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The aim of this study is to develop a comprehensive quality assessment method for Acanthopanax senticosus using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with machine learning algorithms. A qualitative discriminant analysis model was established to distinguish the samples of Acanthopanax from different habitats, and overall prediction accuracy was more than 85%. Moreover, a partial least squares regression (PLSR) model was built to predict the response values of Acanthopanax senticosus at each retention time, with the Acanthopanax senticosus dataset serving as the Y matrix and the NIR spectral dataset serving as the X matrix. The transformed Acanthopanax senticosus fingerprint closely matched the actual fingerprint, exhibiting a high average similarity between the predicted and measured fingerprints for test set samples (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.8553, cosine similarity = 0.8627). The results of the cluster analysis demonstrated a high level of consistency. Converting NIR spectral fingerprints into HPLC fingerprints enhanced interpretability and more clearly displayed the components responsible for the diversity among samples from different origins. Meanwhile, the partial least squares regression (PLSR) model and support vector machine regression (SVR) model for the prediction of the contents of moisture, total solids, protocatechuic acid, syringin and chlorogenic acid contents were successfully established. The NIR spectra of Acanthopanax senticosus can accurately predict the values of moisture, total solids, protocatechuic acid, syringin and chlorogenic acid content, in which the RMSEP values for PLSR and SVR are 0.176, 0.812, 0.003, 0.026, and 0.007 and 0.182, 0.797, 0.003, 0.025, and 0.006, respectively. The predicted values of the five chemical compounds were 6.09–7.81, 4.8–9.5, 0.003–0.036, 0.066–0.233 and 0.015–0.055. Overall, the results indicate that this rapid quality evaluation system can be utilized for the quality control of Acanthopanax senticosus. The approaches used in this work can be used to identify the compound contents and provenance of herbal medicines and food for quality control measurements, potentially for online and field analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of the relationship between the chemical structure of food components with their mechanisms of action is crucial for the understanding of diet health benefits. This review relates the chemical variability present in coffee beverages with the mechanisms involved in key physiological events, supporting coffee as a polyvalent functional food. Coffee intake has been related with several health-promoting properties such as neuroprotective (caffeine, chlorogenic acids and melanoidins), anti-inflammatory (caffeine, chlorogenic acids, melanoidins, diterpenes), microbiota modulation (polysaccharides, melanoidins, chlorogenic acids), immunostimulatory (polysaccharides), antidiabetic (trigonelline, chlorogenic acids), antihypertensive (chlorogenic acids) and hypocholesterolemic (polysaccharides, chlorogenic acids, lipids). Nevertheless, caffeine and diterpenes are coffee components with ambivalent effects on health. Additionally, a large range of potentially harmful compounds, including acrylamide, hydroxymethylfurfural, furan, and advanced glycation end products, are formed during the roasting of coffee and are present in the beverages. However, coffee beverages are part of the daily human dietary healthy habits, configuring a coffee paradox. HIGHLIGHTS: The multi-targeted bioactive features of coffee compounds reinforce coffee as a functional food beverage. Polysaccharides and melanoidins positively modulate gut microbiota. Caffeine and phenolics are neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antihypertensive. The balance between potential health and harmful compounds configures a coffee paradox. Harmful compounds are present in trace levels in coffee, not conferring toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Vietnam, the cultivation and production of coffee have been expanding over the past few decades and are known as an important part of the national economy. However, the scientific data regarding the internal compositions of coffee have still been limited, especially the changes during the processing, typically the roasting period. The present study aimed to demonstrate an insight into the variations in chlorogenic acid, caffeine, total phenolic contents (TPCs), and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacities for two common coffee species, that is, Robusta and Arabica, and three roasting levels, that is, light, medium, and dark. Generally, Robusta coffee performed higher chlorogenic acid, caffeine, and TPCs, resulting in dominant antioxidant capacities compared to Arabica. High Pearson correlation coefficients (calculated by SPSS) were found for most pairs of parameters, r > 0.80. Regarding roasting levels, a descending order was highlighted for most analytical parameters: light > medium > dark. Two parallel processes in the roasting period were revealed by observing the antioxidant capacities, that is, thermal degradation and formation of other antioxidants by the Maillard reaction. Principal component analysis (SIMCA-P 11) was attempted to discriminate the available coffee samples by their species and roasting levels, indicating proper classification (the cumulative variance is 95.3%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gongju is recognized as one of the four traditional Chinese medicinal herbs, and its main constituents are chlorogenic acid (CGA) and its derivative material. CGA content in autooctoploid Gongju are considerably elevated compared with those in parental tetraploid Gongju at different flowering stages. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms governing the regulation CGA content remain poorly understood. Methods: Therefore, we conducted integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses of different flowering stages in autooctoploid and tetraploid Gongju to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms governing CGA biosynthesis. Results: Transcriptome analysis showed that the number of differentially expressed genes in the budding stage (BS), early flowering stage (EF), and full flowering stage (FF) of tetraploid and octoploid Gongju were 3859, 11,211, and 6837, respectively. A total of 563, 466, and 394 differential accumulated metabolites were respectively identified between the bud stages of tetraploid and octoploid Gongju (4BS vs. 8BS), between the early flowering stages of tetraploid and octoploid Gongju (4EF vs. 8EF), and the full flowering stages of tetraploid and octoploid Gongju (4FF vs. 8FF) groups. The integrated analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed that the expression of pma6460 and mws0178, which are key enzymes involved in the CGA synthesis pathway, increased during the flowering stages of octoploid Gongju relative to that of tetraploid Gongju. The expression levels of CmHQT and CmC3H genes associated with CGA synthesis were higher in octoploid plants than in tetraploid plants at various flowering stages. To investigate the potential regulation of transcription factors involved in CGA synthesis, we analyzed the coexpression of CmC3H and CmHQT with CmMYBs and CmbHLHs. Results indicated that transcription factors, such as CmMYB12 (Cluster-30519.0), CmMYB26 (Cluster-75874.0), CmMYB5 (Cluster-94106.0), CmMYB1 (Cluster-71968.7), CmbHLH62 (Cluster-32024.1), CmbHLH75 (Cluster-62341.0), CmbHLH62 (Cluster-32024.8), CmbHLH75 (Cluster-60210.0), and CmbHLH16 (Cluster-90665.1) play a pivotal role in CGA synthesis regulation. The present study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying CGA accumulation in autopolyploid Gongju. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccinium dunalianum , a medicinal plant, is utilized for Quezui Tea production from its leaf buds and young leaves. Despite prior research on V. dunalianum revealing several medicinal compounds, the comprehensive variations in metabolites during its growth and development, along with the molecular mechanisms underlying high chlorogenic acid (CGA) yield, remain unclear. Through a joint analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics, our study first identified 15 key structural genes and 3 transcription factors influencing CGA biosynthesis in V. dunalianum , offering new evidence to understand its regulatory network. Furthermore, non-targeted metabolomics analysis provides the first extensive report on the metabolic profile of V. dunalianum , furnishing a valuable dataset for deeper exploration of its nutritional and medicinal value, and the development of a quality evaluation system for its product Quezui Tea. This study offers the most comprehensive molecular information on V. dunalianum , marking a significant step toward understanding and enhancing the plant's potential for medicinal and nutritional applications. Additionally, this study also reveals V. dunalianum holds promise as a natural antioxidant source for functional foods, providing data support for network pharmacology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to isolate Streptomyces sp. from Moroccan terrestrial ecosystems and identify bioactive compounds through GC–MS analysis. Antimicrobial activity was assessed against various pathogenic microorganisms including Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Candida albicans ATCC 60193, and multi-drug resistant strains comprising Listeria monocytogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae 19K 929, Proteus sp. 19K1313, Klebsiella pneumoniae 20B1572, Proteus vulgaris 16C1737, and Klebsiella pneumoniae 20B1572. Based on the results of the gene sequencing of gene 16S rRNA and phylogenetic analysis, the E2 isolate belongs to the genus Streptomyces with the highest degree of resemblance (97.51%) to the Streptomyces africanus strain NBRC 101005 (NR_112600.1). The isolate exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, with maximum efficacy against Klebsiella pneumoniae 20B1572 indicated by an inhibition zone diameter of 22.5 ± 0.71mm and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.0625 mg/mL. The in vitro antioxidant potential of E2 strain was determined through screening of its ethyl acetate extract against sets of antioxidant assays. The results were indicative of E2 strain displaying strong antioxidant activity against ABTS, DPPH free radicals, and FRAP. Furthermore, there was a high significant correlation (p < 0.0001) between the total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant activities. The GC–MS analysis of the extract identified six volatile compounds, with Eugenol (96%) and Maltol (93%) being the most prominent. Additionally, the HPLC–UV/vis analysis revealed six phenolic compounds: gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, trans-ferulic acid, ellagic acid, and cinnamic acid. Overall, the study highlights Streptomyces sp. strain E2 as a potential source of potent antimicrobial and antioxidant metabolites, offering promise in addressing antibiotic resistance and oxidative stress-related conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endophytes play a pivotal role in protecting host plants from both biotic and abiotic stresses, promoting the production of active components (AC) and plant growth. However, the succession of the endophyte community in Eucommia ulmoides (E. ulmoides), particularly the community assembly and function, has not been extensively investigated. In this study, we employed high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics tools to analyze endophyte diversity across different tree ages, parts, and periods. We examined the population differences, correlations, community assembly mechanisms, and functional roles of these endophytes. Functional predictions via PICRUSt2 revealed that most endophytic fungal functions were linked to biosynthesis, with significant differences in biosynthetic functional abundance across parts and periods. In contrast, the metabolic activity of endophytic bacteria remained stable across different periods and parts. Correlation analysis further confirmed a strong positive relationship between ACs and certain endophytic fungi. Among them, the fungal phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were identified as key contributors to the metabolism of chlorogenic acid (CA), while Aucubin was significantly positively correlated with several endophytic bacteria. These findings provide valuable insights into the functional roles and community assembly mechanism of E. ulmoides endophytes, as well as their symbiotic relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb. var. chinensis (Wats.) Bak, commonly named red honeysuckle, have attracted attention because of their bright colors. However, owing to the lack of systematic studies, the potential applications of red honeysuckle are not clear, and its development and utilization have not been well known. Methods: In this study, compared with the buds of L. japonica Thunb. (honeysuckle), the potential applications of red honeysuckle were explored based on biological activities, bio-active components, and sensory flavor combined with widely targeted metabolomics. Results: As a result, in vitro tests showed that it had a stronger antioxidant and a stronger inhibitory effect on the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. There was no cytotoxicity on LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells in its aqueous extract using the CCK-8 method. Moreover, it also had a stronger effect on inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). The content of its bio-active components chlorogenic acid and cynaroside was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.001) than that of green honeysuckle. Widely targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that 4 volatile metabolites, such as (E)-4-hexene-1-ol and pyrazole, and 21 non-volatile metabolites, such as macranthoside B and oleanolic acid-3- O -glc(1-2)-(ara)-28- O -glucoside ester, were specific in red honeysuckle. Interestingly, 14 specific terpenoid metabolites were triterpenoid saponins, indicating a stronger biological activity in red honeysuckle. The sensory flavor analysis showed that the red honeysuckle had a stronger herbal and lighter floral flavor. Discussion: In conclusion, red honeysuckle had great development value with potential applications in medicines, foods, beverages, pigment additives, and health products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe present study aimed to optimize the microwave-assisted extraction process for both the peel and pulp of Hylocereus undatus (white dragon fruit) cultivated in Tunisia, using response surface methodology. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) antioxidant activities were optimized. A central composite design (CCD) was applied, considering three key variables: extraction time, extraction temperature, and liquid-to-solid ratio. The optimized extraction parameters for Hylocereus undatus peel and pulp were determined respectively (9.57 min, 42.20 °C and 27.79 mL/g) and (10.08 min, 40.84 °C and 31.52 mL/g). The main phenolic compounds identified in Hylocereus undatus peel and pulp extracts using HPLC-DAD were chlorogenic and caffeic acids and rutin, quercetin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside as flavonoids. Therefore, this research has revealed the potential of a sustainable and eco-friendly process hold promise a directional option and encouraging a circular economy approach for industrial production of antioxidant-rich Hylocereus undatus extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent considerations of natural sources as potential anticancer agents have arisen due to the origins of numerous drugs commonly used in chemotherapy. Plant‐based drugs, in particular, have attracted attention for offering the advantage of low adverse effects. Among these, the black mulberry plant (Morus nigra L.) stands out as a natural source of polyphenols, widely used to treat metabolic dysfunctions and confer benefits on human health. This study explores the potential of this plant as an anticancer agent, examining its effectiveness based on the type of application of the plant extracts or isolated substances, extraction methods, and its potential biological effects on cancer cells. Consequently, this study contributes to a better understanding of the distribution of phytochemicals in M. nigra and their applications in the context of cancer field. Among the compounds found in black mulberry are flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, and protocatechuic acid, along with cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside as the main anthocyanin on the fruit. The phytochemicals derived from M. nigra exhibit antinociceptive and antimicrobial activities, while also showing protective effects, such as antioxidant properties that underline their potential as anticancer agents. The black mulberry's roots, stem bark, pulp, and leaves are particularly rich sources of anti‐inflammatory compounds. Ethanol and methanol extraction methods appear to be the most effective in cancer management, offering compounds that facilitate the integration of apoptosis induction, cell growth inhibition, and cytotoxicity modulation. These results collectively represent the salient biological attributes that positioned black mulberry as a promising anticancer agent. Therefore, these findings highlight the multifaceted potential of M. nigra as an anticancer agent, making a compelling case for further research to advance prospects in the medical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The molecular modification of chlorogenic acid (1) through γ-irradiation resulted in the formation of five new products: chlorogenosins A (2), B (3), C (4), D (5), and E (6) along with known compounds rosmarinosin B (7), protocatechuic acid (8), and protocatechuic aldehyde (9). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic methods, including one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The potential anti-inflammatory activities of all the isolated compounds were determined by evaluating their inhibitory effects on the nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Notably, compounds 2 and 3 , which contained two hydroxymethyl functionalities instead of the trans -olefinic moiety present in the original chlorogenic acid, exhibited stronger inhibitory effects on NO production than that of the original compound. These findings suggest that the predominant chemical changes induced in chlorogenic acid by γ-irradiation may enhance its anti-inflammatory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed a structured fruit cube (FC) snack using only natural ingredients, specifically red grape and apple, without hydrocolloids and sucrose. After development, physicochemical characterization and analysis of phenolic compounds (PCs), including anthocyanins, flavonols, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS, were conducted. Sensory quality was also assessed through an acceptance and sensory profile analysis using the rate-all-that-apply methodology. The results showed that the FC had physicochemical characteristics similar to other structured fruits that use hydrocolloids. Additionally, they presented a complex composition of PCs, predominantly including anthocyanins derived from malvidin (tri-substituted methoxylated anthocyanins), notably cumarylated ones. Flavonols compounds comprised the 3-glucoside series of myricetin, quercetin, laricitrin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and syringetin; the 3-galactoside series of myricetin and quercetin; and the 3-glucuronic acid series of myricetin and quercitin, along with rutin. The presence of caftaric acid, coutaric acid, fertaric acid, and p-coumaroyl-glucose was also detected, alongside caffeic acid-O-glucoside 1, caffeic acid-O-glucoside 2, chlorogenic acid, 4-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, and dicaffeoylquinic acid. In conclusion, the selection of natural ingredients was technologically suitable for obtaining an FC. Despite using conventional drying at 60 °C, the product showed notable concentrations of PCs and also achieved great sensory acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioactive compounds in burdock (Arctium lappa L.) roots, including chlorogenic acid (CGA) and cynarin, are valuable for use in nutraceutical foods. The ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive substances from dried burdock root powder (DBR) was investigated with 95% ethanol to reduce the impact of polysaccharide inulin on the extraction of free CGA and cynarin. The ethanolic extraction of CGA and cynarin was evaluated under ultrasound (300 W) at 40 kHz (U40) and 120 kHz (U120) with shaking at 120 rpm (S120) for comparison. Using a 1/30 (g/mL-solvent) solid-to-liquid ratio at 30 °C in 120 min, amounts of CGA and cynarin with U40 were as high as 818.74 μg/g-DBR and 173.68 μg/g-DBR, respectively, being much higher than those with U120 and S120. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of the extract using U40 were significantly better than using U120 and S120. For U40 and U120, CGA increased with a decreasing solid-to-liquid ratio, while cynarin showed a decrease with a decreasing solid-to-liquid ratio using U120. Moreover, no observable degradations of free CGA and cynarin in ethanol were detected. By combining ultrasound and ethanol, the extracts with high-content CGA and cynarin from burdock roots were effectively achieved for use in health foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honeysuckle, a traditional Chinese medicine, holds significant medicinal value, making it ubiquitous in the medical field. However, the efficient extraction of chlorogenic acid from Chinese herbal medicine while maintaining its pharmacological activity remains a pressing challenge. To address the issues of environmental pollution and inefficient extraction using traditional solvents, there is a need to develop a novel solvent. Due to their low cost, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly characteristics, deep eutectic solvents can be used for extracting traditional Chinese medicinal materials while preserving the activity of their active ingredients during the extraction process. In this study, we examined the antibacterial activity of chlorogenic acid, a key component of honeysuckle, after extraction using a deep eutectic solvent. We gained preliminary insights into the antibacterial activity of the extract against various bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, we analyzed the antibacterial activity of extracts of different concentrations in liquid medium, and the morphology of the bacteria after inhibition was analyzed. These findings suggest that deep eutectic solvent (DES) is an efficient, environmentally friendly, and cost‐effective method for extracting the active components of honeysuckle. Moreover, the active components extracted using DES retain robust physiological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Eggplant is a rich source of health-promoting phenolic acids, mainly chlorogenic acid (CGA). • CGA has various health benefits. • Study identified and analyzed key genes involved in the CGA biosynthesis pathway of eggplant. • This study highlights the potential of engineering the CGA biosynthesis pathway of eggplant. Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a rich source of health-promoting phenolic acids, mainly chlorogenic acid (CGA), and trace elements. CGA has been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. The natural genome of eggplants contains essential genes for beneficial traits like drought tolerance, disease resistance, and high concentrations of medicinal substances. Transcriptomic analysis of eggplant overexpressing the hydroxycinnamoyl CoA quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT) gene revealed upregulation of 2165 genes, including three similar to HQT and cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H). Sequence similarity analysis showed homology to caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferases, key enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway leading to CGA biosynthesis. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis identified 5 highly upregulated glycosyltransferase family 43 genes (650.3-fold change). Glycosyltransferases like UDP-glucose:cinnamate glucosyltransferase and cinnamate-glucose 4′-O-glucosyltransferase are crucial for CGA production in eggplant. qRT-PCR validated the potential upregulation of HQT and C4H in transgenic eggplants. Comparative analysis revealed eggplant has the highest CGA content (5–8.1 g/kg dry weight) among vegetables, with foliar CGA acting as a natural insecticide. CGA offers antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antiviral, and hepatoprotective benefits to humans. This study highlights the role of HQT and C4H in elevating the medicinal properties of eggplant through CGA biosynthesis pathway engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This is the first study on phytochemical profiling and enzyme inhibitory activities of C. corymbosum extracts. • Chlorogenic acid, rutin, and quercitrin were major compounds in the extracts. • The extracts have antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. • The extracts showed significant inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and thioredoxin reductase. Cardopatium corymbosum (L.) Pers. (Asteraceae) has been used ethnomedicinally against intestinal worms, for skin diseases, and in wound treatment. This study investigated the phytochemical profile and biological activities of ethanol (CCE), methanol (CCM), and water (CCW) extracts of C. corymbosum. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of various metabolites. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by measuring 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities and ferric-reducing power (FRAP). The cytotoxicity against human breast cancer (MCF-7) and human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cell lines were determined using the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay. Enzyme inhibitory activities against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and elastase were measured to assess potential antidiabetic, anti-Alzheimer's, anticancer, and antiaging/wound healing effects. CCM exhibited the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity. Fumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, and rutin were identified as major components in CCM. C. corymbosum extracts, particularly those from CCE and CCM, displayed significant cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells while exhibiting lower toxicity towards HUVEC cells. Notably, CCM demonstrated potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, while no α-amylase inhibition was observed. All extracts showed weak inhibition of AChE, BChE, and elastase. Conversely, the extracts displayed moderate TrxR inhibitory activity. These findings suggest that C. corymbosum possesses significant antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and cytotoxic potential, highlighting its promise as a source of novel bioactive molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown that a transition from traditional C18 (I) stationary phases with non-polar endcapping to the C10CN (II) phase, containing terminal polar groups, leads to a change in selectivity comparable to an increase in the activity of residual silanol groups in phases I. The effect was detected in the separation of isomeric monocaffeoylquinic acids. Two versions of the gradient mode are proposed using a Diasfer-110-C10CN column and water–acetonitrile components of the mobile phase acidified with H3PO4 for the separation of chlorogenic acids and caffeine in green coffee extracts from different manufacturers. It was shown that the proposed chromatographic method can also be used to determine trigonelline, the retention of which significantly increased in replacing phase I with phase II. The proposed method was used to differentiate the fruits of two types of coffee—Arabica and Robusta. It was found that the total amount of chlorogenic acids and caffeine is higher in Robusta coffee extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stable ternary complexes of lactoferrin (LF), high methoxyl pectin (HMP) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) were synthesised and characterised. Soluble LF–HMP complexes were prepared at pH 5, 6 and 7 using established phase diagram. CGA bound to ternary complexes at moderate binding strength (Ka: 103–105 L/M). LF, HMP and CGA interacted via noncovalent interactions like hydrophobic interaction. Ternary complexes showed particle size of 135–462 nm (except for 0.05% CGA at pH 5) and zeta‐potential from −17 to −22 mV. Ternary complexes had superior antioxidant capacity over binary ones (P < 0.05). The ternary complexes may find application in functional beverages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular diseases pose a major threat to both life expectancy and quality of life worldwide, and a concerning level of disease burden has been attained, particularly in middle- and low-income nations. Several drugs presently in use lead to multiple adverse events. Thus, it is urgently needed to develop safe, affordable, and effective management of cardiovascular diseases. Emerging evidence reveals a positive association between polyphenol consumption and cardioprotection. Whole wheat grain and allied products are good sources of polyphenolic compounds bearing enormous cardioprotective potential. Polyphenolic extract of the entire wheat grain contains different phenolic compounds viz. ferulic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, apigenin, quercetin, luteolin, etc. which exert cardioprotection by reducing oxidative stress and interfering with different toxicological processes. The antioxidant capacity has been thought to exert the cardioprotective mechanism of wheat grain polyphenolics, which predominantly suppresses oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis by downregulating several pathogenic signaling events. However, the combined effect of polyphenolics appears to be more prominent than that of a single molecule, which might be attained due to the synergy resulting in multimodal cardioprotective benefits from multiple phenolics. The current article covers the bioaccessibility and possible effects of wheat-derived polyphenolics in protecting against several cardiovascular disorders. This review discusses the mechanistic pharmacology of individual wheat polyphenols on the cardiovascular system. It also highlights the comparative superiority of polyphenolic extracts over a single phenolic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds in jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) peel were extracted using novel sequential microwave-ultrasonic-assisted extraction (SMUAE) and a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES). Choline chloride-lactic acid (ChCl-LA) was an optimal NADES. Optimal conditions of SMUprobeAE (SMUpAE) were 415 W microwave power, 124 s irradiation time, and 7 min ultrasonic time. Total phenolic content (TPC) of a crude extract (CJPE) under the optimum conditions was 53.16 ± 1.23 mg GAE/g DW. SMUbathAE (SMUbAE) could be used instead of SMUpAE to prevent the corrosion of the probe. The different sequences of applying ultrasonic wave and microwave did not differently influence TPC, antioxidant activity of CJPE, and microstructure of peel residues. LC-QTOF-MS/MS profiling of natural products in purified extracts (PJPE) was differently affected by ChCl-LA and 60% EtOH. Chlorogenic acid was the main phenolic compound in PJPE. Glycyrrhetinic acid was found for the first time in ChCl-LA-PJPE. Therefore, SMUbAE integrated with ChCl-LA was an alternative green technique for extraction of phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aimed to evaluate three varieties of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) regarding the content of anthocyanins and total phenolics, antioxidant activity, phenolic profile and the alkaloids trigonelline and theobromine. The total phenolic content was analyzed by the Fast-Blue and Folin–Ciocalteau methods, while the antioxidant activity was analyzed by the β-carotene/linoleic acid, ABTS+ and FRAP methods. The phenolic profile and alkaloids were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC–DAD-UV–Vis). Peanuts with beige shells stood out with higher antioxidant activity and total phenolic content, while peanuts with purple shells stood out with higher anthocyanin content. Eight phenolic compounds and the alkaloids trigonelline and theobromine have been identified in peanut varieties. However, only four phenolics (gallic, syringic, ferulic and transcinnamic acids), in addition to the two alkaloids, were identified simultaneously in the three varieties studied. Chlorogenic acid was absent in red and purple-seeded varieties, catechin and resveratrol in varieties with red and beige coats, and p-coumaric acid in those with beige coats. For the first time, trigonelline and theobromine were identified in peanuts. Therefore, the bioactive composition and antioxidant activity of peanuts depend on its genotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • EEPF inhibits Aβ aggregation and displays strong antioxidant activity. • EEPF improves memory impairment via targeting neuronal death and inflammation. • Neuroprotective action of EEPF is modulated through CaMK2/FER signaling pathway. • Anti-inflammatory effect of EEPF is regulated through Smad3/cyclin D3 pathway. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is caused by various factors including amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation. We investigated the pharmacological effects of the ethanol extract of Potentilla fragarioides var. major (Rosaceae) (EEPF) on AD-related pathogenesis, which remain elusive. We observed the effects of EEPF on Aβ disaggregation and free-radical scavenging activities for 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) using in vitro assays, evaluated the effects of EEPF on memory loss in two animal models, and examined the molecular regulatory mechanisms of EEPF using an antibody-protein microarray in EEPF-treated neuronal cell lines. EEPF inhibited Aβ aggregation in a concentration-dependent manner and enhanced free-radical scavenging activities for ABTS and DPPH. EEPF significantly inhibited memory impairment in the passive avoidance task, Y-maze test, and Morris water maze test in scopolamine-induced short-term memory loss mice and Aβ-injected AD-like mice. Nissl staining and immunohistochemistry for NeuN and Iba-1 confirmed the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of EEPF in both animal models. In H 2 O 2 -treated HT22 hippocampal cells, EEPF significantly prevented cell damage, enhanced CaMK2, and reduced ferric reductase. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglia, EEPF significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of inflammatory factors, such as nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6, and decreased the phosphorylation of Smad3 and cyclin D3. High-performance liquid chromatography confirmed that EEPF has five major components: neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, polydatin, isochlorogenic acid A, and buddleoside, with amounts ranging across 1.91–9.41 mg/g. EEPF may be a promising drug for treatment of AD and AD-related brain disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caloric restriction mimetics mimic the beneficial effects of dietary restriction approaches, such as caloric restriction approaches, without limiting the dietary intake. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) acts as a caloric restriction mimetic; however, its neuroprotective mechanisms remain ambiguous. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to elucidate the neuroprotective effects of CGA on SH‐SY5Y cells treated with amyloid‐beta (Aβ)1‐42. Aβ1‐42 (1.25 μM) induced oxidative stress by significantly increasing the pro‐oxidant levels and decreasing the antioxidant levels in the cells. Additionally, it decreased the Na+/K+‐ATPase and Ca2+‐ATPase ion transporter activities and enhanced the acetylcholinesterase activity. However, CGA (100 μM) reversed these Aβ1‐42‐induced changes in SH‐SY5Y cells. Overall, CGA exerted neuroprotective effects against Aβ1‐42‐induced oxidative stress and impaired ion transporter and acetylcholinesterase activities, serving as a promising therapeutic candidate for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioactive compounds in herbal extracts may provide effective hair loss treatments with fewer side effects compared to synthetic medicines. This study evaluated the effects of Buebang 3 CMU and Sanpatong rice bran extracts, macerated with dichloromethane or 95% ethanol, on hair growth promotion and hair loss prevention. Overall, Buebang 3 CMU extracts contained significantly higher levels of bioactive compounds, including γ-oryzanol, tocopherols, and various polyphenols such as phytic acid, ferulic acid, and chlorogenic acid, compared to Sanpatong extracts. Additionally, ethanolic extracts demonstrated greater bioactive content and antioxidant activities than those extracted with dichloromethane. These compounds enhanced the proliferation of human hair follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) by 124.28 ± 1.08% (p < 0.05) and modulated anti-inflammatory pathways by reducing nitrite production to 3.20 ± 0.36 µM (p < 0.05). Key hair growth signaling pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin (CTNNB1), Sonic Hedgehog (SHH, SMO, GLI1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were activated by approximately 1.5-fold to 2.5-fold compared to minoxidil. Also, in both human prostate cancer (DU-145) and HFDPC cells, the ethanolic Buebang 3 CMU extract (Et-BB3-CMU) suppressed SRD5A1, SRD5A2, and SRD5A3 expression—key pathways in hair loss—by 2-fold and 1.5-fold more than minoxidil and finasteride, respectively. These findings suggest that Et-BB3-CMU holds promise for promoting hair growth and preventing hair loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, botanical preparations have been used to improve human health. Their active ingredients are influenced by multiple factors such as intraspecies variations, environmental conditions, collection time and methods, and the part of the plant used. To ensure the efficiency and safety of these herbal drugs, qualitative and quantitative analyses are required. A Tessaria absinthioides decoction (DETa) was reported as having hypocholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, antitumor, and antioxidative properties. This work aimed to analyze DETa by correlating its chemical composition with cytotoxic and antioxidative properties, with the aim of promoting research on it as an anticancer agent. DETa collections (2017, 2018, 2019, and 2022) were analyzed by UHPLC-DAD, UHPLC-DAD-FLD, and UPLC-MS/MS; cytotoxicity was assessed on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line; antioxidative capacity was evaluated by the DPPH and FRAP methods; and correlation analysis was used to determine biological and chemical markers. The results provide evidence that biological activities were consistent across the collections. Among the quantified compounds, apigenin, naringin, gallocatechin gallate, ginnalin A, myricetin, epicatechin, OH-tyrosol, quercetin, and chlorogenic, tessaric, p-coumaric, vanillic, caffeic, caftaric, ellagic, and rosmarinic acids correlated as bioactive and chemical markers. Moreover, tessaric acid could be established as a species marker. Altogether, these findings add relevant information to DETa properties, encouraging further exploration of its potential application as an anticancer botanical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imperative need to produce safe foodstuffs using environmentally sustainable practices has highlighted the incorporation of legumes in human and animal diets as an emerging nutritional staple. Since legumes comprise a family of plants known to display an extensive agricultural diversity with significant bioactivities, we report herein the exploitation outcome of the nutritional and bio-functional content of hay, derived from the post-harvest aerial parts of eight novel-improved Greek cultivars belonging to the following six taxa: Larthyrus sativus L., Medicago sativa L., Cicer arietinum L., Pisum sativum L., Vicia faba L., and Phaseolus vulgaris L. In specific, the phytochemical content of their hay extracts was screened against the presence of 37 fatty acids and 67 polyphenols using, respectively, GC-FID and LC-MS/MS instruments, while the determination of their total phenolic and tannin contents was achieved with spectrophotometric methods. In this respect, the presence of 26 different fatty acids was detected of which the acids linoleic, linolenic and palmitic were traced in all extracts in concentrations exceeding the 10 mg/g, while the oleic acid was determined as the major component of C. arietinum (77.58 mg/g), V. faba (36.11 mg/g), and L. sativus (12.89 mg/g) extracts. In addition, 30 different phenolics were traced as extracts' components with the most abundant the molecule of isoquercetin, which was present in six extracts and isoliquiritigenin, calycosin, and chlorogenic acid which were detected in five extracts. Finally, the antioxidant properties of the extracts were evaluated by performing both DPPH• and FRAP assays, which highlighted the V. faba extract as the most potent in both tests, followed by the extracts of P. sativum and P. vulgaris. Results herein are indicative of the significant advances achieved, for the improvement of investigated plant cultivars with respect to their utilization as nutritional crops, since these novel cultivars hays have been found to contain significant amounts of essential nutrients in the form of fatty acids along with bioactive ingredients in the form of polyphenols, while simultaneously they were determined as deprived of tannins that constitute essential anti-nutritional factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the pore structure of green coffee beans (GCB) and detect the sorption capacity and extraction characteristics of flavor compounds before roasting, this study employed several methods: hot air drying (HD), freeze-drying (FD), 3-levels short-time heating with puffing (SH1P, SH2P, and SH3P), and 3-levels microwave with puffing (MW45P, MW60P, and MW75P). These methods were applied to GCBs pre-soaked in water for different times. The effects of these treatments on color change, porosity, microstructure, citric acid sorption capacity, and caffeine and chlorogenic acid extraction yield were investigated. Results indicated that, except for GCBs treated with SH1P, SH2P, SH3P, and MW75P, all other modified GCBs showed minimal color change. GCBs treated with MW60P exhibited favorable pore structures. MW60P treatments significantly improved the extraction yield of caffeine and chlorogenic acid. Furthermore, the increased porosity and improved pore size distribution of GCB after MW60P resulted in a significant increase in the sorption of citric acid onto modified GCB. The rate of the sorption reaction followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. In conclusion, MW60P are effective treatments for enhancing the microstructure of GCB, improving sorption capacity, and improving the extraction yield of flavor compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Reducing post-harvest losses of strawberries, which quickly spoil after harvest and have a limited storage life, is crucial in minimizing product wastage. The research aimed to investigate the impact of spermidine application at varying concentrations (0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mM) on post-harvest fruit quality characteristics and biochemical composition. Spermidine application protected the fruits by preventing changes in weight loss, decay rate, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), pH ratios and respiration rate. Malic acid was dominant in strawberry fruits, and that the application of 2 mM spermidine (559.80 mg/100 g) compared to the control group (483.55 mg/100 g) largely preserved malic acid content. Chlorogenic acid was phenolics compound that had the highest content, and spermdine doses significantly preserved chlorogenic acid during storage. The study revealed that 2 mM spermidine application was the most effective dose and that it could be used at this concentration to preserve post-harvest fruit quality and reduce biochemical changes in strawberries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chili fruits are a potential source of phytochemicals and nutrients for food and reconstituted products. Due to its high nutritional and bioactive components, the current study focused on developing chili instant food products employing hot-air drying method. The effect of the hot-air drying method on physicochemical properties, microbiological quality, retention of bioactive components, phytochemicals, antioxidant properties, and sensory quality of green and red chilies reconstitution products were investigated. HPLC quantification unveiled that fresh red chili product had retained the highest capsaicin (2703.14 µg/g) and dihydrocapsaicin (1518 µg/g) content on the 0th day. Furthermore, UPLC-MS confirmed the presence of eleven phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, catechin, rutin, and quercetin. Among all, ferulic acid (382.91 µg/g) was the most abundant phenolic compound in fresh green chili products, followed by trans-cinnamic acid (73.19 µg/g) in green chili reconstituted and catechin (65.66 µg/g) in green and red chili reconstituted products. The chili products retained reasonable amounts of bioactive components and antioxidants during storage without microbial growth. The correlation analysis revealed a significant correlation between capsaicinoids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant properties, which are linearly related in green chili products. This study offers manufacturers a cost-effective technology for producing high-quality chili-reconstituted products rich in essential nutrients and health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Sensing dietary components in the gut is important to ensure an appropriate hormonal response and metabolic regulation after food intake. The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, is a major invasive pest in China and has led to significant economic losses and ecosystem disruption. The larvae's broad host range and voracious appetite for leaves make H. cunea a primary cause of serious damage to both forests and crops. To date, however, the gustatory receptors (Grs) of H. cunea and their regulatory function remain largely unknown. RESULTS: We identified the fall webworm gustatory receptor HcGr76 as a fructose and chlorogenic acid receptor using Ca2+ imaging and determination of intracellular Ca2+ concentration by a microplate reader. Moreover, reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT–qPCR) analysis revealed that HcGr76 is highly expressed in the anterior and middle midgut. Knockdown of HcGr76 caused a significant reduction in the expression of neuropeptide F 1 (NPF1) and CCHamide‐2, and led to a decrease in carbohydrate and lipid levels in the hemolymph. CONCLUSION: Our studies provide circumstantial evidence that HcGr76 expressed in the midgut is involved in sensing dietary components, and regulates the expression of relevant peptide hormones to alter metabolism in H. cunea larvae, thus providing a promising molecular target for the development of new insect‐specific control products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Croton guatemalensis Lotsy (Euphorbiaceae) is an important traditional medicine that is used by the Cakchiquels of Guatemala to control hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Previous studies have shown that administration of this plant induces an acute hypoglycemic effect during fasting and that the main compound is junceic acid, a diterpenoid with a clerodane skeleton; however, junceic acid has not been reported to have hypoglycemic activity in the literature. As the mechanisms involved in the hypoglycemic effect of C. guatemalensis remain unknown, the objective of the present investigation was to elucidate the hypoglycemic mechanisms of this species, as well as its major compound, junceic acid. The results indicated that, similar to complete extract, junceic acid exhibited a hypoglycemic effect in hyperglycemic rats. Both C. guatemalensis extract and junceic acid inhibited the activity of two rate-limiting enzymes involved in hepatic glucose production; however, compared with chlorogenic acid, junceic acid had a more potent effect on glucose-6-phosphatase levels than chlorogenic acid, which was used as a positive control. Furthermore, both fasting and postprandial insulin levels decreased in healthy and hyperglycemic rats despite reduced blood glucose levels in both metabolic states, suggesting a potential insulin-sensitizing effect. However, neither of these compounds potentiated the effect of insulin in insulin tolerance tests nor inhibited the enzyme activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, a negative regulator of the insulin pathway. Therefore, the insulin-sensitizing effect is thought to be independent of insulin and mediated by potential activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway. The specific activation of this master regulator in β-cells results in the inhibition of insulin secretion in a healthy state and the restoration of the insulin response under conditions of glucotoxicity; these effects were observed after the administration of the extract and junceic acid in healthy and hyperglycemic rats. Overall, the main findings of this study establish a basis of the mechanisms of action of C. guatemalensis and its main compound, junceic acid, in terms of their hypoglycemic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the mechanisms by which chlorogenic acid combined with forsythoside regulates cytokine storms through network pharmacology and in vitro experiments. Methods The targets of chlorogenic acid and forsythoside were predicted using Swiss Target Prediction, PharmMapper, SEA, and TCMSP databases. Targets related to cytokine storms were retrieved from GeneCards, OMIM, DRUGBANK, and DisGeNET databases. Intersection targets were identified and depicted in a Venn diagram. A protein interaction network was constructed using the STRING database and Cytoscape software. Gene Ontology(GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed using the DAVID database. A cytokine storm model was established in RAW264.7 macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell viability was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8) method. Nitric oxide (NO) levels in the supernatant were measured by the Griess method. Levels of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of TNF receptor-associated factor 4 (TRAF4), TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase 3(PIK3C3) proteins were analyzed by Western blot. Results Network pharmacology analysis identified eight core network targets for the treatment of cytokine storms with chlorogenic acid and forsythoside, including serine/ threonine-protein kinase (AKT1), albumin (ALB), hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A), IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), tyrosine kinase (SRC), and Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4). Key pathways included the phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT) signaling pathway. In vitro experiments showed that compared to the control group, levels of NO, TNF-α, IL-6. iNOS, and COX-2 were significantly higher in the model group (P<0.001). After treatment, levels of NO, TNF-α, IL-6, INOS, and COX-2 significantly decreased compared to the model group(P< 0.001). The combined treatment of chlorogenic acid and forsythoside (11) more effectively reduced inflammatory indicators compared to single treatments (P<0.001). Protein expression of TLR4, TRAF6, PIK3C3, and phosphorylation levels of PIK3C3 significantly decreased in the treatment group compared to the model group. Conclusion Chlorogenic acid combined with forsythoside synergistically suppresses the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and regulates cytokine storms, potentially through the TLR4/TRAF6/PIK3C3 signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Nanoparticles (NPs) are well‐known biostimulants in plant biotechnology, utilised to enhance the physical properties of plants and exhibit positive effects on them. The important key role is the most suitable type, effective dose and size of NP to be used in plant tissue culture systems. In this study, various concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs; 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg L−1) were tested as elicitors in callus culture with the aim of enhancing secondary metabolite production in lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.). According to the results obtained, callus formation rates have shown an increase in all applications compared to the control group. The highest callus formation, weight and diameter were observed in 50 μg L−1 application. In this application, the callus structure was compact and its colour was green. However, the aromatic compounds, neral and geranial increased significantly in 25 μg L−1 application. The maximum increase in phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, proto‐catechic acid, hesperidin and p‐coumaric acid was observed in the 75 μg L−1 AgNP and the highest increase in rosmarinic acid compound was determined in the 50 μg L−1 application. The study found that AgNP applications are an effective method for increasing the production of secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants, such as lemon balm, in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Chitosan (CS), an abundant alkaline polysaccharide, is valued for its biocompatibility, non‐toxicity, and antibacterial properties. However, its limited solubility and modest antioxidant activity constrain its utility. Grafting polyphenols onto chitosan through the use of grafting reactions can enhance both the solubility and bioactivity of chitosan. Among the techniques employed, the free radical grafting method is favored for its simplicity, environmental sustainability, and its effectiveness in preserving biological activity.In this study, chlorogenic acid (CGA) and polydatin (PLD) were conjugated successfully to chitosan by a Vc/H2O2 redox system. Analytical techniques such as ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐visible) spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) were employed to confirm the formation of covalent bonding between the polyphenol molecules and the chitosan backbone. The novel conjugates displayed superior antioxidant properties in comparison with pristine chitosan, as evidenced by their enhanced 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2,2'‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical, and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacities, and Fe2+ reducing power. Both CGA‐CS and PLA‐CS exhibited excellent lipid and protein oxidation inhibition capabilities. Furthermore, the conjugates were shown to have significant antibacterial effects against four common pathogenic bacteria: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, and Staphylococcus aureus (P < 0.05).The newly synthesized water‐soluble polyphenol‐chitosan conjugates demonstrated remarkable biological activity, particularly CGA‐CS. This study offers new insights and a strong theoretical foundation for developing natural food preservation materials with potential applications in the food industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Croton guatemalensis Lotsy (Euphorbiaceae) is an important traditional medicine that is used by the Cakchiquels of Guatemala to control hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Previous studies have shown that administration of this plant induces an acute hypoglycemic effect during fasting and that the main compound is junceic acid, a diterpenoid with a clerodane skeleton; however, junceic acid has not been reported to have hypoglycemic activity in the literature. As the mechanisms involved in the hypoglycemic effect of C. guatemalensis remain unknown, the objective of the present investigation was to elucidate the hypoglycemic mechanisms of this species, as well as its major compound, junceic acid. The results indicated that, similar to complete extract, junceic acid exhibited a hypoglycemic effect in hyperglycemic rats. Both C. guatemalensis extract and junceic acid inhibited the activity of two rate-limiting enzymes involved in hepatic glucose production; however, compared with chlorogenic acid, junceic acid had a more potent effect on glucose-6-phosphatase levels than chlorogenic acid, which was used as a positive control. Furthermore, both fasting and postprandial insulin levels decreased in healthy and hyperglycemic rats despite reduced blood glucose levels in both metabolic states, suggesting a potential insulin-sensitizing effect. However, neither of these compounds potentiated the effect of insulin in insulin tolerance tests nor inhibited the enzyme activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, a negative regulator of the insulin pathway. Therefore, the insulin-sensitizing effect is thought to be independent of insulin and mediated by potential activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway. The specific activation of this master regulator in β-cells results in the inhibition of insulin secretion in a healthy state and the restoration of the insulin response under conditions of glucotoxicity; these effects were observed after the administration of the extract and junceic acid in healthy and hyperglycemic rats. Overall, the main findings of this study establish a basis of the mechanisms of action of C. guatemalensis and its main compound, junceic acid, in terms of their hypoglycemic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to inadequate treatment, diabetes mellitus, which is characterized by hyperglycemia, is a global health challenge that requires creative management techniques. This study explores the therapeutic potential of Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench fruit extracts in diabetes, offering an ample approach includes phytochemical analysis, qualitative and quantitative assessments, antidiabetic efficacy, antioxidant potential, and in vivo and in vitro investigations. Thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were utilized to disclose the phytochemical profile of the fruit extracts, which indicated a diverse range of bioactive compounds. Four polyphenolic compounds including chlorogenic acid, quercetin, rutin, and morin were confirmed by HPLC fingerprinting, with rutin being the most prevalent. Qualitative analysis reveals the presence of carbohydrates, emodin, terpenoids, lignin, glycosides, and anthraquinones, while indicating the absence of amino acids, anthocyanins, phlobatannins, lactones, and leucoanthocyanins. Quantitative analysis reveals total phenolic, tannin, and flavonoid. In vitro assessments demonstrate the ability of the extracts to inhibit alpha amylase. Radical scavenging activities were evaluated through DPPH assay, underscoring their antioxidant capacity with high effect in methanol extracts. Additionally, the methanol extract decreased the blood glucose level of Type 2 diabetic mice. Notably, test samples stabilized blood glucose levels, reversed deviations in blood profile parameters, blood biochemistry, and regulated organ weight. Based on its antioxidant and antidiabetic effects, as well as positive effects on the physiology of Type 2 diabetic mice, A. esculentus emerges as an important nutraceutical vegetable. As an important nutraceutical vegetable, it holds promise for diabetes management. A. esculentus can be incorporated into dietary interventions for individuals with diabetes, harnessing its natural antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Our findings validate the traditional use of A. esculentus in green therapeutics. In conclusion, A. esculentus emerges as a valuable ally in the fight against diabetes, bridging the gap between ancient wisdom and modern science. Further research and practical implementation are warranted to fully realize its potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lonicera japonica Thunb. and Lonicera hypoglauca are famous Chinese medicines used for hyperglycemia; however, the specific compounds that contributed to the hypoglycemic activity and mechanism are still unknown. In this study, the antidiabetic activity of L. japonica buds and L. hypoglauca buds, roots, stems, and leaves extracts was primarily evaluated, and the L. japonica buds and L. hypoglauca buds, roots, and stems extracts displayed significant hypoglycemic activity, especially for the buds of L. hypoglauca. A total of 72 high-level compounds, including 9 iridoid glycosides, 12 flavonoids, 34 organic acids, and 17 saponins, were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) combined with the fragmentation pathways of standards from different parts of L. japonica and L. hypoglauca extracts. Among them, 19 metabolites, including 13 saponins, were reported for the first time from both medicines. Seven high-content compounds identified from L. hypoglauca buds extract were further evaluated for hypoglycemic activity. The result indicated that neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid B, and isochlorogenic acid C displayed significant antidiabetic activity, especially for isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid C, which demonstrated that the five chlorogenic-acid-type compounds were the active ingredients of hypoglycemic activity for L. japonica and L. hypoglauca. The potential mechanism of hypoglycemic activity for isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid C was inhibiting the intestinal α-glucosidase activity to block the supply of glucose. This study was the first to clarify the hypoglycemic active ingredients and potential mechanism of L. japonica and L. hypoglauca, providing new insights for the comprehensive utilization of both resources and the development of hypoglycemic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of different green extraction techniques (GETs) on targeted bioactive compounds from artichoke leaf by-products using deep eutectic solvent extraction (DESE), supercritical CO2 extraction (SCO2E), subcritical water extraction (SWE), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Moreover, (HR) LC-ESI-QTOF MS/MS and HPLC-PDA analyses were used to perform qualitative–quantitative analysis on the extracts, enabling the detection of several bioactive compounds, including luteolin, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-rutinoside, apigenin rutinoside, chlorogenic acid, and cynaropicrin as the most representative ones. SWE showed better results than the other GETs (TPC: 23.39 ± 1.87 mg/g of dry plant, dp) and appeared to be the best choice. Regarding UAE, the highest total phenols content (TPC) was obtained with 50:50% v/v ethanol: water (7.22 ± 0.58 mg/g dp). The DES obtained with choline chloride:levulinic acid showed the highest TPC (9.69 ± 0.87 mg/g dp). Meanwhile, SCO2E was a selective technique for the recovery of cynaropicrin (48.33 ± 2.42 mg/g dp). Furthermore, the study examined the antioxidant activity (1.10–8.82 mmol Fe2+/g dp and 3.37–31.12 mmol TEAC/g dp for DPPH• and FRAP, respectively) and total phenols content via Folin–Ciocalteu's assay (198.32–1433.32 mg GAE/g dp), of which the highest values were detected in the SWE extracts. The relationship among the GETs, antioxidant assays, and compounds detected was evaluated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA confirmed the strong antioxidant activity of SWE and showed comparable extraction yields for the antioxidant compounds between UAE and DESE. Consequently, GETs selection and extraction parameters optimization can be employed to enrich artichoke leaf by-products' extracts with targeted bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The intestines of layers during the late laying phase usually exhibit lipid metabolism disorders, concurrent with impaired energy production and antioxidant capacity. Therefore, it is necessary to explore feed additives that can enhance production performance through preserving gut barrier integrity and balancing the microbiota. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) exhibits potent pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and lipid metabolism-regulating properties. However, the impact of CGA on late-peak laying hens remains to be further studied. In this study, we investigated the effects of CGA on gut antioxidant status, morphology, barrier function, immunity, and cecal microbiota of late-peak laying hens. Our study provides evidence that CGA treatment can enhance intestinal antioxidant status, improve intestinal morphology, strengthen intestinal barrier and immune function, and promote beneficial gut microbiota growth in laying hens during the late-peak laying period. This study examined the influence of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on gut antioxidant status, morphology, barrier function, immunity, and cecal microbiota in late-peak laying hens. A total of 240 Hy-Line Brown hens, aged 43 weeks, were randomly assigned to four groups, the basal diet +0, 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg CGA, for 12 weeks. The results revealed that CGA significantly reduced ileal H2O2 and malondialdehyde levels; increased duodenal height, ileal villus height, and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio; while decreasing jejunal crypt depth. The 600 and 800 mg/kg CGA significantly upregulated the duodenal, jejunal, and ileal ZO-1 and occludin gene expression; increased IgG levels in serum and ileum; and upregulated ileal IgA gene expression. The 600 mg/kg CGA significantly upregulated CD3D and CD4 gene expression, while downregulating IL-1β gene expression in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Moreover, CGA changed the gut microbiota structure. The SCFA-producing bacteria unclassified_f__Peptostreptococcaceae, unclassified_f_Oscillospiraceae, Pseudoflavonifractor, Lachnospiraceae_FCS020_group, Oscillospira, Elusimicrobium, Eubacterium_ventriosum_group, Intestinimonas, and norank_f_Coriobacteriales_Incertae_Sedis were significantly enriched in the 400, 600, and/or 800 mg/kg CGA groups. The bacteria Lactobacillus, Bacillus, and Akkermansia were significantly enriched in the 600 mg/kg CGA group. Conclusively, dietary CGA (600–800 mg/kg) improved intestinal antioxidant status, morphology, barrier and immune function, and beneficial microbiota growth in late-peak laying hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Associated Arthritis (IBD-associated arthritis) poses a significant challenge, intertwining the complexities of both inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and arthritis, significantly compromising patient quality of life. While existing medications offer relief, these drugs often initiate adverse effects, necessitating the requirement for safer therapeutic alternatives. Artemisia herba-alba, a traditional medicinal plant known for its anti-inflammatory properties, emerges as a potential candidate. Our computational study focused on examining 20 bioactive compounds derived from A. herba-alba for potential treatment of IBD-associated arthritis. These compounds detected in A. herba-alba include camphor, alpha-thujone, eucalyptol, cis-chrysanthenyl acetate, vicenin-2, 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, hispidulin, isoschaftoside, isovitexin, patuletin-3-glucoside, vanillic acid, rutin, schaftoside, lopinavir, nelfinavir, quercetin, artemisinin, gallic acid, and cinnamic acid. Following rigorous analysis encompassing pharmacokinetics, toxicity profiles, and therapeutic targets, compounds with favorable, beneficial characteristics were identified. In addition, comparative analysis with disease-gene associations demonstrated the interconnectedness of inflammatory pathways across diseases. Molecular docking studies provided mechanistic insights indicating this natural plant components potential to modulate critical inflammatory pathways. Overall, our findings indicate that A. herba-alba-derived compounds may be considered as therapeutic agents for IBD-associated arthritis, warranting further experimental validation and clinical exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The buds of Lonicera japonica Thunb. var. chinensis (Wats.) Bak, commonly named red honeysuckle, have attracted attention because of their bright colors. However, owing to the lack of systematic studies, the potential applications of red honeysuckle are not clear, and its development and utilization have not been well known. Methods: In this study, compared with the buds of L. japonica Thunb. (honeysuckle), the potential applications of red honeysuckle were explored based on biological activities, bio-active components, and sensory flavor combined with widely targeted metabolomics. Results: As a result, in vitro tests showed that it had a stronger antioxidant and a stronger inhibitory effect on the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. There was no cytotoxicity on LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells in its aqueous extract using the CCK-8 method. Moreover, it also had a stronger effect on inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). The content of its bio-active components chlorogenic acid and cynaroside was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.001) than that of green honeysuckle. Widely targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that 4 volatile metabolites, such as (E)-4-hexene-1-ol and pyrazole, and 21 non-volatile metabolites, such as macranthoside B and oleanolic acid-3-O-glc(1-2)-(ara)-28-O-glucoside ester, were specific in red honeysuckle. Interestingly, 14 specific terpenoid metabolites were triterpenoid saponins, indicating a stronger biological activity in red honeysuckle. The sensory flavor analysis showed that the red honeysuckle had a stronger herbal and lighter floral flavor. Discussion: In conclusion, red honeysuckle had great development value with potential applications in medicines, foods, beverages, pigment additives, and health products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Extracts from leaves and stems of Thymelaea tartonraira (L.) All. growing in Tunisia were characterised for the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids by LC-ESI-MS analysis. Twelve flavonoids and ten phenolic acids were detected for the first time in the aerial parts of this plant species, the most abundant compounds being gallic acid, kaempferol, catechin, chlorogenic acid, naringenin and acacetin. The extracts were subjected to in vitro antileishmanial, antifungal and cytotoxic assays, showing promising antileishmanial activity for the E6 dichloromethane extract from the stems (IC50 values of 1.12 ± 0.50 and 5.41 ± 1.84 µg/mL on L. donovani axenic and intramacrophagic amastigotes, respectively) at the level of the reference drug miltefosine for axenic model. No antifungal activity was observed against Candida albicans (CAAL) and Aspergillus fumigatus (ASFU) strains, with the exception of the E6 dichloromethane extract (IC50 value of 25.28 ± 4.89 µg/mL on CAAL93 strain). Low toxicity was also highlighted against macrophages Raw 264.7 cells. These promising results point out Thymelaea tartonraira (L.) All. extracts as a valuable source of new natural products to combat leishmaniasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of vegetables is essential for reducing the risk of noncommunicable diseases, yet global intake falls short of recommended levels. Enhancing the nutraceutical content of vegetables through postharvest abiotic stress, such as ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, offers a promising solution to increase health benefits. This study developed a user-friendly, at-home UVB device designed to increase the phytochemical content in common vegetables like carrots, lettuce, and broccoli. The device applies UVB radiation (305–315 nm) to fresh-cut vegetables, optimizing exposure time and intensity to maximize nutraceutical enrichment. The results demonstrated that UVB exposure increased the phenolic content by 44% in carrots, 58% in broccoli, and 10% in lettuce, with chlorogenic acid levels rising by 367% in lettuce, 547% in broccoli, and 43% in carrots after 48 h of storage. UVB treatment also enhanced antioxidant activity by up to 41% in broccoli and anti-inflammatory potential by 22% in carrots. In terms of gene expression, UVB treatment upregulated UCP-1 expression by 555% in carrots, enhanced thermogenesis, and increased SIRT-1 and ATGL expression by over 200%, promoting lipid metabolism. This process provides a convenient and efficient method for consumers to boost the health benefits of their vegetables. The study concludes that UVB-induced abiotic stress is an effective strategy to improve vegetable nutritional quality, offering a novel approach to increasing bioactive compound intake and aiding in the prevention of diet-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buffalo meat is naturally perishable, making it susceptible to spoilage due to its high moisture content and vulnerability to microbial contamination. Edible coatings have attracted attention as a packaging method that can prolong the shelf life of meat. The study aimed to examine the impact of a combination of Lepidium sativum mucilage (LS) coating and propolis extract (PE) on prolonging the shelf life of buffalo meat. The chemical characteristics (chemical compounds, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity) and antimicrobial activity of the PE (disk diffusion agar, well diffusion agar, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration) were investigated. The effect of the PE on the cell wall of pathogenic bacteria was examined using a scanning electron microscope. Biological properties of LS (TPC, TFC, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial effect (pour plate method)) was investigated. Different concentrations of PE (0, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5%) were added to the coating mixture containing LS, and their effects on extending the shelf life of buffalo meat samples stored at 4°C for 9 days were assessed. The PE included gallic acid, benzoic acid, syringic acid, 4–3 dimethoxy cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, myricetin, caffeic acid, luteolin, chlorogenic acid, and apigenin. The PE was determined to have a TPC of 36.67 ± 0.57 mg GAE/g and a TFC of 48.02 ± 0.65 mg QE/g. The extract's radical scavenging activity ranged from 0 to 76.22% for DPPH radicals and from 0 to 50.31% for ABTS radicals. The viability of C115 HeLa cell was observed to be 94.14 μg/mL. The PE and LS, exhibited strong antimicrobial properties against pathogenic bacteria. The LS was determined to have a TPC of 15.23 ± 0.43 mg GAE/g and a TFC of 11.51± 0.61 mg QE/g. The LS was determined to have a DPPH of 429.65 ± 1.28 μg/mL and a ABTS of 403.59 ± 1.46 μg/mL. The microbiological analysis revealed that the LS+2.5%PE treatment was the most effective in inhibiting the growth of total viable count (6.23 vs. 8.00 log CFU/g), psychrotrophic bacteria count (3.71 vs. 4.73 log CFU/g), coliforms count (2.78 vs. 3.70 log CFU/g), and fungi count (2.39 vs. 3.93 log CFU/g) compared to the control sample. The addition of PE to the edible coating also demonstrated a concentration-dependent effect on preserving the moisture, pH, color, and hardness of the buffalo meat. Sensory evaluation results suggested that incorporating PE into the edible coating extended the shelf life of buffalo meat by three days. In the second stage of this paper, this investigation employed two distinct forecasting methodologies: the Radial Basis Function (RBF) and the Support Vector Machine (SVM), to predict a range of quality indicators for coated meat products. Upon comparison, the RBF model exhibited a higher level of accuracy, showcasing its exceptional capacity to closely match the experimental outcomes. Therefore, this type of food coating, renowned for its strong antimicrobial properties, has the potential to effectively package and preserve perishable and delicate food items, such as meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impaired wound healing in diabetes mellitus is caused by metabolic disorders due to hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia causes an auto-oxidation reaction of glucose, which synthesizes the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Robusta and Arabica coffee contain chlorogenic acid, caffeine, and trigonelline, which can prevent oxidative stress. This study aimed to analyze the antioxidant effect of the ethanol extract ointment of robusta coffee and arabica coffee on oxidative stress in diabetic wounds by measuring the decrease in plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and leukocytes. This study used 24 experimental animals consisting of a positive control group, a negative control group, a group of rats with diabetic wounds who were given a 15% concentration of Robusta coffee ethanol extract ointment, and a group of rats with diabetic wounds who were given a 15% concentration of Arabica coffee ethanol extract ointment. After eight days of treatment, plasma MDA and leukocyte counts were examined. The results showed that plasma MDA levels and leukocytes did not differ between the diabetic wound groups that were given a 15% concentration of Robusta coffee extract ointment and a 15% concentration of Arabica coffee extract ointment. Robusta coffee and Arabica coffee ethanol extract ointments have the same effect on reducing plasma MDA levels and leukocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the inhibitory effect of Ethiopian coffee (Coffea arabica) on carbohydrate digestive enzymes and its protective effect against glucose-induced testicular dysfunction using in vitro and in silico study models. Testicular oxidative stress was initiated by co-incubating testocular tissue collected from male Sprague-Dawley rats in glucose solution with different concentrations of Ethiopian coffee aqueous extracts (hot and cold) for 2 h at 37ºC. Glucose-mediated oxidative stress significantly (p < 0.05) depleted reduced glutathione and total glycogen levels while it lowered catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the testicular tissue. Concomitantly, this led to elevated malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels while it also increased glycogen phosphorylase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, ATPase, and acetylcholinesterase activities. Treatment with different concentrations of coffee aqueous extracts restored the enzymes' and markers' levels and activities. Although both the cold and hot coffee extracts strongly inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes, the former showed better activities. The subjection of the coffee extracts to LC-MS analysis indicated the presence of several compounds, including chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, cafestol, kahweol, caffeine, quinic acid, ferulic acid, and catechol which were further docked with the carbohydrate digestive enzymes. The in silico results displayed that among the various metabolites, chlorogenic acid strongly interacted and had the best binding affinity with α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Our findings implied that Ethiopian coffee may have a preventive effect against glucose-induced testicular damage. These are evidenced by the capacity of the plant product to decrease oxidative stress and protect against testicular dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a comparative metabolomic investigation of Prunus salicina and Prunus domestica subsp. syriaca along with their immunological studies were carried out. In preliminary studies fruits were examined for proximate compositions (moisture, ash, fiber, fat, and protein). We found that the total phenolic content of P. domestica peel was the highest (6.11 mg/g GAE) compared to P. salicina peel (4.93 mg/g GAE). Targeted metabolomics revealed chlorogenic acid as one of the major phenolic acid in plum. Using a non-targeted metabolomics approach, metabolite discriminations among the fruit sections are represented by a Venn diagram, heatmap, and PCA. Using the METLIN database, we identified 130 metabolites in fruit sections. The cytotoxic test showed no cell damage even at higher dosages for up to 48 hours. The present study offers fresh insights into the distribution of phytochemicals in the peel and pulp sections of the fruit and can be considered for health-beneficial products and nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]