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6. Punching above their weight: a network to understand broader determinants of increasing life expectancy

Author

Baum, Fran, Popay, Jennie, Delany-Crowe, Toni, Freeman, Toby, Musolino, Connie, Alvarez-Dardet, Carlos, Ariyaratne, Vinya, Baral, Kedar, Basinga, Paulin, Bassett, Mary, Bishai, David M, Chopra, Mickey, Friel, Sharon, Giugliani, Elsa, Hashimoto, Hideki, Macinko, James, McKee, Martin, Nguyen, Huong Thanh, Schaay, Nikki, Solar, Orielle, Thiagarajan, Sundararaman, and Sanders, David

Subjects
Policy and Administration, Public Health, Health Sciences, Human Society, Aging, Good Health and Well Being, Delivery of Health Care, Health Equity, Health Policy, Humans, Life Expectancy, Life expectancy, Health equity, Social determinants of health, Politics of health, Gender equity, Civil society, Health improvement, Public Health and Health Services, Sociology, Health services and systems, Public health, Policy and administration
Abstract

BackgroundLife expectancy initially improves rapidly with economic development but then tails off. Yet, at any level of economic development, some countries do better, and some worse, than expected - they either punch above or below their weight. Why this is the case has been previously researched but no full explanation of the complexity of this phenomenon is available.New research networkIn order to advance understanding, the newly formed Punching Above Their Weight Research Network has developed a model to frame future research. It provides for consideration of the following influences within a country: political and institutional context and history; economic and social policies; scope for democratic participation; extent of health promoting policies affecting socio-economic inequities; gender roles and power dynamics; the extent of civil society activity and disease burdens.ConclusionFurther research using this framework has considerable potential to advance effective policies to advance health and equity.

Published
2018

7. Antenatal depression case finding by community health workers in South Africa: feasibility of a mobile phone application

Author

Tsai, Alexander C, Tomlinson, Mark, Dewing, Sarah, le Roux, Ingrid M, Harwood, Jessica M, Chopra, Mickey, and Rotheram-Borus, Mary Jane

Subjects
Health Services and Systems, Health Sciences, Health Services, Mental Health, Brain Disorders, Depression, Clinical Research, Behavioral and Social Science, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Mental Illness, Mental health, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Cell Phone, Community Health Workers, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Postpartum, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Mass Screening, Mobile Applications, Poverty Areas, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Prenatal Diagnosis, Prevalence, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, ROC Curve, Reproducibility of Results, South Africa, Surveys and Questionnaires, Antenatal depression, Case finding, Psychology, Cognitive Sciences, Psychiatry, Midwifery, Applied and developmental psychology, Clinical and health psychology
Abstract

Randomized controlled trials conducted in resource-limited settings have shown that once women with depressed mood are evaluated by specialists and referred for treatment, lay health workers can be trained to effectively administer psychological treatments. We sought to determine the extent to which community health workers could also be trained to conduct case finding using short and ultrashort screening instruments programmed into mobile phones. Pregnant, Xhosa-speaking women were recruited independently in two cross-sectional studies (N = 1,144 and N = 361) conducted in Khayelitsha, South Africa and assessed for antenatal depression. In the smaller study, community health workers with no training in human subject research were trained to administer the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) during the routine course of their community-based outreach. We compared the operating characteristics of four short and ultrashort versions of the EPDS with the criterion standard of probable depression, defined as an EPDS-10 ≥ 13. The prevalence of probable depression (475/1144 [42 %] and 165/361 [46 %]) was consistent across both samples. The 2-item subscale demonstrated poor internal consistency (Cronbach's α ranged from 0.55 to 0.58). All four subscales demonstrated excellent discrimination, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values ranging from 0.91 to 0.99. Maximal discrimination was observed for the 7-item depressive symptoms subscale: at the conventional screening threshold of ≥10, it had 0.97 sensitivity and 0.76 specificity for detecting probable antenatal depression. The comparability of the findings across the two studies suggests that it is feasible to use community health workers to conduct case finding for antenatal depression.

Published
2014

10. Countdown to 2030: tracking progress towards universal coverage for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health

Author

Boerma, Ties, Requejo, Jennifer, Victora, Cesar G, Amouzou, Agbessi, George, Asha, Agyepong, Irene, Barroso, Carmen, Barros, Aluisio J D, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Black, Robert E, Borghi, Josephine, Buse, Kent, Aguirre, Liliana Carvajal, Chopra, Mickey, Chou, Doris, Chu, Yue, Claeson, Mariam, Daelmans, Bernadette, Davis, Austen, DeJong, Jocelyn, Diaz, Theresa, El Arifeen, Shams, Ewerling, Fernanda, Fox, Monica, Gillespie, Stuart, Grove, John, Guenther, Tanya, Haakenstad, Annie, Hosseinpoor, Ahmad Reza, Hounton, Sennen, Huicho, Luis, Jacobs, Troy, Jiwani, Safia, Keita, Youssouf, Khosla, Rajat, Kruk, Margaret E, Kuo, Taona, Kyobutungi, Catherine, Langer, Ana, Lawn, Joy E, Leslie, Hannah, Liang, Mengjia, Maliqi, Blerta, Manu, Alexander, Masanja, Honorati, Marchant, Tanya, Menon, Purnima, Moran, Allisyn C, Mujica, Oscar J, Nambiar, Devaki, Ohiri, Kelechi, Park, Lois A, Patton, George C, Peterson, Stefan, Piwoz, Ellen, Rasanathan, Kumanan, Raj, Anita, Ronsmans, Carine, Saad-Haddad, Ghada, Sabin, Mariam L, Sanders, David, Sawyer, Susan M, da Silva, Inacio Crochemore M, Singh, Neha S, Somers, Kate, Spiegel, Paul, Tappis, Hannah, Temmerman, Marleen, Vaz, Lara M E, Ved, Rajani R, Vidaletti, Luis Paulo, Waiswa, Peter, Wehrmeister, Fernando C, Weiss, William, You, Danzhen, and Zaidi, Shehla

Published
2018
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11. Ethics in Public Health Research

Author

Doherty, Tanya, Chopra, Mickey, Bendich, Adrianne, Series editor, Bales, Connie W., Series editor, de Pee, Saskia, editor, Taren, Douglas, editor, and Bloem, Martin W., editor

Published
2017
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12. The use of mobile phones as a data collection tool: A report from a household survey in South Africa

Author

Tomlinson, Mark, Solomon, Wesley, Singh, Yages, Doherty, Tanya, Chopra, Mickey, Ijumba, Petrida, Tsai, Alexander C, and Jackson, Debra

Abstract

Abstract Background To investigate the feasibility, the ease of implementation, and the extent to which community health workers with little experience of data collection could be trained and successfully supervised to collect data using mobile phones in a large baseline survey Methods A web-based system was developed to allow electronic surveys or questionnaires to be designed on a word processor, sent to, and conducted on standard entry level mobile phones. Results The web-based interface permitted comprehensive daily real-time supervision of CHW performance, with no data loss. The system permitted the early detection of data fabrication in combination with real-time quality control and data collector supervision. Conclusions The benefits of mobile technology, combined with the improvement that mobile phones offer over PDA's in terms of data loss and uploading difficulties, make mobile phones a feasible method of data collection that needs to be further explored.

Published
2009

16. Addressing the persistent inequities in immunization coverage

Author

Chopra, Mickey, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Blanc, Diana Chang, Checchi, Francesco, Gupta, Anuradha, Lemango, Ephrem T., Levine, Orin S., Lyimo, Dafrossa, Nandy, Robin, O'Brien, Katherine L., Okwo-Bele, Jean-Marie, Rees, Helen, Soepardi, Jane, Tolhurst, Rachel, and Victora, Cesar G.

Subjects
World Health Organization, Immunization, Vaccines, Infants, National health insurance
Abstract

A key focus of the health-related sustainable development goal (SDG) 3 is universal health coverage (UHC), including access to safe, effective, quality, and affordable essential medicines and vaccines. However, the [...]

Published
2020
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17. WHO Global Position Paper and Implementation Strategy on kangaroo mother care call for fundamental reorganisation of maternal–infant care

Author

Darmstadt, Gary L, primary, Kirkwood, Betty, additional, Gupta, Shuchita, additional, Darmstadt, Gary L, additional, Adejuyigbe, Ebunoluwa, additional, Bahl, Rajiv, additional, Batra, Maneesh, additional, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, additional, Bota, Tasmin, additional, Charpak, Nathalie, additional, Chellani, Harish, additional, Chopra, Mickey, additional, Dey, Teesta, additional, Dube, Queen, additional, Embleton, Nicholas, additional, Fernandez, Viviana, additional, Franklin, Elizabeth, additional, Gandhi, Meena, additional, Ghosh, Sumita, additional, Gronseth, Lars, additional, Hailegebriel, Tedbabe Degefie, additional, Hasegawa, Aya, additional, Jacobsson, Bo, additional, Kak, Lily, additional, Ket, Jan Lucas, additional, Laerdal, Tore, additional, Lawn, Joy E, additional, Mader, Silke, additional, Magge, Hema, additional, Mazumder, Sarmila, additional, Osaki, Keiko, additional, Patterson, Janna, additional, Pearson, Luwei, additional, Petrucci, Roberta, additional, Salasibew, Mihretab, additional, Seifu, Abiy, additional, Singhal, Nalini, additional, Waiswa, Peter, additional, Walker, Dilys, additional, Walker, Karen, additional, Wall, Steve, additional, and Westrup, Bjorn, additional

Published
2023
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18. Service delivery redesign is a process, not a model of care

Author

Roder-DeWan, Sanam, primary, Madhavan, Supriya, additional, Subramanian, Savitha, additional, Nimako, Kojo, additional, Lashari, Talib, additional, Bathula, Amith Nagaraj, additional, Sathurappan, Ramkumar, additional, Kumar, Sampath, additional, and Chopra, Mickey, additional

Published
2023
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36. Research priorities to reduce the impact of COVID-19 in low- and middle-income countries

Author

Polasek, Ozren, Wazny, Kerri, Adeloye, Davies, Song, Peige, Chan, Kit Y, Bojude, Danladi A, Ali, Sajjad, Bastien, Sheri, Becerra-Posada, Francisco, Borrescio-Higa, Florencia, Cheema, Sohaila, Cipta, Darien A, Cvjetkovic, Smiljana, Castro, Lina D, Ebenso, Bassey, Femi-Ajao, Omolade, Ganesan, Balasankar, Glasnovic, Anton, He, Longtao, Heraud, Jean M, Igwesi-Chidobe, Chinonso, Iversen, Per O, Jadoon, Bismeen, Karim, Abdulkarim J, Khan, Johra, Biswas, Raaj K, Lanza, Giuseppe, Lee, Shaun WH, Li, You, Liang, Li-Lin, Lowe, Mat, Islam, Mohammad M, Marusic, Ana, Mshelia, Suleiman, Manyara, Anthony M, Htay, Mila NN, Parisi, Michelle, Peprah, Prince, Sacks, Emma, Akinyemi, Kabiru O, Shahraki-Sanavi, Fariba, Sharov, Konstantin, Rotarou, Elena S, Stankov, Srdjan, Supriyatiningsih, Wenang, Chan, Benjamin TY, Tremblay, Mark, Tsimpida, Dialechti, Vento, Sandro, Glasnovic, Josipa V, Wang, Liang, Wang, Xin, Ng, Zhi X, Zhang, Jianrong, Zhang, Yanfeng, Campbell, Harry, Chopra, Mickey, Cousens, Simon, Krstic, Goran, Macdonald, Calum, Mansoori, Parisa, Patel, Smruti, Sheikh, Aziz, Tomlinson, Mark, Tsai, Alexander C, Yoshida, Sachiyo, Rudan, Igor, ISoGH, Int Soc Global Hlth, University of Split, Algebra University College [Zagreb], Children’s Investment Fund Foundation [London] (CIFF), University of Edinburgh, Zhejiang University, Gombe State University [Nigeria] (GUS), Ziauddin University [Karachi, Pakistan], Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Public Health Development Organization [El Paso, Texas, USA], Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez [Santiago], Weill Cornell Medicine [Qatar], Universitas Pelita Harapan [Jakarta, Indonesia], University of Belgrade [Belgrade], Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Stellenbosch University, Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), and This study was supported by the International Society of Global Health (ISoGH).

Subjects
MESH: Pandemics, Pandemics / prevention & control, COVID-19 Vaccines, COVID-19 / epidemiology, covid, LMIC, priorities, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, MESH: Child, Humans, MESH: COVID-19, Pandemics/prevention & control, Child, Pandemics, Developing Countries, MESH: Developing Countries, COVID-19/epidemiology, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, MESH: Humans, Health Policy, MESH: Research Design, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19 / prevention & control, COVID-19, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, Research Design, MESH: COVID-19 Vaccines, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie
Abstract

Background: \ud The COVID-19 pandemic has caused disruptions to the functioning of societies and their health systems. Prior to the pandemic, health systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) were particularly stretched and vulnerable. The International Society of Global Health (ISoGH) sought to systematically identify priorities for health research that would have the potential to reduce the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in LMICs.\ud \ud Methods: \ud The Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) method was used to identify COVID-19-related research priorities. All ISoGH members were invited to participate. Seventy-nine experts in clinical, translational, and population research contributed 192 research questions for consideration. Fifty-two experts then scored those questions based on five pre-defined criteria that were selected for this exercise: 1) feasibility and answerability; 2) potential for burden reduction; 3) potential for a paradigm shift; 4) potential for translation and implementation; and 5) impact on equity.\ud \ud Results: \ud Among the top 10 research priorities, research questions related to vaccination were prominent: health care system access barriers to equitable uptake of COVID-19 vaccination (ranked 1st), determinants of vaccine hesitancy (4th), development and evaluation of effective interventions to decrease vaccine hesitancy (5th), and vaccination impacts on vulnerable population/s (6th). Health care delivery questions also ranked highly, including: effective strategies to manage COVID-19 globally and in LMICs (2nd) and integrating health care for COVID-19 with other essential health services in LMICs (3rd). Additionally, the assessment of COVID-19 patients’ needs in rural areas of LMICs was ranked 7th, and studying the leading socioeconomic determinants and consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in LMICs using multi-faceted approaches was ranked 8th. The remaining questions in the top 10 were: clarifying paediatric case-fatality rates (CFR) in LMICs and identifying effective strategies for community engagement against COVID-19 in different LMIC contexts.\ud \ud Interpretation: \ud Health policy and systems research to inform COVID-19 vaccine uptake and equitable access to care are urgently needed, especially for rural, vulnerable, and/or marginalised populations. This research should occur in parallel with studies that will identify approaches to minimise vaccine hesitancy and effectively integrate care for COVID-19 with other essential health services in LMICs. ISoGH calls on the funders of health research in LMICs to consider the urgency and priority of this research during the COVID-19 pandemic and support studies that could make a positive difference for the populations of LMICs.

Published
2022
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37. Exclusive breastfeeding promotion by peer counsellors in sub-Saharan Africa (PROMISE-EBF): a cluster-randomised trial

Author

Tylleskär, Thorkild, Jackson, Debra, Meda, Nicolas, Engebretsen, Ingunn Marie S, Chopra, Mickey, Diallo, Abdoulaye Hama, Doherty, Tanya, Ekström, Eva-Charlotte, Fadnes, Lars T, Goga, Ameena, Kankasa, Chipepo, Klungsøyr, Jørn I, Lombard, Carl, Nankabirwa, Victoria, Nankunda, Jolly K, Van de Perre, Philippe, Sanders, David, Shanmugam, Rebecca, Sommerfelt, Halvor, Wamani, Henry, and Tumwine, James K

Published
2011
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43. Effect of the HIV epidemic on infant feeding in South Africa: 'When they see me coming with the tins they laugh at me'

Author

Doherty Tanya, Chopra Mickey, Nkonki Lungiswa, Jackson Debra, and Greiner Ted

Subjects
Infant food, Breast feeding, HIV infections/transmission, HIV infections/prevention and control, Disease transmission, Vertical/prevention and control, Cohort studies, Africa South of the Sahara, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To explore how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic has affected the infant-feeding experiences of HIV-positive mothers in South Africa. METHODS: This was a qualitative interview study within a prospective cohort study. We purposively selected a subsample of 40 women from a larger cohort of 650 HIV-positive mothers for in-depth interviews. FINDINGS: The HIV epidemic has changed the context in which infant-feeding choices are made and implemented. HIV-positive mothers in this study - who were predominantly young, single and unemployed - were struggling to protect their decision-making autonomy. Uncertainty about the safety of breastfeeding has increased the power and influence of health workers, who now act as gatekeepers to not only this new knowledge but also to essential resources such as formula milk. Fear of disclosure of HIV status and stigma has also weakened the ability of mothers to resist entrenched family and community norms that encourage early introduction of fluids and foods and that question non-breastfeeding. Women who chose to exclusively formula feed had difficulties accessing formula milk because of inflexible policies and a lack of supplies at clinics. Limited postpartum support led to social isolation and mothers doubting their ability to care for their children. CONCLUSION: The infant-feeding experiences of HIV-positive mothers have serious implications for the operational effectiveness of programmes that aim to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child. A better understanding of how HIV is changing infant-feeding practices can inform the development of interventions to improve infant-feeding counselling and postpartum support.

Published
2006

44. Countdown to 2015 decade report (2000–10): taking stock of maternal, newborn, and child survival

Author

Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Chopra, Mickey, Axelson, Henrik, Berman, Peter, Boerma, Ties, Bryce, Jennifer, Bustreo, Flavia, Cavagnero, Eleonora, Cometto, Giorgio, Daelmans, Bernadette, de Francisco, Andres, Fogstad, Helga, Gupta, Neeru, Laski, Laura, Lawn, Joy, Maliqi, Blerta, Mason, Elizabeth, Pitt, Catherine, Requejo, Jennifer, Starrs, Ann, Victora, Cesar G, and Wardlaw, Tessa

Published
2010
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46. A global response to a global problem: the epidemic of overnutrition

Author

Chopra Mickey, Galbraith Sarah, and Darnton-Hill Ian

Subjects
Obesity/epidemiology, Obesity/prevention and control, Diet, Physical Fitness, Health status, International law, Food industry, Socioeconomic factors, World health, World Health Organization, International agencies, International cooperation, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

It is estimated that by 2020 two-thirds of the global burden of disease will be attributable to chronic noncommunicable diseases, most of them strongly associated with diet. The nutrition transition towards refined foods, foods of animal origin, and increased fats plays a major role in the current global epidemics of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, among other noncommunicable conditions. Sedentary lifestyles and the use of tobacco are also significant risk factors. The epidemics cannot be ended simply by encouraging people to reduce their risk factors and adopt healthier lifestyles, although such encouragement is undoubtedly beneficial if the targeted people can respond. Unfortunately, increasingly obesogenic environments, reinforced by many of the cultural changes associated with globalization, make even the adoption of healthy lifestyles, especially by children and adolescents, more and more difficult. The present paper examines some possible mechanisms for, and WHO's role in, the development of a coordinated global strategy on diet, physical activity and health. The situation presents many countries with unmanageable costs. At the same time there are often continuing problems of undernutrition. A concerted multisectoral approach, involving the use of policy, education and trade mechanisms, is necessary to address these matters.

Published
2002

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