab-England ADL score [74.1 ± 17.1 vs. 81.0 ± 18.08 (OR = 0.98, 95%CI = 0.96-1.01, P = 0.162)]., Conclusion: GBA mutations are an important risk of PD in the Thai population. Patients having the mutations are likely to have early onset and may exhibit more rapid motor progression., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)