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The authors discuss the results of their study on the damage of NS0 cells due to high gas velocity sparging in protein-free and cholesterol-free cultures. High gas entrance velocities were associated with cell damage at the sparger site in the increase of gas sparging. The second mechanism for cell damage occurred in NS0 cells at the sparger site containing 0.5 gram per liter of Pluronic F-68 at high gas entrance velocity. Increasing the gas entrance velocity from 2.3 to 82.9 meter per second raised the cell death rate from 0.04 to 0.18 day-1.

Abstract: The incorporation of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-conjugated lipids in lipid-based carriers substantially prolongs the circulation lifetime of liposomes. However, the mechanism(s) by which PEG-lipids achieve this have not been fully elucidated. It is believed that PEG-lipids mediate steric stabilization, ultimately reducing surface-surface interactions including the aggregation of liposomes and/or adsorption of plasma proteins. The purpose of the studies described here was to compare the effects of PEG-lipid incorporation in liposomes on protein binding, liposome-liposome aggregation and pharmacokinetics in mice. Cholesterol-free liposomes were chosen because of their increasing importance as liposomal delivery systems and their marked sensitivity to protein binding and aggregation. Specifically, liposomes containing various molecular weight PEG-lipids at a variety of molar proportions were analyzed for in vivo clearance, aggregation state (size exclusion chromatography, quasi-elastic light scattering, cryo-transmission and freeze fracture electron microscopy) as well as in vitro and in vivo protein binding. The results indicated that as little as 0.5 mol% of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE) modified with PEG having a mean molecular weight of 2000 (DSPE-PEG2000) substantially increased plasma circulation longevity of liposomes prepared of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DSPC). Optimal plasma circulation lifetimes could be achieved with 2 mol% DSPE-PEG2000. At this proportion of DSPE-PEG2000, the aggregation of DSPC-based liposomes was completely precluded. However, the total protein adsorption and the protein profile was not influenced by the level of DSPE-PEG2000 in the membrane. These studies suggest that PEG-lipids reduce the in vivo clearance of cholesterol-free liposomal formulations primarily by inhibition of surface interactions, particularly liposome-liposome aggregation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Cheese Analogue (CA) is the term that can be described as a cheese-like-product produced from the partial or complete substitution of components such as milk, milk fat, or milk protein and incorporation of vegetable-based substances as well as additives such as emulsifying salts, hydrocolloids, preservatives, acidifying agents and sometimes flavoring agents (sodium chloride, cheese flavoring, etc.). Based on the matrix involved and the ingredients used for formulating, these cheese analogues can be grouped as dairy (casein, caseinates, milk fat, etc.), partial dairy (casein, caseinates, soya oil, etc.), and non-dairy CAs (corn protein, soy protein, soy oil, etc.). The recent interest in vegan products and healthy alternatives has fueled the interest in the development of CAs. This review intends to give an up-to-date concise review of the recent trends in the development of healthy and functional CAs. • Sustainability and consumer's demand for nutritious food are key drivers. • Dairy and plant-based alternatives can substitute dairy products. • 3-D printing methods are explored for developing personalized healthy options. • Critical discussion on nutritional and functional aspects of the cheese analogues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]