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In this study, a sustainable and eco-friendly method is developed to quantify azelnidipine and chlorthalidone in rabbit plasma by gradient liquid chromatography based on green chemistry principle and analytical quality by design. The separation was achieved on a Shim pack C18 (25 cm × 5 cm × 4.6 μm) column with L1 packing. The mobile phase compromised of ethanol and 50-Mm ammonium acetate buffer (pH.6) at flow rate of 0.6 mL/min with 25-min runtime. The resolution and asymmetric factor were identified as critical analytical attributes (CAAs). The screening studies employing Control Noise Experimentation revealed that mobile phase pH, flow rate and ethanol concentration at 6 and 15 min significantly affected the CAAs method. The critical method parameters were optimized using Central Composition design. Chromatogram showed peak of the drugs at retention time of 9.03 min for chlorthalidone and 16.83 min for azelnidipine. The greenness score of the analytical method was found to be 1876.43 using analytical method greenness score calculator. The validation of the developed method was done which showed linearity at the range of 16-520 ng/mL, with R2 of 0.9992 and 0.9996 for azelnidipine and chlorthalidone, respectively, furthermore accuracy, precision, recovery and stability studies are carried out., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

An accurate and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of the newly developed combination of sacubitril and valsartan and the co-administered drugs nebivolol, chlorthalidone and esomeprazole in human plasma. Solid-phase extraction was conducted for the purification and extraction of the drugs from human plasma. Chromatographic separation was carried out on an Agilent SB-C 18 (1.8 μm, 2.1 × 50 mm) column using losartan as internal standard. Isocratic elution was applied using acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid in water (85: 15, v/v) as mobile phase. Detection was carried out using a triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer using multiple reaction monitoring, at positive mode at m/z 412.23 → 266.19 for sacubitril, m/z 436.29 → 235.19 for valsartan, m/z 405.8 → 150.98 for nebivolol, m/z 346.09 → 198 for esomeprazole and a selected combination of two fragments m/z 423.19 → 207.14 and 423.19 → 192.2 for losartan (internal standard), and in negative ionization mode at m/z 337.02 → 190.12 for chlorthalidone. The method was linear over the concentration ranges 30-2,000 ng/ml for sacubitril, 70-2,000 ng/ml for valsartan, esomeprazole and chlorthalidone and 70-5,000 pg/ml for nebivolol. The developed method is sensitive and selective and could be applied for dose adjustment, bioavailability and drug-drug interaction studies., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

This study is the first to develop and optimize a method for the simultaneous determination of chlorthalidone (CLT) and telmisartan (TEL) in, human plasma samples as well as in their newly released pharmaceutical tablet form, (Telmikind-CT 40®). The method is based on measuring fluorescence intensity, employing synchronous fluorescence mode coupled to third-order derivative signal processing, 0.5% w/v cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide was used as cationic surfactant to enhance the fluorescence signal intensity and improve method sensitivity. The third-order derivative synchronous spectra of CLT and TEL are well separated with two zero-crossing points which allowed for the determination of CLT and TEL at 362 nm and 351 nm, respectively. Different experimental parameters were carefully investigated and optimized, calibration curves were constructed over concentration ranges of 20-1200 ng.mL -1 and 5-800 ng.mL -1 for CLT and TEL respectively. The developed method is simple and rapid, analytical parameters were validated according to ICH guidelines and high sensitivity was achieved as represented by limits of detection (LOD) of 4.69 and 1.58 ng.mL -1 for CLT and TEL respectively.

A novel, precise, sensitive and accurate ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of a novel drug combination, candesartan (CAN) and chlorthalidone (CHL), in human plasma. Chromatographic separation was achieved on Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C 18 (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm). Mobile phase consisting of 1 mm ammonium acetate in water-acetonitrile (20:80 v/v) was used. The total chromatographic runtime was 1.9 min with retention times for CAN and CHL at 0.7 and 1.1 min respectively. Ionization and detection of analytes and internal standards was performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, operating in the multiple reaction monitoring and negative ionization mode. Quantitation was done to monitor protonated precursor → product ion transition of m/z 439.2 → 309.0 for CAN, 337.0 → 189.8 for CHL and 443.2 → 312.1 for candesartan D4 and 341.0 → 189.8 for chlorthalidone D4. The method was validated over a wide dynamic concentration range of 2.0-540.0 ng/mL for candesartan and 1.0-180.0 ng/mL for chlorthalidone. The validated method was successfully applied for the assay of CAN and CHL in healthy volunteers., (Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Population pharmacokinetic and exposure-response models for azilsartan medoxomil (AZL-M) and chlorthalidone (CLD) were developed using data from an 8-week placebo-controlled phase 3, factorial study of 20, 40, and 80 mg AZL-M every day (QD) and 12.5 and 25 mg CLD QD in fixed-dose combination (FDC) in subjects with moderate to severe essential hypertension. A 2-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination was developed to describe pharmacokinetics. An Emax model for exposure-response analysis evaluated AZL-M/CLD effects on ambulatory systolic blood pressure (SBP). Estimated oral clearance and apparent volume of distribution (central compartment) were 1.47 L/h and 3.98 L for AZL, and 4.13 L/h and 62.1 L for CLD. Age as a covariate had the largest effect on AZL and CLD exposure (±20% change). Predicted maximal SBP responses (Emax ) were -15.6 and -23.9 mm Hg for AZL and CLD. Subgroup analysis identified statistically significant Emax differences for black vs nonblack subjects, whereby the reduced AZL response in black subjects was offset by greater response to CLD. The estimated Emax for AZL and CLD was generally greater in subjects with higher baseline BP. In conclusion, no dose adjustments to AZL-M or CLD are warranted based on identified covariates, and antihypertensive efficacy of AZL-M/CLD combination therapy is comparable in black and nonblack subjects., (© 2015, The Authors. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American College of Clinical Pharmacology.)

A simple, sensitive and reproducible ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of atenolol, a β-adrenergic receptor-blocker and chlorthalidone, a monosulfonamyl diuretic in human plasma, using atenolol-d7 and chlorthalidone-d4 as the internal standards (ISs). Following solid-phase extraction on Phenomenex Strata-X cartridges using 100 μL human plasma sample, the analytes and ISs were separated on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) column using a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile (25:75, v/v). A tandem mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization was used as a detector in the positive ionization mode for both analytes. The linear concentration range was established as 0.50-500 ng/mL for atenolol and 0.25-150 ng/mL for chlorthalidone. Extraction recoveries were within 95-103% and ion suppression/enhancement, expressed as IS-normalized matrix factors, ranged from 0.95 to 1.06 for both the analytes. Intra-batch and inter-batch precision (CV) and accuracy values were 2.37-5.91 and 96.1-103.2%, respectively. Stability of analytes in plasma was evaluated under different conditions, such as bench-top, freeze-thaw, dry and wet extract and long-term. The developed method was superior to the existing methods for the simultaneous determination of atenolol and chlorthalidone in human plasma with respect to the sensitivity, chromatographic analysis time and plasma volume for processing. Further, it was successfully applied to support a bioequivalence study of 50 mg atenolol + 12.5 mg chlorthalidone in 28 healthy Indian subjects., (Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Azilsartan medoxomil (AZM), an ester prodrug of azilsartan (AZ), and chlorthalidone (CLT) have recently been approved as a combination therapy for the management of hypertension. This is the first report which described a selective and sensitive method for the simultaneous quantification of AZ and CLT in rat and human plasma using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). AZ and CLT were extracted from plasma by liquid-liquid extraction technique and separated on a C18 reverse phase column using ammonium acetate (10mM, pH 4)-mixture of methanol and acetonitrile (8:92, v/v) as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.7mL/min. Detection was performed by electrospray ionization (ESI) operated in negative multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of this method was 1ng/mL and the calibration curves were linear (r(2)≥0.995) over the concentration range of 1-4000ng/mL for both the analytes. The intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy were well within the acceptable limits. The mean extraction recoveries were found to be about 80% and no matrix effect was observed. AZ and CLT were found to be stable under all relevant storage conditions. The method was successfully applied to the oral pharmacokinetic study of AZM and CLT in rats. Further, the sensitivity of the method enabled the determination of protein binding of AZ and CLT in human plasma., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was investigated as a faster alternative to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the simultaneous analysis of drugs usually prescribed in cardiovascular therapy. Upon a previously developed and validated solid phase extraction (SPE)-HPLC-photodiode array (PDA)-fluorescence (FLR) method, separation of chlorthalidone (CLTD; diuretic), valsartan and its metabolite (VAL and VAL-M1 respectively; angiotensin II receptor antagonist drugs) and fluvastatin (FLUV; statin) was performed in human plasma using an RP C18 column (50mmx2.1mm, 1.7microm, Waters Acquity UPLC (BEH)) and a tunable UV-vis (TUV) detector. After method transfer, different system variables were modulated to study the evolution of responses of the analytes and the endogenous interferences. The improved method was fully validated and the results were compared with its precursor HPLC method relating to analysis time, efficiency and sensitivity. The studied compounds were separated in less than 8min and the method showed good linearity (20-3000microg/L for chlorthalidone, 110-1100microg/L for valsartan-M1, 67-1900microg/L for valsartan and 48-1100microg/L for fluvastatin), precision and accuracy. The proposed method was found to be reproducible (RSD<10%), accurate (RE<15%), robust and suitable for quantitative analysis of the studied drugs in plasma obtained from patients under combined cardiovascular treatment.

A method based on a simple liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with negative ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of losartan (LOS) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in human plasma, using valsartan (VAL) and chlorthalidone (CHTD) as an internal standard, respectively. The acquisition was performed in multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) and the limit of quantification was 4 ng/mL for both LOS and HCTZ. The method was linear in the studied range (4-800 ng/mL for LOS and 4-500 ng/mL for HCTZ). The intra-assay precisions ranged from 2.6-11.9% for LOS and 1.4-8.2% for HCTZ, while the inter-assay precisions ranged from 1.0-8.0% for LOS and 2.5-7.7% for HCTZ. The intra-assay accuracies ranged from 91.3 to 107.6% for LOS and 91.5 to 105.8% for HCTZ, while the inter-assay accuracies ranged from 99.9 to 106.4% for LOS and 97.4 to 101.4% for HCTZ. The analytical method was applied to a bioequivalence study, in which 28 healthy adult volunteers (14 men) received single oral doses (100 mg LOS + 25 mg HCTZ) of reference and test formulations, in an open, two-period, balanced randomized, crossover protocol. Based on the 90% confidence interval of the individual ratios for Cmax and AUC0-inf, it was concluded that the test formulation is bioequivalent to the reference Hyzaar formulation with respect to the rate and extent of absorption of both LOS and HCTZ.

Different beta-cyclodextrins have been tested as chiral additives in the mobile phase for the chromatographic analysis of chlorthalidone enantiomers in a C18 LiChrospher (125 x 4 mm I.D.) column. The effect on enantioresolution of different parameters was studied: composition of the mobile phase (percentage of organic solvent, type of buffer and pH), mobile phase flow-rate, and type and concentration of beta-cyclodextrin. A 25:75 mixture of methanol and 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 4, containing 2% triethylamine (v/v), and 12.5 mM beta-cyclodextrin, at a flow-rate of 0.8 ml/min, was found to be the best option for the resolution of chlorthalidone enantiomers. Under such conditions, linear calibration curves were obtained in the 0.5-20-microg/ml interval using UV detection at 230 nm. The limit of detection for both isomers was 50 ng/ml. The utility of the described assay has been tested by analyzing chlorthalidone in different pharmaceutical preparations. Examples of application to biological samples are also given.

An HPLC method developed to detect in a single run both atenolol and chlorthalidone, extracted from plasma, using two detectors (UV for chlorthalidone and fluorometric for atenolol) connected in series, is described. The drugs were separated on an ODS column at room temperature using a 0.05 M sodium dodecyl sulphate in phosphate buffer (pH 5.8)-n-propanol (95:5, v/v) solution, delivered at a flow-rate of 1.3 ml/min. Having ascertained the sensitivity (10 ng/ml of both drugs) and the intra-day reproducibility (pre-study validation), the reliability of the method was verified by inter-day assays (within-study validation) carried out during the analysis of plasma samples collected from healthy volunteers after single-dose treatment with atenolol+chlorthalidone tablets (pharmaceutical preparations containing 100+25 mg and 50+12.5 mg of the two drugs, respectively).

We describe a 39 years old patient with a history of chronic symptomatic hypokalemia. She denied taking any drugs. She satisfied the clinical criteria for Bartter's syndrome and more precisely for Gitelman's syndrome: hypokalemia in the presence of inappropriately high potassium excretion, metabolic alkalosis, hyperreninemic hyperaldosteronism, hypomagnesemia with inappropriately high magnesium excretion, normocalcemia, hypocalciuria and normal blood pressure. A HPLC analysis detected the presence of furosemide in urine and chlorthalidone in urine and plasma samples. After the self administration of diuretics was stopped, the above alterations came back to normality. Prior to the verification of a self administration of diuretics, the patient showed clinical and biochemical parameters that oriented to surreptitious diuretic ingestion (Pseudo-Bartter's syndrome) not to Bartter's syndrome or Gitelman's syndrome, particularly the plasma potassium readily restored to normal by the administration of potassium chloride supplements, the increased plasma uric acid with low uric acid fractional clearance, the widely different urine and plasma electrolyte levels and the presence psychiatric disorders. The literature is reviewed and differential diagnosis, among this three syndromes, is made.

A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay usable for clinical monitoring of chlorthalidone in biological fluids was developed. Extraction efficiency was greater than 80% for blood and urine using a rapid, disposable column cleanup procedure. Chlorthalidone could be reliably measured in the range of 100-4,000 ng/ml in biological fluids with excellent day-to-day reproducibility and within-day precision. Chlorthalidone was found to be stable at -20 degrees C in blood and urine for at least 1 year, permitting repeat assays and large clinical studies to be conducted. The pharmacokinetics of chlorthalidone was studied in 24 subjects over a 120-h time interval following a single dose. chlorthalidone has a long terminal half-life in whole blood of 49 h, with peak concentrations occurring 8-10 h after oral dosing. During the first 12 h after dosing, chlorthalidone was rapidly excreted into urine followed by a slower phase with a half-life of 49 h.

A pharmacodynamic approach was employed to examine the diuretic effect of chlorthalidone in beagle dogs and to identify parameters necessary for optimization of an oral dosage formulation of this drug. The extensive partitioning of chlorthalidone into erythrocytes was shown to be noninstantaneous, with an in vitro partitioning half-life of 18 min. In vivo studies using oral and intravenous solutions confirmed this finding. Additionally, the diuretic effect was demonstrated to be related to the drug concentration in the plasma fraction. These studies led to the development of a relevant pharmacokinetic model which highlighted the importance of the oral absorption rate on the diuretic efficacy of chlorthalidone. A novel, rapidly dissolving, stabilized, amorphous chlorthalidone tablet formulation was compared to various oral solution and tablet formulations. Pharmacokinetic analysis by classical compartmental models and by moment techniques demonstrated that the rapidly dissolving tablet formulation was bioequivalent to an oral solution of chlorthalidone. Preparations containing crystalline chlorthalidone are shown to be incompletely absorbed, and the rates of absorption favor partitioning into the erythrocyte fraction. It is projected from the pharmacodynamic model that the novel chlorthalidone preparation optimizes plasma levels necessary to invoke a diuretic response.

A sensitive and selective gas chromatographic method is described for determining the diuretic and antihypertensive drug chlorthalidone in plasma, urine and erythrocytes. Use is made of an alkali flame ionization detector (nitrogen detector), and the chlorthalidone and internal standard are chromatographed as methyl derivatives. Down to 10 ng of drugs in the biological sample can be measured accurately, with a standard deviation of 5%. Because the concentration of chlorthalidone found in erythrocytes is 50-100 times higher than that in plasma, the influence of haemolysis on the plasma concentration has been investigated. In addition, a pharmacokinetic study with human volunteers revealed that the apparent concentration of the drug found in plasma can be much too low (by more than 50%), if the plasma is not separated from the erythrocytes immediately after venipuncture. Precautions to be observed to ensure correct handling of blood samples (so that results for plasma concentrations will be reliable) are stressed. The findings have application in kinetic studies on chlorthalidone.

A gas chromatographic method has been employed to determine chlorthalidone in plasma and whole blood after therapeutic doses. Radioactively labelled chlorthalidone was used for in vitro studies of the uptake of chlorthalidone from plasma by red blood cells. Chlorthalidone was markedly concentrated in red cells and as a compartment they would account for at least 30% of total drug in the body after multiple doses. The ratio between the plasma and red cell concentration of chlorathidone varied between individuals. After a single oral dose of 50 mg in 6 healthy volunteers chlorthalidone was eliminated with a half-life of 51 to 89 hours. The apparent volume of distribution varied between 3 and 13 1/kg and the clearance between 53 and 145 ml/min. The mean steady-state plasma concentrations during treatment with a standard dose of 50 mg daily (n = 10) varied 5-fold between individuals. During the steady state approximately 50% of the daily dose was excreted unchanged in the urine during 24 hrs. The plasma levels observed in patients were higher than those preducted from the single oral dose studies in healthy volunteers.

Chlorthalidone inhibition of the enzymatic hydrolysis rate of p-nitrophenyl acetate by bovine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase was used as a basis for chlorthalidone determination in plasma and urine. For urinary samples, a completely automated, continuous flow system was developed to extract the samples and perform the enzymatic reaction. Over 100 samples per day could be assayed by one person. The assay had a sensitivity of 0.5 micrograms/ml and thus could determine urinary concentrations after a therapeutic chlorthalidone dose. To determine plasma concentrations after a therapeutic dose, a manual extraction procedure was used in combination with a second continuous flow system for the enzymatic reaction. This system was optimized to detect the lowest chlorthalidone concentration allowed by the enzymatic inhibition constant and could detect 25 ng/ml.

Analytical methods utilizing extractive alkylation followed by gas-liquid chromatography are described for the quantitative determination of (neo)sulfalepsine and its metabolites, chlorthalidone and chlorquinaldol. The applications described indicate that, for the use of this technique, careful optimization and the introduction of a suitable internal standard at the beginning of the analytical manipulations are essential.

The relative bioavailability of chlorthalidone from rapidly dissolving, stabilized, amorphous 15- and 25-mg formulations was compared in 24 normal adult male volunteers to the 25-mg market standard tablet and a 25-mg oral reference solution. When adjusted for dose, the experimental formulations were 116 and 104% of the calculated mean area under the curve for chlorthalidone reference solution compared to 81% for the tablet of the innovator. Likewise, the dose-adjusted mean peak blood levels for the 15- and 25-mg experimental tablets and the 25-mg tablet of the innovator were 112, 105 and 78% of the reference solution, respectively. Mean times-to-peak blood concentrations were 8.4 h for the 25-mg and 9.1 h for the 15-mg amorphous formulations compared to 9.2 h for the oral reference solution and 11.8 h for the market standard tablet. Drug concentrations declined monoexponentially with harmonic mean half-lives ranging from 47 to 55 h and intrinsic clearances ranging from 0.13 to 0.18 L/h regardless of formulation. The dose-adjusted relative bioavailability for the experimental formulations was not significantly different from the oral reference solution, whereas the market standard tablet was significantly (p less than 0.0001) lower than the reference solution. The urinary excretion of chlorthalidone was generally greater following the stabilized amorphous formulations than either the tablet of the innovator or the reference solution. The results of this research show that a rapidly dissolving chlorthalidone tablet can be formulated that shows complete relative bioavailability in humans.

The dose response curve for 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg doses of chlorthalidone was studied in double blind fashion over an 8 week period in patients who presented with untreated mild hypertension. One hundred and thirty four patients completed this multicentre, family practice study. After 2 week's medication, a decline in blood pressure was noted in all dosage groups and this was maximal by 4 weeks. At 8 weeks all doses of chlorthalidone induced a significant reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mean -18 and -10 mmHg respectively). Amongst the 4 dosage groups, no differences in response were noted resulting in a flat dose response curve. During the study, mean blood urea and serum uric acid rose whilst serum potassium fell, the urea and potassium being least affected in the 25 mg dosage group. As the dosage of chlorthalidone increased, so the tendency for abnormal laboratory values increased. Unwanted effects sought during the study were relatively few in number. No clear dose response relationship was evident although the positive responses in the 25 mg dosage group were less than in the higher dosages. These results suggest that 25 mg chlorthalidone is the optimum dosage for initiation of therapy in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. This dosage is associated with less adverse biochemical changes and unwanted effects than the higher dosage studied.

The relationship between the whole blood concentration of carbonic anhydrase and the biological half life of chlorthalidone has been investigated in six volunteers. A linear relationship was observed and on the basis of this, a pharmacokinetic model to explain the long and variable biological half life of chlorthalidone is proposed and discussed.

In this comparative bioavailability study in 12 healthy volunteers the blood level profiles and urinary recoveries of both atenolol and chlorthalidone were studied following the administration of the drugs as a fixed combination ('Tenoret 50'), as a free combination, and individually, at doses of 50 mg atenolol and 12.5 mg chlorthalidone. There were no statistically or clinically significant differences between the three treatments of atenolol in terms of individual blood levels, areas under the curve, and urinary excretion. The mean half-lives were between 5 and 7 h, in agreement with other published data. The variation in peak systemic levels is less than that observed for a number of other beta-blocking drugs and is of the same order as seen in other investigations involving atenolol. Thus the bioavailability of atenolol from the fixed combination is equivalent to that from the free combination and from the atenolol tablet. The mean peak blood concentrations of chlorthalidone were 0.94, 1.00, and 0.99 micrograms ml-1 for the fixed and free combinations and the chlorthalidone tablet, respectively. The mean areas under the curve were also similar as were the mean half-lives and urinary recovery. There were no statistically or clinically significant differences between the three treatments. Thus the bioavailability of chlorthalidone from the fixed combination is equivalent to that from the free combination and from the chlorthalidone tablet. It is concluded that combining chlorthalidone and atenolol in a single tablet does not affect the systemic bioavailability of either component.

Seven normal human volunteers each received a constant-rate infusion of chlorthalidone for 2 h, and the same (commonly 50 mg) single oral dose on separate occasions. The concentration of unchanged chlorthalidone was analyzed over a 100 to 220 h period in plasma, red blood cells, urine and faeces after both dosage forms. A three compartment model was required to describe the intravenous plasma concentrations in five of the subjects. A two compartment model sufficed to account for the decay of the oral plasma concentrations in all seven subjects. The mean plasma t1/2 after i.v. dosing was 36.5 h (+/- 10.5 SD), and the mean plasma t1/2 after oral doses was 44.1 h (+/- 9.6 SD). The mean red blood cell concentration t1/2 after i.v. doses was 46.4 h (+/- 9.9 SD), and the mean red blood cell t1/2 after the oral doses was 52.7 h (+/- 9.0 SD). The shorter i.v. half-live was not equally manifest in all subjects, being mainly apparent in three of them. In all cases the urinary excretion rate plots were parallel to the plasma concentration curves. As the faster decay after i.v. administration was not accompanied by increased renal clearance, the difference must have been due to non-renal mechanism. The mean total of 65.4 (+/- 8.6 SD) % of the intranvenous dose was excreted in urine over infinite time, whereas the mean total excretion after the oral dose was 43.8 (+/- 8.5 SD) %. Faecal excretion ranged from 1.3--8.5% of dose in the i.v. study to 17.5--31.2% of dose in the oral study. The sum of the amounts present in urine plus faeces pointed strongly to an important metabolic route of elimination of chlorthalidone. Bioavailability estimates (F) from three sets of data were--a mean F of 0.61 from plasma concentrations, 0.67 from urinary excretion measurements and 0.72 from the erythrocyte concentrations. Simulations with a non-linear model indicated lesser validity of the estimate from erythrocyte concentrations. It was concluded that the average of plasma and urine data, F = 0.64, yielded the best estimate of the oral availability of chlorthalidone 50 mg in man.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects on blood pressure and selected biochemical measures of reducing the dosage of chlorthalidone from 100 mg to 50 mg. Within the larger study (Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial), 140 Special Intervention hypertensive men, taking 100 mg of chlorthalidone daily, were randomly assigned to either a continuation of 100 mg or a dosage reduction to 50 mg daily. Men were followed monthly for 4 months. Measures were made of blood pressure, serum potassium, serum uric acid, serum glucose, serum cholesterol, and triglycerides. Blood pressure change from baseline to 4 months revealed a significantly higher diastolic blood pressure in the group continued on the 100 mg dose compared to the dose reduction group. However, analysis of covariance, which took into account baseline differences in blood pressure, resulted in a nonsignificant difference in follow-up blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) between groups. Serum potassium increased significantly in the dose reduction group, especially in those participants taking supplemental potassium chloride. The results of this study demonstrate that a reduced dose of 50 mg chlorthalidone over the 4-month period was as effective as the 100 mg dose in long-term, well-controlled hypertensive men. Careful study of other antihypertensive agents is warranted to determine the drug dose that is maximally effective for blood pressure lowering and that also minimized toxic and adverse effects.

After a control period on a placebo, 45 patients with mild to moderate hypertension were treated with metoprolol, 100 mg twice daily alone and in free combination with chlorthalidone 50 mg daily using a double-blind crossover technique. The beta-blocker alone induced a significant fall in blood pressure; the diastolic pressure was reduced to 100 mg Hg or less in 37 of the 45 patients and to 95 mm Hg or less in 19 patients. The addition of chlorthalidone enhanced the antihypertensive effect so that in 33 patients diastolic pressure fell to 95 mm Hg or less. The drugs were well tolerated even by a small number of patients with chronic bronchitis and diabetes mellitus. None of the patients developed cardiac failure. Adding a diuretic caused a small reduction in serum potassium concentrations, and the relevance of this observation is discussed.