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Nanomedicines emerged from nanotechnology and have been introduced to bring advancements in treating multiple diseases. Nano-phytomedicines are synthesized from active phytoconstituents or plant extracts. Advancements in nanotechnology also help in the diagnosis, monitoring, control, and prevention of various diseases. The field of nanomedicine and the improvements of nanoparticles has been of keen interest in multiple industries, including pharmaceutics, diagnostics, electronics, communications, and cosmetics. In herbal medicines, these nanoparticles have several attractive properties that have brought them to the forefront in searching for novel drug delivery systems by enhancing efficacy, bioavailability, and target specificity. The current review investigated various therapeutic applications of different nano-phytopharmaceuticals in locomotor, dermal, reproductive, and urinary tract disorders to enhance bioavailability and efficacy of phytochemicals and herbal extracts in preclinical and in vitro studies. There is a lack of clinical and extensive preclinical studies. The research in this field is expanding but strong evidence on the efficacy of these nano-phytopharmaceuticals for human use is still limited. The long-term efficacy and safety of nano-phytopharmaceuticals must be ensured with priority before these materials emerge as common human therapeutics. Overall, this review provides up-to-date information on related contemporary research on nano-phytopharmaceuticals and nano-extracts in the fields of dermatological, urogenital, and locomotor disorders.

The current study aims to investigate whether the polyherbal formulation MM-15 exerts possible therapeutic effects on primary dysmenorrhea through the LTD4 pathway. Thirty non-pregnant female mice were employed in this study. Mice were randomly divided into five groups, namely the negative control group (normal saline), low-, medium-, and high-dose treatment groups (50, 100, 200mg/kg) and the positive control group (mefenamic acid 100mg/kg). All mice were administered their treatment through the oral route from the second day to the fourth day. After the fourth day of treatment, blood samples were collected and centrifuged to obtain supernatant for ELISA. Levels of LTD4 from the samples were determined and one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate statistical significance. From this, the therapeutic effect of polyherbal formulation through the LTD4 pathway can be determined. Based on the results from the ANOVA test, there is no significant difference in the mean LTD4 plasma concentration between all groups as P is not less than 0.05. It can be stated that the treatment from polyherbal formulation MM-15 did not reduce mean concentrations of LTD4 plasma levels. It can be concluded that further studies on the therapeutic effects of polyherbal formulations can be investigated through the COX pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to identify whether the polyherbal formulation MM-15 exerts possible therapeutic effects on primary dysmenorrhea through LTE4 pathway. Thirty non-pregnant female mice were employed in this study. They were randomly assigned into five groups: negative control, MM-15 (50mg/kg), MM-15 (100mg/kg), MM-15 (200mg/kg) and positive control group. After completing the treatment on forth day, the blood was collected from the mice and undergo centrifugation to obtain the blood plasma for ELISA test. During the test period, LTE4 ELISA kit were used to quantitatively determine the concentration of LTE4. Besides, SPSS ANOVA test and Tukey Post-Hoc test were used to determine the statistical significance difference of LTE4 concentration in each group. Through this, the effect of polyherbal formulation MM-15 on primary dysmenorrhea via LTE4 pathway can be determined. Based on the findings in ANOVA test, there is no significant difference in the mean blood plasma LTE4 concentration between the control and treatment groups because the p-value is greater than 0.05. Besides, the findings in Tukey Post-Hoc test shows that none of the groups is significantly different from the other groups as all the p-value are greater than 0.05. It can be stated that the concentration of LTE4 and primary dysmenorrhea is not significant. It can be stated that primary dysmenorrhea is not mainly demonstrated via the LTE4 pathway. Hence, the used of polyherbal formulation MM-15 has no significant therapeutic effects on primary dysmenorrhea via the LTE4 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysmenorrhea is often being neglected among women with the mindset that it is not life-threatening, treatment is sought only when present signs/symptoms. Previous studies have proven that women with dysmenorrhea are more susceptible to depression and anxiety as a result of menstrual pain. This research aims to study the potential therapeutic effect of MM-15 polyherbal formulation on chronic dysmenorrhea-associated mood disorders. Adult female ICR mice were employed in this study. Sixty non-pregnant mice were randomly grouped into six groups: estrogen + normal saline group; estrogen + oxytocin group; estrogen + oxytocin + purified water group; estrogen + oxytocin + MM-15 group (50mg/kg p.o.); estrogen + oxytocin + MM-15 group (100mg/kg p.o.); estrogen + oxytocin + MM-15 group (200mg/kg p.o.). Open field test (OFT), social interaction test (SIT) and tail suspension test (TST) were employed to measure the effect of MM-15 formulation on chronic dysmenorrhea-induced mood disorders. From the analyzed result, high dose of MM-15 formulation (200mg/kg, p.o.) increased the total distance travelled in OFT which indicated significantly reduction in anxiety-like response. In TST, the same dose of MM-15 formulation significantly showed potential antidepressant response by reducing immobility time. In SIT, all dose of MM-15 formulation does not improve social-withdrawal behavior in mice with chronic dysmenorrhea. Overall, MM-15 polyherbal formulation has a significant result in reducing chronic dysmenorrhea-induced mood disorders in mice, including depressive and anxiety-like behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound healing is a timely and orderly process comprised of coagulation, inflammation, proliferative, and remodeling. Any disruption in the physiological process will delay the healing process and result in chronic wounds. Wound cleansing is the standard management for acute wounds to provide an optimal environment for healing. Besides wound cleansers, topical antimicrobials are commonly used to reduce microbial load and prevent microbial infection. However, they are associated with adverse reactions and antibiotic resistance, resulting in delayed wound healing. To overcome the limitations of conventional wound treatment, herbal therapy as an alternative is implemented for wound management with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Following the increased demands of herbal therapy in wound management, the innovative polyherbal formulation has gained popularity and has been extensively studied to promote better wound healing. The combined use of multiple herbs is comparatively cost-effective in providing synergistic effects with minimal side effects. This review provides insight into the role and mechanism of diverse medicinal plants with wound healing potential for acute wound management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin is the largest organ of the human body which has been outlined to have more than 20 vital physiological functions. Skin acts as a protective barrier against pressure and trauma. It also acts as a barrier for external environments including pollution, sunlight, radiation, harmful microbes, and chemical. Skincare products are medicinal formulations prepared to be used on external parts of the human body to produce therapeutic topical effects and shield the deteriorated skin. Herbal skincare creams have been widely used by many generations for centuries for the purpose of skincare. Nowadays, these herbal skincare creams are becoming more popular and prevalent among people due to their mindset and concerns about synthetic or chemical substances that may lead to adverse effects. The main factors that lead to the usage of herbal ingredients in skincare creams are their outstanding antioxidant, antimicrobial, and tyrosinase inhibition properties. The studies on the potential pharmacologically active herbs for skincare creams allow us to understand their importance. In this review, several examples of herbs being used and still undergoing clinical studies were identified according to different skin conditions includes hyperpigmentation, skin aging, and acne. This detailed work might contribute to accomplishing consumer demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]