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222 results on '"Choudekar A"'

1. Dynamic Performance Enhancement of Fuel Cell Using PID Controller

Author

Saman, Sadia, Tayal, Vijay Kumar, Choudekar, Pallavi, Chaari, Fakher, Series Editor, Gherardini, Francesco, Series Editor, Ivanov, Vitalii, Series Editor, Cavas-Martínez, Francisco, Editorial Board Member, di Mare, Francesca, Editorial Board Member, Haddar, Mohamed, Editorial Board Member, Kwon, Young W., Editorial Board Member, Trojanowska, Justyna, Editorial Board Member, Xu, Jinyang, Editorial Board Member, Sikarwar, Basant Singh, editor, Sharma, Sanjeev Kumar, editor, Jain, Ankur, editor, and Singh, Krishna Mohan, editor

Published
2023
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2. Modelling of SPWM Technique Based Three Phase Inverter and Boost Converter for Photovoltaic Based Water Pumping System

Author

Singh, Asha, Choudekar, Pallavi, Singla, Ruchira, Chaari, Fakher, Series Editor, Gherardini, Francesco, Series Editor, Ivanov, Vitalii, Series Editor, Cavas-Martínez, Francisco, Editorial Board Member, di Mare, Francesca, Editorial Board Member, Haddar, Mohamed, Editorial Board Member, Kwon, Young W., Editorial Board Member, Trojanowska, Justyna, Editorial Board Member, Xu, Jinyang, Editorial Board Member, Sikarwar, Basant Singh, editor, Sharma, Sanjeev Kumar, editor, Jain, Ankur, editor, and Singh, Krishna Mohan, editor

Published
2023
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3. IoT-Based System Design for Human Health Monitoring

Author

Chaudhary, Parul, Garg, Bharat, Ruchira, Choudekar, Pallavi, Chaari, Fakher, Series Editor, Gherardini, Francesco, Series Editor, Ivanov, Vitalii, Series Editor, Cavas-Martínez, Francisco, Editorial Board Member, di Mare, Francesca, Editorial Board Member, Haddar, Mohamed, Editorial Board Member, Kwon, Young W., Editorial Board Member, Trojanowska, Justyna, Editorial Board Member, Xu, Jinyang, Editorial Board Member, Shukla, Anoop Kumar, editor, Sharma, Bhupendra Prakash, editor, Arabkoohsar, Ahmad, editor, and Kumar, Pradeep, editor

Published
2023
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4. Body Temperature and Oxygen Level Detection System

Author

Pathania, Karan, Kumar, Nakshtra, Choudekar, Pallavi, Ruchira, Pandey, Kamlesh, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Li, Yong, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Oneto, Luca, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zamboni, Walter, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Shukla, Anupam, editor, Murthy, B. K., editor, Hasteer, Nitasha, editor, and Van Belle, Jean-Paul, editor

Published
2023
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5. Assessment of Transformer Fault Diagnosis and Condition Monitoring Methods

Author

Wani, Nasir ul Islam, Prakash, Anupama, Choudekar, Pallavi, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Li, Yong, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Oneto, Luca, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zamboni, Walter, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Nath, Vijay, editor, and Mandal, Jyotsna Kumar, editor

Published
2023
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6. Adverse outcomes in patients hospitalized with pneumonia at age 60 or more: A prospective multi-centric hospital-based study in India.

Author

Suman Kanungo, Uttaran Bhattacharjee, Aslesh O Prabhakaran, Rakesh Kumar, Prabu Rajkumar, Sumit Dutt Bhardwaj, Alok Kumar Chakrabarti, Girish Kumar C P, Varsha Potdar, Byomkesh Manna, Ritvik Amarchand, Avinash Choudekar, Giridara Gopal, Krishna Sarda, Kathryn E Lafond, Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner, Siddhartha Saha, Lalit Dar, and Anand Krishnan

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

BackgroundLimited data exists regarding risk factors for adverse outcomes in older adults hospitalized with Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) in low- and middle-income countries such as India. This multisite study aimed to assess outcomes and associated risk factors among adults aged ≥60 years hospitalized with pneumonia.MethodsBetween December 2018 and March 2020, we enrolled ≥60-year-old adults admitted within 48 hours for CAP treatment across 16 public and private facilities in four sites. Clinical data and nasal/oropharyngeal specimens were collected by trained nurses and tested for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and other respiratory viruses (ORV) using the qPCR. Participants were evaluated regularly until discharge, as well as on the 7th and 30th days post-discharge. Outcomes included ICU admission and in-hospital or 30-day post-discharge mortality. A hierarchical framework for multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models identified risk factors (e.g., demographics, clinical features, etiologic agents) associated with critical care or death.FindingsOf 1,090 CAP patients, the median age was 69 years; 38.4% were female. Influenza viruses were detected in 12.3%, RSV in 2.2%, and ORV in 6.3% of participants. Critical care was required for 39.4%, with 9.9% in-hospital mortality and 5% 30-day post-discharge mortality. Only 41% of influenza CAP patients received antiviral treatment. Admission factors independently associated with ICU admission included respiratory rate >30/min, blood urea nitrogen>19mg/dl, altered sensorium, anemia, oxygen saturation ConclusionHigh ICU admission and 30-day mortality rates were observed among older adults with pneumonia, with a significant proportion linked to influenza and RSV infections. Comprehensive guidelines for CAP prevention and management in older adults are needed, especially with the co-circulation of SARS-CoV-2.

Published
2024
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7. Cost of acute respiratory illness episode and its determinants among community-dwelling older adults: a four-site cohort study from India

Author

Prabu Rajkumar, Lalit Dar, Ritvik Amarchand, Aslesh Ottapura Prabhakaran, Suman Kanungo, Sumit Dutt Bhardwaj, Avinash Choudekar, Varsha Potdar, Alok Kumar Chakrabarti, Byomkesh Manna, Kathryn E Lafond, Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner, Siddhartha Saha, Kusum Shekhawat, Ismael R Ortega-Sanchez, Giridara Gopal, Girish Kumar Chethrapilly Purushothaman, Radhika Gharpure, and Uttaran Bhattacharjee

Subjects
Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Introduction Advocacy for the provision of public health resources, including vaccine for the prevention of acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) among older adults in India, needs evidence on costs and benefits. Using a cohort of community-dwelling adults aged 60 years and older in India, we estimated the cost of ARI episode and its determinants.Methods We enrolled 6016 participants in Ballabgarh, Chennai, Kolkata and Pune from July 2018 to March 2020. They were followed up weekly to identify ARI and classified them as acute upper respiratory illness (AURI) or pneumonia based on clinical features based on British Thoracic Society guidelines. All pneumonia and 20% of AURI cases were asked about the cost incurred on medical consultation, investigation, medications, transportation, food and lodging. The cost of services at public facilities was supplemented by WHO-Choosing Interventions that are Cost-Effective(CHOICE) estimates for 2019. Indirect costs incurred by the affected participant and their caregivers were estimated using human capital approach. We used generalised linear model with log link and gamma family to identify the average marginal effect of key determinants of the total cost of ARI.Results We included 2648 AURI and 1081 pneumonia episodes. Only 47% (range 36%–60%) of the participants with pneumonia sought care. The mean cost of AURI episode was US$13.9, while that of pneumonia episode was US$25.6, with indirect costs comprising three-fourths of the total. The cost was higher among older men by US$3.4 (95% CI: 1.4 to 5.3), those with comorbidities by US$4.3 (95% CI: 2.8 to 5.7) and those who sought care by US$17.2 (95% CI: 15.1 to 19.2) but not by influenza status. The mean per capita annual cost of respiratory illness was US$29.5.Conclusion Given the high community disease and cost burden of ARI, intensifying public health interventions to prevent and mitigate ARI among this fast-growing older adult population in India is warranted.

Published
2023
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8. Transmission network congestion control by DESS through interval computation and capacity optimization via hybrid DE‐PSO technique

Author

Divya Asija, Rajkumar Viral, Pallavi Choudekar, Farhad Ilahi Bakhsh, and Akbar Ahmad

Subjects
Distribution or transmission of electric power, TK3001-3521, Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations, TK1001-1841
Abstract

Abstract Transmission congestion is one of major drawbacks of deregulated power system. Congestion gradually violates the physical, operational and policy constraints of the present electricity market. Congestion management in huge power system remains a challenging and tough task, which can be achieved by introducing one or more Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) such as Distributed Generation (DG), electric vehicles, modern micro grid, Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) etc. over congested lines. Consequently, this work proposes the hourly congestion management by optimal allocation of DG in ‘24 hours’ time frame. Further, Transmission Congestion Rent is used to determine the optimal and sub optimal locations for DG, whereas Differential Evolution and Particle Swarm Optimization based hybrid optimization technique is exploited to identify optimal DG size. In this work, solar based DG along with battery based ESS is considered to act as Distributed Energy Storage System ‘DESS. Subsequently, Interval computation method is introduced in this work to consider the intermittency of solar DG. Battery Energy Storage System ‘BESS’ is integrated with DGs due to its excess energy storage capability during off‐load period and make it available at peak load conditions, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of the network. The ‘24 hours’ solar irradiance and temperature data of Delhi, India is taken into account to mathematically model the power generated from Solar DG. The proposed methodology is tested on IEEE 30‐bus system and ‘24 hours’ demand data is generated from the original IEEE load data. From the obtained results, it has been established that the hybrid optimization technique results into a better solution as compared to their individual enforcement in managing available generation resources and congestion problem.

Published
2023
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9. Modeling and Simulation of Microgrid with P-Q Control of Grid-Connected Inverter

Author

Wani, Nasir Ul Islam, Prakash, Anupama, Choudekar, Pallavi, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Pal, Nikhil R., Advisory Editor, Bello Perez, Rafael, Advisory Editor, Corchado, Emilio S., Advisory Editor, Hagras, Hani, Advisory Editor, Kóczy, László T., Advisory Editor, Kreinovich, Vladik, Advisory Editor, Lin, Chin-Teng, Advisory Editor, Lu, Jie, Advisory Editor, Melin, Patricia, Advisory Editor, Nedjah, Nadia, Advisory Editor, Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh, Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Iyer, Brijesh, editor, Ghosh, Debashis, editor, and Balas, Valentina Emilia, editor

Published
2022
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10. IoT-Based Smart Home Surveillance System

Author

Dash, Shruti, Choudekar, Pallavi, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Pal, Nikhil R., Advisory Editor, Bello Perez, Rafael, Advisory Editor, Corchado, Emilio S., Advisory Editor, Hagras, Hani, Advisory Editor, Kóczy, László T., Advisory Editor, Kreinovich, Vladik, Advisory Editor, Lin, Chin-Teng, Advisory Editor, Lu, Jie, Advisory Editor, Melin, Patricia, Advisory Editor, Nedjah, Nadia, Advisory Editor, Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh, Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Iyer, Brijesh, editor, Ghosh, Debashis, editor, and Balas, Valentina Emilia, editor

Published
2022
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12. Modelling and Simulation of Distance Relays with Auto-Recloser Function Using PSCAD: An Active Learning Tool

Author

Prakash, Anupama, Choudekar, Pallavi, Wani, Nasir ul Islam, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Li, Yong, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zamboni, Walter, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Singh, Jawar, editor, Kumar, Sudhir, editor, and Choudhury, Umakanta, editor

Published
2021
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13. Design of Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter

Author

Pawar, Nitin, Tayal, Vijay Kumar, Choudekar, Pallavi, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Agrawal, Rajeev, editor, Kishore Singh, Chandramani, editor, and Goyal, Ayush, editor

Published
2021
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14. An Automatic Self-sufficient Irrigation System Using Microcontrollers

Author

Chauhan, Varun Singh, Singla, Ruchira, Choudekar, Pallavi, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Agrawal, Rajeev, editor, Kishore Singh, Chandramani, editor, and Goyal, Ayush, editor

Published
2021
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15. High Impedance Fault Analysis of Distributed Power System Network Using Discrete Wavelet Transform

Author

Ul Qadir Bhat, Abrar, Prakash, Anupama, Tayal, Vijay Kumar, Choudekar, Pallavi, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Agrawal, Rajeev, editor, Kishore Singh, Chandramani, editor, and Goyal, Ayush, editor

Published
2021
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16. Three-Phase Fault Analysis of Distributed Power System Using Fuzzy Logic System (FLS)

Author

Bhat, Abrar Ul Qadir, Prakash, Anupama, Tayal, Vijay Kumar, Choudekar, Pallavi, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Agrawal, Rajeev, editor, Kishore Singh, Chandramani, editor, and Goyal, Ayush, editor

Published
2021
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17. Dynamic Wireless Charging for Electrical Vehicles

Author

Agarwal, Harsh, Vashistha, Vikrant, Alam, Shohrab, Choudekar, Pallavi, Ruchira, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Agrawal, Rajeev, editor, Kishore Singh, Chandramani, editor, and Goyal, Ayush, editor

Published
2021
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18. Power Transfer Loadability Enhancement of Congested Transmission Network Using DG

Author

Asija, Divya, Choudekar, Pallavi, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Agrawal, Rajeev, editor, Kishore Singh, Chandramani, editor, and Goyal, Ayush, editor

Published
2021
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22. Outcome of Conservative Therapy in Coronavirus disease-2019 Patients Presenting With Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Author

Shalimar, Vaishnav, Manas, Elhence, Anshuman, Kumar, Ramesh, Mohta, Srikant, Palle, Chandan, Kumar, Peeyush, Ranjan, Mukesh, Vajpai, Tanmay, Prasad, Shubham, Yegurla, Jatin, Dhooria, Anugrah, Banyal, Vikas, Agarwal, Samagra, Bansal, Rajat, Bhattacharjee, Sulagna, Aggarwal, Richa, Soni, Kapil D., Rudravaram, Swetha, Singh, Ashutosh K., Altaf, Irfan, Choudekar, Avinash, Mahapatra, Soumya J., Gunjan, Deepak, Kedia, Saurabh, Makharia, Govind, Trikha, Anjan, Garg, Pramod, and Saraya, Anoop

Published
2021
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23. Global burden of acute lower respiratory infection associated with human metapneumovirus in children under 5 years in 2018: a systematic review and modelling study

Author

Libster, Romina, Otieno, Grieven, Joundi, Imane, Broor, Shobha, Nicol, Mark, Amarchand, Ritvik, Shi, Ting, López-Labrador, F. Xavier, Baker, Julia M., Jamison, Alexandra, Choudekar, Avinash, Juvekar, Sanjay, Obermeier, Patrick, Schweiger, Brunhilde, Madrid, Lola, Thomas, Elizabeth, Lanaspa, Miguel, Nohynek, Hanna, Nokes, James, Werner, Marta, Danhg, Anh, Chadha, Mandeep, Puig-Barberà, Joan, Caballero, Mauricio T., Mathisen, Maria, Walaza, Sibongile, Hellferscee, Orienka, Laubscher, Matt, Higdon, Melissa M., Haddix, Meredith, Sawatwong, Pongpun, Baggett, Henry C., Seidenberg, Phil, Mwanayanda, Lawrence, Antonio, Martin, Ebruke, Bernard E., Adams, Tanja, Rahman, Mustafizur, Rahman, Mohammed Ziaur, Sow, Samboa O., Baillie, Vicky L., Workman, Lesley, Toizumi, Michiko, Tapia, Milagritos D., Nguyen, Thi hien anh, Morpeth, Susan, Wang, Xin, Li, You, Deloria-Knoll, Maria, Madhi, Shabir A, Cohen, Cheryl, Ali, Asad, Basnet, Sudha, Bassat, Quique, Brooks, W Abdullah, Chittaganpitch, Malinee, Echavarria, Marcela, Fasce, Rodrigo A, Goswami, Doli, Hirve, Siddhivinayak, Homaira, Nusrat, Howie, Stephen R C, Kotloff, Karen L, Khuri-Bulos, Najwa, Krishnan, Anand, Lucero, Marilla G, Lupisan, Socorro, Mira-Iglesias, Ainara, Moore, David P, Moraleda, Cinta, Nunes, Marta, Oshitani, Histoshi, Owor, Betty E, Polack, Fernando P, O'Brien, Katherine L, Rasmussen, Zeba A, Rath, Barbara A, Salimi, Vahid, Scott, J Anthony G, Simões, Eric A F, Strand, Tor A, Thea, Donald M, Treurnicht, Florette K, Vaccari, Linda C, Yoshida, Lay-Myint, Zar, Heather J, Campbell, Harry, and Nair, Harish

Published
2021
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25. Optimal Location of Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator to Assuage Congestion in Transmission Network

Author

Choudekar, Pallavi, Kachwaha, Shagun, Jhunjhunwala, Aaditya, Dua, Anchal, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Ruediger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Nath, Vijay, editor, and Mandal, Jyotsna Kumar, editor

Published
2019
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26. Mitigation of Congestion in Transmission Line Using Series Smart Wire

Author

Rani, Nibha, Choudekar, Pallavi, Asija, Divya, Vishnu Astick, P., Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Ruediger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Nath, Vijay, editor, and Mandal, Jyotsna Kumar, editor

Published
2019
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29. Incidence and clinical features of viral sore throat among children in rural Haryana, India

Author

Raghavan Parthasarathy, Rakesh Kumar, Giridara Gopal, Ritvik Amarchand, Shobha Broor, Avinash Choudekar, Debjani Ram Purakayastha, Abhishek Wahi, Venkatesh Vinayak Narayan, and Anand Krishnan

Subjects
ari, children, viral sore throat, Medicine
Abstract

Background: Sore throat is one of the commonest symptoms that patients present to a primary care physician. We describe the epidemiology of sore throat and performance of an algorithm to predict viral sore throat in a part of India. Methods: Children below 10 years of age were followed in 4 villages of Haryana, India from Aug 2012 to Aug 2014 through weekly domiciliary visits by trained field workers who screened for symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) including sore throat. Nasal and throat swabs were obtained from a random sample of sore throat cases by nurses and sent in appropriate transport media for real-time polymerase chain reaction for detection of viral nucleic acid. Incidence of sore throat and viral sore throat are reported as number of sore throat episodes per 1000 child-years (EPTCY) with 95% confidence-interval (CI). Symptoms, associated with viral sore throat were identified by logistic regression, combined into a clinical score and Receiver Operating Characteristic curve was plotted. Results: Over a two-year period, 3765 children were followed up for 5578 child years. 1069 episodes of sore throat were reported, and swabs were collected from 8% of the cases randomly. The incidence of sore throat and viral sore throat was 191.7 (95%CI: 180.5-203.6) and 60.1 (95%CI: 55.1-68.2) EPTCY, respectively. Fever (aOR 5.40,95%CI: 1.16-25.18) and running nose (aOR 10.16,95%CI: 1.01-102.42) was significantly associated with viral sore throat. The clinical score (fever, running nose, and headache) had an overall sensitivity of 86.2% (68.3-96.1%), specificity of 62% (47.2-75.3%) and AUC of 0.78 (0.67-0.87) in predicting viral sore throat. Conclusion: Viruses contributed to one-third of burden of sore throat and clinical score can be used in primary care settings to aid antibiotic prescription by physicians.

Published
2020
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30. Cohort profile: Indian Network of Population-Based Surveillance Platforms for Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses among the Elderly (INSPIRE)

Author

Rakesh Kumar, Anand Krishnan, Cp Girish Kumar, Prabu Rajkumar, Lalit Dar, Ritvik Amarchand, Aslesh Ottapura Prabhakaran, Suman Kanungo, Sumit Dutt Bhardwaj, Avinash Choudekar, Varsha Potdar, Alok Kumar Chakrabarti, Giridara Gopal Parameswaran, Shivram Dhakad, Byomkesh Manna, Ashish Choudhary, Kathryn E Lafond, Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner, and Siddhartha Saha

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Purpose We describe here a multicentric community-dwelling cohort of older adults (>60 years of age) established to estimate incidence, study risk factors, healthcare utilisation and economic burden associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in India.Participants The four sites of this cohort are in northern (Ballabgarh), southern (Chennai), eastern (Kolkata) and western (Pune) parts of India. We enrolled 5336 participants across 4220 households and began surveillance in July 2018 for viral respiratory infections with additional participants enrolled annually. Trained field workers collected data about individual-level and household-level risk factors at enrolment and quarterly assessed frailty and grip strength. Trained nurses surveilled weekly to identify acute respiratory infections (ARI) and clinically assessed individuals to diagnose acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) as per protocol. Nasal and oropharyngeal swabs are collected from all ALRI cases and one-fifth of the other ARI cases for laboratory testing. Cost data of the episode are collected using the WHO approach for estimating the economic burden of seasonal influenza. Handheld tablets with Open Data Kit platform were used for data collection.Findings to date The attrition of 352 participants due to migration and deaths was offset by enrolling 680 new entrants in the second year. All four sites reported negligible influenza vaccination uptake (0.1%–0.4%), low health insurance coverage (0.4%–22%) and high tobacco use (19%–52%). Ballabgarh had the highest proportion (54.4%) of households in the richest wealth quintile, but reported high solid fuel use (92%). Frailty levels were highest in Kolkata (11.3%) and lowest in Pune (6.8%). The Chennai cohort had highest self-reported morbidity (90.1%).Future plans The findings of this cohort will be used to inform prioritisation of strategies for influenza and RSV control for older adults in India. We also plan to conduct epidemiological studies of SARS-CoV-2 using this platform.

Published
2021
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31. Minimizing Fuel Cost of Generators Using GA-OPF

Author

Asija, Divya, Astick, P. Vishnu, Choudekar, Pallavi, Howlett, Robert James, Series editor, Jain, Lakhmi C., Series editor, Somani, Arun K., editor, Srivastava, Sumit, editor, Mundra, Ankit, editor, and Rawat, Sanyog, editor

Published
2018
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32. Improvement of Power System Security Under Single Line Critical Contingency Condition by Optimal Placement of Multiple TCSCs

Author

Choudekar, Pallavi, Sinha, Sanjay, Siddiqui, Anwar, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series editor, Chen, Jiming, Series editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series editor, Dillmann, Ruediger, Series editor, Duan, Haibin, Series editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas Chandra, Series editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series editor, Samad, Tariq, Series editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series editor, Veiga, Germano, Series editor, Wu, Haitao, Series editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series editor, Garg, Amik, editor, Bhoi, Akash Kumar, editor, Sanjeevikumar, Padmanaban, editor, and Kamani, K. K., editor

Published
2018
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39. Adverse outcomes in patients hospitalized with pneumonia at age 60 or more: A prospective multi-centric hospital-based study in India.

Author

Kanungo, Suman, Bhattacharjee, Uttaran, Prabhakaran, Aslesh O., Kumar, Rakesh, Rajkumar, Prabu, Bhardwaj, Sumit Dutt, Chakrabarti, Alok Kumar, Kumar C. P., Girish, Potdar, Varsha, Manna, Byomkesh, Amarchand, Ritvik, Choudekar, Avinash, Gopal, Giridara, Sarda, Krishna, Lafond, Kathryn E., Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo, Saha, Siddhartha, Dar, Lalit, and Krishnan, Anand

Subjects
RESPIRATORY syncytial virus infections, OLDER people, PROPORTIONAL hazards models, RESPIRATORY syncytial virus, PNEUMONIA, PNEUMOCOCCAL pneumonia
Abstract

Background: Limited data exists regarding risk factors for adverse outcomes in older adults hospitalized with Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) in low- and middle-income countries such as India. This multisite study aimed to assess outcomes and associated risk factors among adults aged ≥60 years hospitalized with pneumonia. Methods: Between December 2018 and March 2020, we enrolled ≥60-year-old adults admitted within 48 hours for CAP treatment across 16 public and private facilities in four sites. Clinical data and nasal/oropharyngeal specimens were collected by trained nurses and tested for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and other respiratory viruses (ORV) using the qPCR. Participants were evaluated regularly until discharge, as well as on the 7th and 30th days post-discharge. Outcomes included ICU admission and in-hospital or 30-day post-discharge mortality. A hierarchical framework for multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models identified risk factors (e.g., demographics, clinical features, etiologic agents) associated with critical care or death. Findings: Of 1,090 CAP patients, the median age was 69 years; 38.4% were female. Influenza viruses were detected in 12.3%, RSV in 2.2%, and ORV in 6.3% of participants. Critical care was required for 39.4%, with 9.9% in-hospital mortality and 5% 30-day post-discharge mortality. Only 41% of influenza CAP patients received antiviral treatment. Admission factors independently associated with ICU admission included respiratory rate >30/min, blood urea nitrogen>19mg/dl, altered sensorium, anemia, oxygen saturation <90%, prior cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, and private hospital admission. Diabetes, anemia, low oxygen saturation at admission, ICU admission, and mechanical ventilation were associated with 30-day mortality. Conclusion: High ICU admission and 30-day mortality rates were observed among older adults with pneumonia, with a significant proportion linked to influenza and RSV infections. Comprehensive guidelines for CAP prevention and management in older adults are needed, especially with the co-circulation of SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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40. Cost of acute respiratory illness episode and its determinants among community-dwelling older adults: a four-site cohort study from India

Author

Krishnan, Anand, primary, Shekhawat, Kusum, additional, Ortega-Sanchez, Ismael R, additional, Kanungo, Suman, additional, Rajkumar, Prabu, additional, Bhardwaj, Sumit Dutt, additional, Kumar, Rakesh, additional, Prabhakaran, Aslesh Ottapura, additional, Gopal, Giridara, additional, Chakrabarti, Alok Kumar, additional, Kumar Chethrapilly Purushothaman, Girish, additional, Potdar, Varsha, additional, Manna, Byomkesh, additional, Gharpure, Radhika, additional, Amarchand, Ritvik, additional, Choudekar, Avinash, additional, Lafond, Kathryn E, additional, Dar, Lalit, additional, Bhattacharjee, Uttaran, additional, Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo, additional, and Saha, Siddhartha, additional

Published
2023
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44. Efficacy of live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines among children in rural India: A 2-year, randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Author

Anand Krishnan, Lalit Dar, Siddhartha Saha, Venkatesh Vinayak Narayan, Rakesh Kumar, Ramesh Kumar, Ritvik Amarchand, Shivram Dhakad, Reshmi Chokker, Avinash Choudekar, Giridara Gopal, Aashish Choudhary, Varsha Potdar, Mandeep Chadha, Kathryn E Lafond, Stephen Lindstrom, Marc-Alain Widdowson, and Seema Jain

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

BackgroundInfluenza is a cause of febrile acute respiratory infection (FARI) in India; however, few influenza vaccine trials have been conducted in India. We assessed absolute and relative efficacy of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) among children aged 2 to 10 years in rural India through a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted over 2 years.Methods and findingsIn June 2015, children were randomly allocated to LAIV, IIV, intranasal placebo, or inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in a 2:2:1:1 ratio. In June 2016, vaccination was repeated per original allocation. Overall, 3,041 children received LAIV (n = 1,015), IIV (n = 1,010), nasal placebo (n = 507), or IPV (n = 509). Mean age of children was 6.5 years with 20% aged 9 to 10 years. Through weekly home visits, nasal and throat swabs were collected from children with FARI and tested for influenza virus by polymerase chain reaction. The primary outcome was laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated FARI; vaccine efficacy (VE) was calculated using modified intention-to-treat (mITT) analysis by Cox proportional hazards model (PH) for each year. In Year 1, VE was 40.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 25.2 to 51.9) for LAIV and 59.0% (95% CI 47.8 to 67.9) for IIV compared with controls; relative efficacy of LAIV compared with IIV was -46.2% (95% CI -88.9 to -13.1). In Year 2, VE was 51.9% (95% CI 42.0 to 60.1) for LAIV and 49.9% (95% CI 39.2 to 58.7) for IIV; relative efficacy of LAIV compared with IIV was 4.2% (95% CI -19.9 to 23.5). No serious adverse vaccine-attributable events were reported. Study limitations include differing dosage requirements for children between nasal and injectable vaccines (single dose of LAIV versus 2 doses of IIV) in Year 1 and the fact that immunogenicity studies were not conducted.ConclusionsIn this study, we found that LAIV and IIV vaccines were safe and moderately efficacious against influenza virus infection among Indian children.Trial registrationClinical Trials Registry of India CTRI/2015/06/005902.

Published
2021
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45. Series Smart Wire—Managing Load and Congestion in Transmission Line

Author

Abhishek, Asija, Divya, Choudekar, Pallavi, Manganuri, Yogasree, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series editor, Pal, Nikhil R., Advisory editor, Bello Perez, Rafael, Advisory editor, Corchado, Emilio S., Advisory editor, Hagras, Hani, Advisory editor, Kóczy, László T., Advisory editor, Kreinovich, Vladik, Advisory editor, Lin, Chin-Teng, Advisory editor, Lu, Jie, Advisory editor, Melin, Patricia, Advisory editor, Nedjah, Nadia, Advisory editor, Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh, Advisory editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory editor, Satapathy, Suresh Chandra, editor, Bhateja, Vikrant, editor, Udgata, Siba K., editor, and Pattnaik, Prasant Kumar, editor

Published
2017
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46. Prediction of Voltage Collapse in Power System Using Voltage Stability Indices

Author

Pallavi Choudekar, Divya Asija, Ruchira, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series editor, Pal, Nikhil R., Advisory editor, Bello Perez, Rafael, Advisory editor, Corchado, Emilio S., Advisory editor, Hagras, Hani, Advisory editor, Kóczy, László T., Advisory editor, Kreinovich, Vladik, Advisory editor, Lin, Chin-Teng, Advisory editor, Lu, Jie, Advisory editor, Melin, Patricia, Advisory editor, Nedjah, Nadia, Advisory editor, Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh, Advisory editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory editor, Singh, Rajesh, editor, and Choudhury, Sushabhan, editor

Published
2017
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47. Global burden of acute lower respiratory infection associated with human metapneumovirus in children under 5 years in 2018: a systematic review and modelling study

Author

Xin Wang, PhD, You Li, PhD, Maria Deloria-Knoll, PhD, Shabir A Madhi, ProfPhD, Cheryl Cohen, MD, Asad Ali, MD, Sudha Basnet, ProfMD, Quique Bassat, ProfMD, W Abdullah Brooks, MD, Malinee Chittaganpitch, MSc, Marcela Echavarria, PhD, Rodrigo A Fasce, BSc, Doli Goswami, MSc, Siddhivinayak Hirve, PhD, Nusrat Homaira, PhD, Stephen R C Howie, PhD, Karen L Kotloff, ProfMD, Najwa Khuri-Bulos, ProfMD, Anand Krishnan, ProfMD, Marilla G Lucero, MD, Socorro Lupisan, MD, Ainara Mira-Iglesias, MSc, David P Moore, PhD, Cinta Moraleda, PhD, Marta Nunes, PhD, Histoshi Oshitani, ProfMD, Betty E Owor, PhD, Fernando P Polack, ProfMD, Katherine L O'Brien, ProfMD, Zeba A Rasmussen, MD, Barbara A Rath, ProfMD, Vahid Salimi, PhD, J Anthony G Scott, ProfFRCP, Eric A F Simões, ProfMD, Tor A Strand, ProfPhD, Donald M Thea, ProfMD, Florette K Treurnicht, PhD, Linda C Vaccari, MbChB, Lay-Myint Yoshida, ProfPhD, Heather J Zar, ProfPhD, Harry Campbell, ProfMD, Harish Nair, ProfPhD, Romina Libster, Grieven Otieno, Imane Joundi, Shobha Broor, Mark Nicol, Ritvik Amarchand, Ting Shi, F. Xavier López-Labrador, Julia M. Baker, Alexandra Jamison, Avinash Choudekar, Sanjay Juvekar, Patrick Obermeier, Brunhilde Schweiger, Lola Madrid, Elizabeth Thomas, Miguel Lanaspa, Hanna Nohynek, James Nokes, Marta Werner, Anh Danhg, Mandeep Chadha, Joan Puig-Barberà, Mauricio T. Caballero, Maria Mathisen, Sibongile Walaza, Orienka Hellferscee, Matt Laubscher, Melissa M. Higdon, Meredith Haddix, Pongpun Sawatwong, Henry C. Baggett, Phil Seidenberg, Lawrence Mwanayanda, Martin Antonio, Bernard E. Ebruke, Tanja Adams, Mustafizur Rahman, Mohammed Ziaur Rahman, Samboa O. Sow, Vicky L. Baillie, Lesley Workman, Michiko Toizumi, Milagritos D. Tapia, Thi hien anh Nguyen, and Susan Morpeth

Subjects
Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Summary: Background: Human metapneumovirus is a common virus associated with acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) in children. No global burden estimates are available for ALRIs associated with human metapneumovirus in children, and no licensed vaccines or drugs exist for human metapneumovirus infections. We aimed to estimate the age-stratified human metapneumovirus-associated ALRI global incidence, hospital admissions, and mortality burden in children younger than 5 years. Methods: We estimated the global burden of human metapneumovirus-associated ALRIs in children younger than 5 years from a systematic review of 119 studies published between Jan 1, 2001, and Dec 31, 2019, and a further 40 high quality unpublished studies. We assessed risk of bias using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We estimated incidence, hospital admission rates, and in-hospital case-fatality ratios (hCFRs) of human metapneumovirus-associated ALRI using a generalised linear mixed model. We applied incidence and hospital admission rates of human metapneumovirus–associated ALRI to population estimates to yield the morbidity burden estimates by age bands and World Bank income levels. We also estimated human metapneumovirus-associated ALRI in-hospital deaths and overall human metapneumovirus-associated ALRI deaths (both in-hospital and non-hospital deaths). Additionally, we estimated human metapneumovirus-attributable ALRI cases, hospital admissions, and deaths by combining human metapneumovirus-associated burden estimates and attributable fractions of human metapneumovirus in laboratory-confirmed human metapneumovirus cases and deaths. Findings: In 2018, among children younger than 5 years globally, there were an estimated 14·2 million human metapneumovirus-associated ALRI cases (uncertainty range [UR] 10·2 million to 20·1 million), 643 000 human metapneumovirus-associated hospital admissions (UR 425 000 to 977 000), 7700 human metapneumovirus-associated in-hospital deaths (2600 to 48 800), and 16 100 overall (hospital and community) human metapneumovirus-associated ALRI deaths (5700 to 88 000). An estimated 11·1 million ALRI cases (UR 8·0 million to 15·7 million), 502 000 ALRI hospital admissions (UR 332 000 to 762 000), and 11 300 ALRI deaths (4000 to 61 600) could be causally attributed to human metapneumovirus in 2018. Around 58% of the hospital admissions were in infants under 12 months, and 64% of in-hospital deaths occurred in infants younger than 6 months, of which 79% occurred in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Interpretation: Infants younger than 1 year have disproportionately high risks of severe human metapneumovirus infections across all World Bank income regions and all child mortality settings, similar to respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus. Infants younger than 6 months in low-income and lower-middle-income countries are at greater risk of death from human metapneumovirus-associated ALRI than older children and those in upper-middle-income and high-income countries. Our mortality estimates demonstrate the importance of intervention strategies for infants across all settings, and warrant continued efforts to improve the outcome of human metapneumovirus-associated ALRI among young infants in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2021
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