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This paper proposes an extensive fault location model for underground power cable in distribution system using voltage and current measurements at the sending-end. First, an equivalent circuit that models a faulted underground cable system is analyzed using distributed parameter approach. Then, the analysis of sequence networks in three-phase network is obtained by applying the boundary conditions. This analysis is used to calculate a fault distance in single section using voltage and current equations. The extension to multi-section is further analyzed based on Korean distribution systems. This method is an iterative process to determine a faulted section from the network. Finally, the case studies are evaluated with variations of fault distance and resistance, which also includes the evaluation of its robustness to load uncertainty. Index Terms--Distributed parameter circuit, distribution system, fault location, underground power cable.

Defense systems are needed to prevent catastrophic failures of a power grid due to cascaded events. Cascaded events can be attributed to improper operations of protective relays. The most challenging problem for the design and implementation of a defense system is the performance in accuracy and speed in a real-time environment. Protective devices are normally designed to operate fast in order to isolate the fault(s). This paper proposes a new methodology to distinguish line overloads from actual faults for distance relays. In order to distinguish between line flow transfers from a line outage and an actual fault, the line outage distribution factor (LODF) and generation shift factor (GSF)-based power flow estimation method, and a secure peer-to-peer (P2P) communication structure are adopted. Computer simulations of cascaded events for a six-bus system and the Korean power grid have been performed to establish the feasibility of the proposed scheme. Index Terms--Blackouts, cascaded events, defense system, distance relay, zone 3 relay.

From a direct three-phase circuit analysis, an accurate fault-location algorithm has been obtained for the line-to-line fault as an extension of the author's previous work for line-to-ground fault location. Robustness of the proposed algorithm to load impedance uncertainty is enhanced by the introduction of impedance compensation using voltage and current measurements. Simulation results show a high degree of accuracy and robustness to load uncertainty. Index Terms--Distribution automation, fault location, protective relaying, short-circuit analysis.

To secure electricity supply to the customers is one of the most important jobs in the distribution system operation. This paper proposes a restoration index that indicates the restoration capability of the system and the fuzzy algorithm that identifies the load transfers to secure the complete restoration capability for any fault contingency. The operation strategy based on the proposed methodology is applied to the KEPCO distribution automation system and its current status is reported. Index Terms--Distribution automation system, distribution system operation, distribution systems, service restoration.

Current KEPCO's distribution automation system (DAS) provides a very effective restoration solution for the single fault case but cannot handle multiple faults. This paper proposes a two-step restoration scheme--sequential and simultaneous restoration--for multiple fault cases. Efficiency has been achieved by introduction of restoration persormance index (RPI) and load-balancing algorithm. Test results to show effectiveness of the proposed scheme are presented, and field experience of DAS in Korea is described as well. Index Terms--Distribution automation, distribution system operation, service restoration.

In this paper, an effective fault location algorithm and intelligent fault diagnosis scheme are proposed. The propose scheme first identifies fault locations using an iterative estimation of load and fault current at each line section. Then an actual location is identified, applying the current pattern matching rules. If necessary, comparison of the interrupted load with the actual load follows and generates the final diagnosis decision. Effect of load uncertainty and fault resistance has been carefully investigated through simulation results that turns out to be very satisfactory. Index Terms--Distribution system, fault diagnosis, fault location, power system protection.

The unbalanced nature of distribution systems due to single-phase laterals and loads gives difficulty in the fault location. This paper proposes a new fault location algorithm developed by the direct three-phase circuit analysis for unbalanced distribution systems, which has not been investigated due to high complexity. The proposed algorithm overcomes the limit of the conventional algorithm, which requires the balanced system. It is applicable to any power system, but especially useful for the unbalanced distribution systems. Its effectiveness has been proved through many EMTP simulations. Index Terms--Distribution system operation, fault location, power system protection, protective relaying.

Multilayer neural networks are used to design an optimal tracking neuro-controller (OTNC) for discrete-time nonlinear dynamic systems with quadratic cost function. The OTNC is made of two controllers: feedforward neuro-controller (FFNC) and feedback neuro-controller (FBNC). The FFNC controls the steady-state output of the plant, while the FBNC controls the transient-state output of the plant. The FFNC is designed using a novel inverse mapping concept by using a neuro-identifier. A generalized backpropagation-through-time (GBTT) algorithm is developed to minimize the general quadratic cost function for the FBNC training. The proposed methodology is useful as an off-line control method where the plant is first identified and then a controller is designed for it. A case study for a typical plant with nonlinear dynamics shows good performance of the proposed OTNC.

A neural network-based Power System Stabilizer (Neuro-PSS) is designed for a generator connected to a multi-machine power system utilizing the nonlinear power flow dynamics. The uses of power flow dynamics provide a PSS for a wide range operation with reduced size neural networks. The Neuro-PSS consists of two neural networks: Neuro-Identifier and Neuro-Controller. The low-frequency oscillation is modeled by the Neuro-Identifier using the power flow dynamics, then a Generalized Backpropagation-Thorough-Time (GBTT) algorithm is developed to train the Neuro-Controller. The simulation results show that the Neuro-PSS designed in this paper performs well with good damping in a wide operation range compared with the conventional PSS. Keywords - Neuro-PSS, Neural networks, Power system stabilizer, Low-frequency oscillation. Power flow characteristics.