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The launch azimuth of the Naro Space Center is limited toward the south of the Korean peninsula, at 170 ± 10 degrees, suitable for the polar orbit, sun-synchronous orbit, and safety range issues. In this circumstance, one option to send a satellite into GEO is to perform a dog-leg maneuver during ascent, thus forming a medium-inclination orbit under such a restrictive condition. However, this option requires an immense amount of energy for the dog-leg maneuver, as well as a plane change maneuver. The only remaining option is to raise the apogee to the Moon, utilizing lunar gravity to lower the inclination to near zero and then returning to the vicinity of the Earth at an altitude of 35,786 km without maneuver. In order to design lunar-assisted GEO transfer, all feasible paths are defined, but questions remain about how seasonal variations affect all these potential paths. Therefore, this study aims to design and analyze all available trajectories for the year 2031 using a high-fidelity dynamic model, root-finding algorithm, and well-arranged initial conditions, focusing on the impact of seasonal trends. The simulation results indicate that cislunar free-return trajectories generally require less Δ V compared to circumlunar free-return trajectories, and circumlunar trajectories are minimally affected by lunisolar effects due to their relatively short return time of flight. Conversely, cislunar trajectories show seasonal variations, so spring and fall seasons require up to 20 m/s less Δ V than summer and winter seasons due to the relatively long time of return duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Identifying actionable driver mutations via tissue-based comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) is paramount in treatment decisions for metastatic non-squamous, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the role of CGP remains elusive in resectable NSCLC. Here, we elucidate the feasibility of CGP in early-stage NSCLC Korean patients and compare the tumor mutational burden (TMB) and mutation landscape using three different platforms. Methods: All surgically resected NSCLC samples (N = 96) were analyzed to assess the concordance in TMB calculation and targetable mutations using whole-exome sequencing (WES) and TruSight Oncology 500 (TSO500). In all, 26 samples were analyzed with Foundation One CDx Assay (F1CDx). Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression was evaluated using Vectra Polaris. Results: Stage distribution post-surgery was 80% I (N = 77) and 20% II (N = 19). Ninety-nine percent (N = 95) were adenocarcinoma. The median TMB with WES and TSO500 was 1.6 and 4.7 mut/Mb, respectively (p < 0.05). Using all three platforms, the median TMB was 1.9, 5.5, and 4 mut/Mb for WES, TSO500, and F1CDx, respectively (p = 0.0048). Linear regression analysis of TMB values calculated between WES and TSO500 resulted in a concordance correlation coefficient of 0.83. For the PD-L1 tumor proportion score of <1% (negative, N = 18), 1–49% (low, N = 68), and ⩾50% (high, N = 10), the R 2 values were 0.075, 0.79, and 0.95, respectively. The R 2 values for TMB concordance were variable between the three platforms. Mutation landscape revealed EGFR mutation (51%, N = 49) as the most common actionable driver mutation, comprising L858R (N = 22), E19del (N = 20), and other non-common EGFR mutations (N = 7). Conclusion: TSO500 and F1CDx showed robust analytical performance for TMB assessment with TSO500 showing stronger concordance of TMB with high PD-L1 expression. As the paradigm for the management of early-resected NSCLC continues to evolve, understanding TMB and the mutation landscape may help advance clinical outcomes for this subset of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Korean National Space Council recently released "Mars Exploration 2045" as part of its future strategic plan. The operations for a Mars explorer can be defined based on domestically available capabilities, such as ground operations, launch, in-space transport and deep space link. Accordingly, all of our exploration scenarios start from the Naro space center, and the pathway to Mars is optimized using an objective function that minimizes the required ∆V. In addition, the entire phase of Mars orbit insertion should remain in contact with our deep space antennas, a measure that is imposed as an operational constraint. In this study, a pattern search method is adopted, as it can handle a nonlinear problem without relying on the derivatives of the objective function, and optimal trajectories are generated on a daily basis for a 15-day launch period. The robustness of this direct search method is confirmed by consistently converged solutions showing, in particular, that the ascending departure requires slightly less ∆V than the descending departure on the order of 10 m/s. Subsequently, mass estimates are made for a Mars orbiter and a kick stage to determine if the desired ∆V is achievable with our eco-friendly in-space propulsion system when launched from our indigenous launch vehicle, KSLV-II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the purpose of education is to help students realise their unique potentials and pursue inner directions. With this assumption, we critique the inadequacy of the current emphasis on standardisation and provide a theoretical framework for teacher education based on humanistic psychology. Three tenets of humanistic psychology, which we argue are helpful for teacher education, are discussed: (1) emphasis on relationship, (2) space for creativity, and (3) importance of meaning-making. That is, we argue that prospective teachers should be given opportunities to experience empathy and congruence, to practice creativity, and to start the journey of finding meanings of their experiences and teaching. As examples that put the tenets into practice, we discuss a field-based teacher education programme and a college programme that promotes pro-social activities with displaced children.

Background: A major challenge to adeno‐associated virus (AAV)‐mediated gene therapy is the presence of anti‐AAV capsid neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), which can block viral vector transduction even at very low titers. In the present study, we examined the ability of a combination immunosuppression (IS) treatment with bortezomib and a mouse‐specific CD20 monoclonal antibody to suppress anti‐AAV NAbs and enable readministration of AAV vectors of the same capsid in mice. Methods: An AAV8 vector (AAV8‐CB‐hGAA) that ubiquitously expresses human α‐glucosidase was used for initial gene therapy and a second AAV8 vector (AAV8‐LSP‐hSEAP) that contains a liver‐specific promoter to express human secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (hSEAP) was used for AAV readministration. Plasma samples were used for determination of anti‐AAV8 NAb titers. Cells isolated from whole blood, spleen, and bone marrow were analyzed for B‐cell depletion by flow cytometry. The efficiency of AAV readministration was determined by the secretion of hSEAP in blood. Results: In näive mice, an 8‐week IS treatment along with AAV8‐CB‐hGAA injection effectively depleted CD19+B220+ B cells from blood, spleen, and bone marrow and prevented the formation of anti‐AAV8 NAbs. Following administration of AAV8‐LSP‐hSEAP, increasing levels of hSEAP were detected in blood for up to 6 weeks, indicating successful AAV readministration. In mice pre‐immunized with AAV8‐CB‐hGAA, comparison of IS treatment for 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks revealed that the 16‐week IS treatment demonstrated the highest plasma hSEAP level following AAV8‐LSP‐hSEAP readministration. Conclusions: Our data suggest that this combination treatment is an effective IS approach that will allow retreatment of patients with AAV‐mediated gene therapy. A combination IS treatment with bortezomib and a mouse‐specific CD20 monoclonal antibody effectively suppressed anti‐AAV NAbs in naïve mice and in mice with pre‐existing antibodies, allowing successful readministration of the same AAV capsid vector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the cultural arbitrary of consumerism by focusing on a personal realm. That is, I discuss what consumerism appeals to and how it flourishes in relation to our minds. I argue that we need to unveil reality of the mind, be aware of ourselves in relation to the perpetuation of consumerism, in order to critically intervene in the system. Specifically, I first clarify what I mean by the cultural arbitrary of consumerism and how it affects education, environment and our perception of reality. Then, I explore how our minds are manipulated for and unwittingly cooperate with the proliferation of consumerism. Lastly, I discuss an embodied reflection, a reflection with which the one who reflects is not separated from the act of reflection, as a way to unveil mental reality and as a tool for individual and collective transformation. (Contains 5 notes.)

Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), is a zoonotic tickborne pathogen transmitted by ixodid ticks that infects wild and domestic mammals and humans (1-3). HGA was [...]