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For early detection and diagnosis of cancer, it is essential to develop an electrochemical biosensor that is quick, accurate, and sensitive.

Biosensor technology is experiencing an unprecedented momentum that is driven by rapid advances in material science for utilization in various fields, and is constantly evolving to develop fast, simple and sensitive sensors. Here, we present a comprehensive and concise review on electrochemiluminescent (ECL) nanomaterial-based aptasensors including challenges and applications. ECL aptasensor combines the merits of a biosensor, selectivity of an aptamer, and sensitivity of ECL to construct sensitive and selective sensors. Signal amplification processes through the incorporation of nanomaterials are essential to further enhance the sensitivity of ECL sensing systems. Nanomaterials are commonly utilized in sensor fabrication as (i) electrode modifiers, (ii) nanocarriers, (iii) nanocatalysts, and (iv) luminophores. The review highlights the effects of integrating nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, metal oxides, carbon nanomaterials, metal organic frameworks, and quantum dots using various research strategies that address signal amplification to enhance the ECL signal. Furthermore, various concepts have been demonstrated with relevant figures and explanations to serve as a general overview for the design of ECL aptasensors. Lastly, we discuss the underlying problems and possibilities for ECL aptasensor research and development.

An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor for the detection of the milk protein allergen β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) using nanocomposite as luminophore was fabricated. The Ru-AuNPs/GNP/Naf complex was formed by combining the Rubpy

Ultrasensitive biosensors have become a necessity in the world of scientific research, and several signal enhancement strategies have been employed to attain exceptionally low detection limits. Nanotechnology turns out to be a strong contender for signal amplification, as they can be employed as platform modifiers, catalysts, carriers or labels. Here, we have described the most recent advancements in the utilization of nanomaterials as signal amplification components in aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors. We have briefly reviewed the methods that utilized nanomaterials, namely gold and carbon, as well as nanocomposites such as: graphene, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, and metal-organic frameworks.

A synergistic nanocomposite film composed of gold nanourchins (AuNU), oxidised carbon nanohorns (CNH), and chitosan functioned as an electrode modifier in the fabrication of the sensitive lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) aptasensor. The AuNUs/CNH/CS composite increased the surface area and thereby amplified the signal transduction. The amine-terminated LCN-2 aptamer was immobilised through the amide bond formed between the carboxyl group of polyglutamic acid (PGA) and the amine group of aptamer. Interaction of LCN-2 with the aptamer caused conformational changes in the structure of the aptamer. This generated higher conductivity, resulting in increased DPV peak current. The DPV signal increased with increasing concentration of LCN-2, and the change in signal was used for quantitative detection. The proposed aptasensor was able to detect LCN-2 in the linear range of 0.1 - 100.0 pg mL-1, with a low detection limit of 10 fg mL-1. The aptasensor showed high sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, and was able to detect LCN-2 in serum samples.

This study focuses on developing a highly sensitive immunosensor by immobilizing oxidized carbon nanohorns/Nafion/Fe3O4@Pd nanocomposite on carbon screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) for the detection of tropomyosin (Tro-Ag). The performance of the fabricated immunosensor was investigated via electrochemiluminescence (ECL) method, resulting from the chemical reaction between tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride ([Ru(bpy)3]Cl2) and tripropylamine (TPrA), and the peak intensity is recorded at 1.0 V. The nanocomposite is able to enhance the ECL intensity of [Ru(bpy)3]2 +/TPrA system and achieves high sensitivity of 28.16 fg/mL with a dynamic working range of 28.16 fg/mL to 100 ng/ml.. Furthermore, the immunosensor demonstrated a decent stability and good repeatability for Tro-Ag detection in food products.

This study focuses on developing a highly sensitive immunosensor by immobilizing oxidized carbon nanohorns/Nafion/Fe